[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/r-a-hardie-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/r-a-hardie-wikipedia\/","headline":"R. A. Hardie – Wikipedia","name":"R. A. Hardie – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Canadian physician and evangelist after-content-x4 Robert Alexander Hardie (Korean:\u00a0\ud558\ub9ac\uc601; Hanja:\u00a0\u8c2e\u7fe0\u8587; RR:\u00a0Ha Riyeong;[1]:\u200a1\u200a June 11, 1865\u00a0\u2013 June 30, 1949) was","datePublished":"2015-04-21","dateModified":"2015-04-21","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/r-a-hardie-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4229,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Canadian physician and evangelist       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Robert Alexander Hardie (Korean:\u00a0\ud558\ub9ac\uc601; Hanja:\u00a0\u8c2e\u7fe0\u8587; RR:\u00a0Ha Riyeong;[1]:\u200a1\u200a June 11, 1865\u00a0\u2013 June 30, 1949) was a Canadian physician and Methodist evangelist who for 45 years served as a missionary in Korea. He is recognized as the catalyst for the W\u014fnsan Revival (1903) and also inspired the Great Pyongyang Revival (1907) in what is now North Korea.[2][3][4]Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Early life and education[edit]Physician to missionary[edit]Revival movements[edit]Academic career[edit]Family and later years[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]Early life and education[edit]Hardie was born on June 11, 1865, in Haldimand County, Ontario, south of Toronto. Of Scottish descent, he was the first of six children born to James and Abigail Hardie. Both his parents died before he was ten years old. Hardie was then raised by his aunt and uncle, Thomas and Fannie Shaw. He attended a school in Seneca, Haldimand County, earning a teacher’s certificate in 1884, and worked as a teacher in Seneca for two years.[5]:\u200a265\u200aIn 1886, Hardie enrolled at the Toronto School of Medicine.[5]:\u200a265\u200a On December\u00a027, 1886, he married Margaret “Matilda” Kelly of Hamilton, Ontario.[5]:\u200a269,\u200a297\u200a As a medical student, Hardie studied under Oliver R. Avison, who later travelled to Korea as an evangelist.[6] Hardie graduated from University of Toronto with a Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1890.[5]:\u200a265\u200aPhysician to missionary[edit]In the summer of 1890, Hardie moved his family to Korea to serve as an independent and nondenominational medical missionary.[5]:\u200a268\u2013271\u200a The Toronto University Medical Student’s YMCA (MS\u2013YMCA) had funded his endeavour for the next eight years.[5]:\u200a278,\u200a497\u200a[6] For six months in late 1890 and early 1891, Hardie served as a physician in the Chaejungwon (Extended Relief House: Royal Hospital) in Seoul.[5]:\u200a270\u200a On April\u00a014, 1891, Hardie moved to Pusan and was later joined by his wife Margaret and two daughters at his residence which also served as the location of his medical practice. In 1892, the Hardies briefly moved to Nagasaki, Japan, on account of his poor health; they returned to Pusan later that year.[5]:\u200a272\u200aWhen Canadian missionary James Scarth Gale ended his association with his supporters from the University College’s YMCA (UC\u2013YMCA) in order join the American Presbyterian Mission, the UC\u2013YMCA lost its only representative in Korea. At Hardie’s suggestion, the MS\u2013YMCA and UC\u2013YMCA joined forces to form The Canadian Colleges’ Mission (CCM) with Hardie as their representative and beneficiary in Korea.[5]:\u200a276\u200a However, he faced competition from other missionaries in the Pusan area and financial hardship due to the limited support from Toronto. In November\u00a01892, Hardie decided to move his mission to W\u014fnsan, where Gale and Malcolm C. Fenwick were then located.[5]:\u200a274\u201375\u200a In W\u014fnsan, Hardie began to emulate Fenwick’s methods for self-sufficiency by supplementing his living with farming, “feeding cattle and growing fruit”. The Hardie family stayed in W\u014fnsan until 1896.[5]:\u200a275\u200a       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In July 1896, Hardie relocated his family to Canada, and returned alone to W\u014fnsan in October\u00a01897.[5]:\u200a275,\u200a497\u200a In 1898, Gale moved to Seoul, and Hardie joined the American Methodist Episcopal Church, South,[6] when his contract of support from the CCM ended.[5]:\u200a275,\u200a278,\u200a497\u200a With the American Methodist mission, Hardie was first tasked with establishing a medical practice in Songdo, Hwanghae Province, in present-day North Korea.[5]:\u200a278\u201379\u200a He remained there for less than a year before relocating again to Seoul in August\u00a01899. It was in Seoul, on November 11, 1900, that Bishop Alpheus Wilson ordained Hardie as a deacon in the Methodist Episcopal Church, South.[5]:\u200a279\u200aRevival movements[edit]Sometime after 1900, Hardie stopped practicing medicine to concentrate on his missionary work.[6] From 1902 to 1909, Hardie was charged with the task of proselytising to the people of W\u014fnsan and the greater Kangwon Province.[5]:\u200a279,\u200a281\u200a In August 1903,[4] at a Bible study with six other missionaries led by Moses Clark White who was visiting from China,[7] Hardie spoke of prayer and the Holy Spirit.[8] He read from Luke 11:13[7][9] and confessed about his low spirits and disappointment with his efforts to proselytise the Kangwon Province.[2] During later meetings with larger congregations across northern Korea, Hardie made similar confessions that inspired many western missionaries and native Koreans alike to confess their own sins, leading thousands of congregates to accept the missionaries’ Christian teachings.[2][8] From 1901 to 1909, there were almost 100,000 new Korean converts to the Christian faith.[5]:\u200a282\u200aHardie’s confessions became the catalyst for the W\u014fnsan Revival which later inspired the Great Pyongyang Revival of 1907 in northern Korea.[2][3][4] His expression of the feeling of “humiliation” at his failings in evangelizing people in the Kangwon Province had the paradoxical effect of inspiring a religious awakening that spread throughout the entire nation.[5]:\u200a280\u201382\u200a Alfred Wasson, an American Methodist missionary to Korea, wrote in Church Growth in Korea (1934):[10][The revival movement] spread until it became a conspicuous feature of the life of the entire Korean Church, and was widely commented on in distant parts of the world. The leader of the movement was the Reverend R.\u00a0A. Hardie, MD.Academic career[edit]In 1905, Hardie started a mobile theological school named Sinhakdang (Hall of Theology). The school initially had no defined physical location as he travelled between Inch\u014fn, Kongju, Pyongyang, and Seoul to teach several months-long sessions.[5]:\u200a291\u2013292\u200a In 1909, he moved to Seoul and began teaching at the Pierson Memorial Bible School and the Methodist Biblical Institute.[5]:\u200a498\u200a In 1913, Hardie founded the Hy\u014fps\u014fng sinhakkyo (Union Theological School) in Seoul.[5]:\u200a292\u200a He served as the president of the school until 1922[5]:\u200a498\u200a and left the school in June 1923.[5]:\u200a292\u200a From 1916, he also published a magazine entitled Sinak saekye (The World of Theology). In 1923, Hardie became the editor-in-chief of the Chos\u014fn Yesukyo S\u014fhoe (now known as the Korean Christian Literature Society).[5]:\u200a447\u200aFamily and later years[edit]When the Hardies arrived in Korea, they had with them a two-year-old daughter named Eva, their second child.[5]:\u200a269,\u200a297\u200a Their first son Arthur Sidney had died as an infant in 1888. Their second daughter Annie Elizabeth was born in Seoul during the first year of their missionary life.[1]:\u200a9\u200a The Hardies’ third daughter Marie Mabel died only a day old but they had two more daughters, Gertrude Abigail and Sarah Grace, who lived to adulthood. Their seventh child Robert and youngest daughter Margaret Joy died at eleven and six years old, respectively. The Hardie family also adopted a Korean girl named Chuponia.[1]:\u200a9,\u200a13,\u200a15\u200aIn 1935, Hardie retired from missionary work and moved with his wife to Lansing, Michigan, to live with their daughter Grace. In total, he had served as a medical and then an evangelical missionary for about 45 years of his life. Margaret died in 1945 and Robert on June\u00a030, 1949.[5]:\u200a294,\u200a498\u200aReferences[edit]^ a b c Kim, Chil-Sung (October 2012). The role of Robert Alexander Hardie in the Korean great revival and the subsequent development of Korean Protestant Christianity (Ph.D. thesis). Asbury Theological Seminary. OCLC\u00a0828189401. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2018.^ a b c d Jang, Jung Eun (November 9, 2016). Religious Experience and Self-Psychology: Korean Christianity and the 1907 Revival Movement. Springer. pp.\u00a078\u201381. ISBN\u00a0978-1-349-95041-6. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2018.^ a b Kang, Paul ChulHong (2006). Justification: The Imputation of Christ’s Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals. Peter Lang. pp.\u00a0156\u2013157. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8204-8605-5. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2018.^ a b c Yang, Daniel Taichoul (December 17, 2014). Called Out for Witness: The Missionary Journey of Grace Korean Church. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp.\u00a020\u201321. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4982-1724-8.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Yoo, Young-sik (1996). The Impact of Canadian Missionaries in Korea: A Historical Survey of Early Canadian Mission Work, 1888\u20131898 (PDF) (Ph.D. thesis). University of Toronto. pp.\u00a0265\u2013303, 445\u2013447, 497\u201399. ISBN\u00a0978-0-612-27810-3. OCLC\u00a046560264. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2018.^ a b c d Ion, A. Hamish (May 28, 1990). The Cross and the Rising Sun: The Canadian Protestant missionary movement in the Japanese Empire, 1872\u20131931. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p.\u00a032. ISBN\u00a0978-0-88920-977-0.^ a b Hansen, Collin; Woodbridge, John D. (2010). A God-Sized Vision: Revival Stories That Stretch and Stir. Zondervan. p.\u00a0106. ISBN\u00a0978-0-310-32703-5.^ a b Burgess, Stanley M.; van der Maas, Eduard M. (August 3, 2010). The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements: Revised and Expanded Edition. Zondervan. ISBN\u00a0978-0-310-87335-8.^ Lee, Young-hoon (April 1, 2009). The Holy Spirit Movement in Korea: Its Historical and Theological Development. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p.\u00a026. ISBN\u00a0978-1-60608-627-8.^ Wasson, Alfred Washington (1934). Church growth in Korea … Rumford Press. p.\u00a029. OCLC\u00a0590106784.Further reading[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/r-a-hardie-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"R. A. Hardie – Wikipedia"}}]}]