[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/stilbonematinae-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/stilbonematinae-wikipedia\/","headline":"Stilbonematinae – Wikipedia","name":"Stilbonematinae – Wikipedia","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Subfamily of roundworms Stilbonematinae is a subfamily of the nematode worm family Desmodoridae that is","datePublished":"2021-10-23","dateModified":"2021-10-23","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/stilbonematinae-wikipedia\/","wordCount":2084,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaSubfamily of roundwormsStilbonematinae is a subfamily of the nematode worm family Desmodoridae that is notable for its symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.Table of ContentsSystematics[edit]Description[edit]Symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Systematics[edit]Stilbonematinae Chitwood, 1936 belongs to the family Desmodoridae in the order Desmodorida. Nine genera have been described.[1]Description[edit]Stilbonematines can be up to 10\u00a0mm long, with a club-like head. The worms are completely covered in a coat of ectosymbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria except for the anterior region. The presence of the bacteria, which often contain intracellular inclusions of elemental sulfur, gives the worms a bright white appearance under incident light. They have small mouths and buccal cavities, and short pharynges. Many species have multicellular sensory-glandular organs in longitudinal rows along the length of the body, which secrete mucus that the bacterial symbionts are embedded in.[1]Stilbonematines are found in the meiofaunal habitat in marine environments.[2] Another group of meiofaunal nematodes with sulfur-oxidizing symbionts is the genus Astomonema, although in Astomonema the bacteria are endo- rather than ectosymbionts.Symbiosis with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria[edit]The bacterial symbionts of stilbonematines are of different shapes and sizes, ranging from small coccoid cells to elongate crescent-like cells, but each host species has only a single morphological type associated with it.[3] The bacterial symbionts of stilbonematines are closely related to the sulfur-oxidizing symbionts of gutless phallodriline oligochaete worms: these bacteria were all descended from a single ancestor, and each host species has its own specific bacterial species.[4]The bacterial symbionts are chemosynthetic, gaining energy by oxidizing sulfide from the environment, and producing biomass by fixing carbon dioxide through the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle.[3] The bacteria benefit from the symbiosis because the host animal can migrate between sulfide- and oxygen-rich regions of the sediment habitat, and the bacteria require both these chemical substances to produce energy. The hosts are believed to consume the bacteria as a food source, based on evidence from their stable carbon isotope ratios.[5]The specificity of the bacterial symbionts to their respective host species is controlled by a lectin called Mermaid that is produced by the worms. Mermaid occurs in different isoforms, which have differing affinities for the sugar compositions of the lipopolysaccharide coat in different bacterial species.[6]See also[edit]Olavius algarvensis – A species of gutless phallodriline oligochaete worms whose sulfur-oxidizing bacterial symbionts are related to those of the stilbonematine nematodes.Astomonema – A genus of nematodes (from a different family) that also has symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria.References[edit]^ a b Tchesunov, Alexei V. (February 2013). “Marine free-living nematodes of the subfamily Stilbonematinae (Nematoda, Desmodoridae): taxonomic review with descriptions of a few species from the Nha Trang Bay, Central Vietnam”. Meiofauna Marina. 20: 71\u201394.^ Ott, J\u00f6rg; Bright, Monika; Bulgheresi, Silvia (2004). “Symbioses between marine nematodes and sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophic bacteria”. Symbiosis. 36: 103\u2013126.^ a b Polz, Martin F.; Felbeck, Horst; Novak, Rudolf; Nebelsick, Monika; Ott, J\u00f6rg A. (1992-11-01). “Chemoautotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing symbiotic bacteria on marine nematodes: Morphological and biochemical characterization”. Microbial Ecology. 24 (3): 313\u2013329. doi:10.1007\/bf00167789. ISSN\u00a00095-3628. PMID\u00a024193210.^ Zimmermann, Judith; Wentrup, Cecilia; Sadowski, Miriam; Blazejak, Anna; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald R.; Kleiner, Manuel; Ott, J\u00f6rg A.; Cronholm, Bodil; De Wit, Pierre (2016-07-01). “Closely coupled evolutionary history of ecto- and endosymbionts from two distantly related animal phyla”. Molecular Ecology. 25 (13): 3203\u20133223. doi:10.1111\/mec.13554. ISSN\u00a01365-294X. PMID\u00a026826340.^ Ott, J. A.; Novak, R.; Schiemer, F.; .Hentschel, U; Nebelsick, M.; Polz, M. (1991-09-01). “Tackling the Sulfide Gradient: A Novel Strategy Involving Marine Nematodes and Chemoautotrophic Ectosymbionts”. Marine Ecology. 12 (3): 261\u2013279. doi:10.1111\/j.1439-0485.1991.tb00258.x. ISSN\u00a01439-0485.^ Bulgheresi, Silvia; Gruber-Vodicka, Harald R.; Heindl, Niels R.; Dirks, Ulrich; Kostadinova, Maria; Breiteneder, Heimo; Ott, Joerg A. (June 2011). “Sequence variability of the pattern recognition receptor Mermaid mediates specificity of marine nematode symbioses”. The ISME Journal. 5 (6): 986\u2013998. doi:10.1038\/ismej.2010.198. ISSN\u00a01751-7362. PMC\u00a03131856. 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