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City in Northern Norway, Norway Troms\u00f8","datePublished":"2019-08-11","dateModified":"2019-08-11","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Loudspeaker.svg\/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/8a\/Loudspeaker.svg\/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png","height":"11","width":"11"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/tromso-city-wikipedia\/","wordCount":10273,"articleBody":"This article is about the city of Troms\u00f8. For the broader municipality, see Troms\u00f8.City in Northern Norway, NorwayTroms\u00f8 (Norwegian pronunciation:\u00a0[\u02c8tr\u028a\u0302ms\u0153] (listen); Northern Sami: Romsa;[3]Finnish: Tromssa; Kven: Tromssa; Swedish: Troms\u00f6) is a city in Troms\u00f8 Municipality in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway.  The city is the administrative centre of the municipality as well as the administrative centre of Troms county.  The Diocese of Nord-H\u00e5logaland and its Bishop are based at the Troms\u00f8 Cathedral in the city.  The city is located on the island of Troms\u00f8ya which sits in the Troms\u00f8ysundet strait, just off the mainland of Northern Norway.  The mainland suburb of Tromsdalen is connected to the city centre on Troms\u00f8ya by the Troms\u00f8 Bridge and the Troms\u00f8ysund Tunnel.  The suburb of Kval\u00f8ysletta on the island of Kval\u00f8ya is connected to the city centre by the Sandnessund Bridge.  Map of the major areas of the city of Troms\u00f8 (coloured) and portions of the Troms\u00f8 municipality (white), in the central part of the large municipality.The 21.25-square-kilometre (5,250-acre) town has a population (2017) of 64,448 which gives the town a population density of 3,033 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,860\/sq\u00a0mi).  The city centre (on Troms\u00f8ya) has a population of 38,980.  The mainland borough of the city, Tromsdalen, has a population of 16,787 and the suburb of Kval\u00f8ysletta on the island of Kval\u00f8ya has a population of 8,681. The most populous town north of Troms\u00f8 in Norway is Alta, with a population of 15,094 (2017), making Troms\u00f8 a very large city for this vast rural northern part of Norway and the northernmost in the world with a population exceeding 20,000.[1]   It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway and the third largest north of the Arctic Circle anywhere in the world (following Murmansk and Norilsk).The city’s largest workplaces are the University of Troms\u00f8 (UiT) and University Hospital of North Norway. The Norwegian Polar Institute also has its headquarters in Troms\u00f8. The Northern Lights Observatory was established in 1928, and two companies affiliated with the Kongsberg Gruppen collect satellite data from space using the observatory. The fishing industry is very important. Norway’s Norges R\u00e5fisklag and Norges sj\u00f8matr\u00e5d (seafood council) both have their headquarters in Troms\u00f8. Sparebanken Nord-Norge also has its headquarters in the city. Furthermore, “Skatt nord”, an agency of the Norwegian Tax Administration is based here too.The city is warmer than most other places located on the same latitude, due to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream. Troms\u00f8 is even milder than places much farther south of it elsewhere in the world, such as on the Hudson Bay and in Far East Russia, with the warm-water current allowing for both relatively mild winters and tree growth in spite of its very high latitude.The city centre of Troms\u00f8 contains the highest number of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, the oldest house dating from 1789. The city is a cultural centre for its region, with several festivals taking place in the summer. Torbj\u00f8rn Brundtland and Svein Berge of the electronica duo R\u00f6yksopp and Lene Marlin grew up and started their careers in Troms\u00f8. Noted electronic musician Geir Jenssen also hails from Troms\u00f8.Table of ContentsEtymology[edit]History[edit]Middle Ages: a fortress on the frontier[edit]1700s and 1800s: the “Paris of the north”[edit]Early 1900s: exploration and war[edit]Municipal history[edit]Climate[edit]Light and darkness[edit]Cityscape[edit]Transport[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Etymology[edit]The city of Troms\u00f8 is named after the island of Troms\u00f8ya, on which it stands. The last element of the city’s name comes from the word for “island” (Norwegian: \u00f8y, Danish: \u00f8), but the etymology of the first element is uncertain. Several theories exist. One theory holds “Troms-” to derive from the old (uncompounded) name of the island (Old Norse: Trums). Several islands and rivers in Norway have the name Tromsa, and the names of these are probably derived from the word straumr which means “(strong) current”. (The original form must then have been Strums, for the missing s see Indo-European s-mobile.) Another theory holds that Troms\u00f8ya was originally called Lille Troms\u00f8ya (Little Troms\u00f8ya), because of its proximity to the much bigger island today called Kval\u00f8ya, that according to this theory was earlier called “Store Troms\u00f8ya” due to a characteristic mountain known as Tromma (the Drum). The mountain’s name in S\u00e1mi, Rumbbu\u010dohkka, is identical in meaning, and it is said to have been a sacred mountain for the S\u00e1mi in pre-Christian times.The S\u00e1mi name of the island, Romsa, is assumed to be a loan from Norse – but according to the phonetical rules of the Sami language the frontal t has disappeared from the name.  However, an alternative form – Tromsa – is in informal use. There is a theory that holds the Norwegian name of Troms\u00f8 derives from the S\u00e1mi name, though this theory lacks an explanation for the meaning of Romsa. A common misunderstanding is that Troms\u00f8’s S\u00e1mi name is Romssa with a double “s”. This, however, is the accusative and genitive form of the noun used when, for example, writing “Troms\u00f8 Municipality” (Romssa Suohkan). In Finnish, however, the word is written with a double “s”: Tromssa.History[edit]The area has been inhabited since the end of the ice age. Archeological excavations in T\u00f8nsvika, just outside the city limits, have turned up artifacts and remains of buildings estimated to be 9,000 to 10,000 years old.[4]Middle Ages: a fortress on the frontier[edit]  Hoard of Viking jewellery found in Troms\u00f8 dating from 7\u20138th Centuries AD now in the British Museum.[5]The area’s rich Norse and S\u00e1mi heritage is well documented. The Norse chieftain Ohthere, who lived during the 890s, is assumed to have inhabited the southernmost reaches of today’s Troms\u00f8 municipality. He described himself as living “furthest to the North of all Norwegians” with areas north of this being populated by S\u00e1mi.[6] An Icelandic source (Rimbegla) from the 12th century also describes the fjord Malangen in the south of today’s Troms\u00f8 municipality as a border between Norse and S\u00e1mi coastal settlements during that part of the Middle Ages. There has also been extensive S\u00e1mi settlement on the coast south of this ‘border’ as well as scattered Norse settlements north of Malangen\u2014for example, both S\u00e1mi and Norse Iron Age (0\u20131050 AD) remains have been found on southern Kval\u00f8ya.[7][8]The first church on the island of Troms\u00f8ya was erected in 1252. Ecclesia Sanctae Mariae de Trums juxta paganos (“The Church of Saint Mary in Troms near the Heathens”\u2014the eponymous “heathens” being the S\u00e1mi), was built during the reign of King H\u00e1kon H\u00e1konarson.[9] At the time, it was the northernmost church in the world. Around the same time a turf rampart was built to protect the area against raids from Karelia and Russia.Troms\u00f8 was not just a Norwegian outpost in an area mainly populated by the S\u00e1mi, but also a frontier city towards Russia; the Novgorod state had the right to tax the S\u00e1mi along the coast to Lyngstuva and inland to the Skibotn River or possibly the M\u00e5lselv River, whereas Norway was allowed to tax areas east to – and including – the Kola Peninsula.[7] During the next five hundred years Norway’s border with Russia and the limits of Norwegian settlement would be pushed eastwards to S\u00f8r-Varanger, making Troms\u00f8 lose its character as a “frontier town”.[citation needed]1700s and 1800s: the “Paris of the north”[edit]During the 17th century, while Denmark\u2013Norway was solidifying its claim to the northern coast of Scandinavia and during this period a redoubt, Skansen, was built. Despite only being home to around 80 people, Troms\u00f8 was declared a kj\u00f8pstad and issued its city charter in 1794 by King Christian VII. This coincided with, and was a direct consequence of, the abolition of the city of Bergen’s centuries-old monopoly on the trade in cod. Troms\u00f8 quickly rose in importance. The Diocese of H\u00e5logaland was created in 1804, with the first bishop being Mathias Bonsak Krogh.[10] The city was established as Troms\u00f8 Municipality 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt), but at that time it was a very small size in area.  Over time the municipality grew much larger in area by merging with neighboring areas (especially during the 1960s).Arctic hunting, from Novaya Zemlya to Canada, started up around 1820. By 1850, Troms\u00f8 was the major centre of Arctic hunting, overtaking the former centre of Hammerfest, and the city was trading from Arkhangelsk to Bordeaux.[citation needed]In 1848, the teacher training college was also moved from Trondenes (near current-day Harstad) to Troms\u00f8, with part of its mission being to educate S\u00e1mi scholars – there was a quota ensuring that S\u00e1mi gained access.[11] The teacher college was followed by the Troms\u00f8 Museum in 1872,[12] and the Mack Brewery in 1877.[13]During the 19th century, Troms\u00f8 became known as the “Paris of the North”. How this nickname came into being is uncertain, but the reason is generally assumed to be that people in Troms\u00f8 appeared far more sophisticated than visitors from the south typically expected.[14]Early 1900s: exploration and war[edit]  Photochrom print from Troms\u00f8, 1900By the end of the 19th century, Troms\u00f8 had become a major Arctic trade centre from which many Arctic expeditions originated. Explorers like Roald Amundsen, Umberto Nobile and Fridtjof Nansen made use of the know-how in Troms\u00f8 on the conditions in the Arctic, and often recruited their crews in the city.[citation needed] The Northern lights observatory was founded in 1927.When Germany invaded Norway in 1940, Troms\u00f8 served briefly as the seat of the Norwegian government. General Carl Gustav Fleischer arrived in Troms\u00f8 on 10 April 1940 after flying in terrible conditions. From Troms\u00f8 he issued orders for total civilian and military mobilisation and declared Northern Norway a theatre of war. Fleischer’s strategic plan was to first wipe out the German forces at Narvik and then transfer his division to Nordland to meet a German advance from Tr\u00f8ndelag. The Germans eventually captured all of Norway, after allied support had been withdrawn, although they encountered fierce resistance from the Finnmark-based Alta Battalion at Narvik. Troms\u00f8 escaped the war unscathed, although the German battleship Tirpitz was sunk by the RAF off the Troms\u00f8y island on 12 November 1944, killing close to 1,000 German sailors.[15][16]  At the end of the war, the city received thousands of refugees from Finnmark county and the northern areas of Troms – areas which had been devastated by German forces using scorched earth tactics in expectation of a Red Army offensive.[17]Municipal history[edit]The city of Troms\u00f8 was established as an independent municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The city was completely surrounded by the Troms\u00f8e landdistrikt (the rural municipality of Troms\u00f8 \/ later renamed Troms\u00f8ysund), but they were governed separately. As the city grew in size, areas were added to the city from the rural district.[18]On 1 January 1861, an area of Troms\u00f8ysund (population: 110) was transferred to the city of Troms\u00f8. On 1 January 1873, an unpopulated area of Troms\u00f8ysund was transferred to the city. On 1 July 1915, another area of Troms\u00f8ysund (population: 512) was merged into the city of Troms\u00f8. On 1 January 1955, the Bjerkaker area on Troms\u00f8ya (population: 1,583) was transferred from Troms\u00f8ysund to the city of Troms\u00f8.[18]During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the city of Troms\u00f8 (population: 12,602), the municipality of Troms\u00f8ysund (population: 16,727), most of the municipality of Ullsfjord except for the Svendsby area (population: 2,019), and most of the municipality of Hilles\u00f8y except for the parts on the island of Senja (population: 1,316) were all merged to form a new, larger Troms\u00f8 Municipality.[18]Climate[edit]Troms\u00f8’s climate is a subarctic climate with long, cold winters and short, mild summers. (K\u00f6ppen: Dfc)Climate data for Troms\u00f8, Norway 1981 – 2010, sunshine 1961 – 1990, extremes 1920 – present (100 m)MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearRecord high \u00b0C (\u00b0F)8.4(47.1)8.2(46.8)9.1(48.4)17(63)26.6(79.9)29.5(85.1)30.2(86.4)28.4(83.1)22.4(72.3)18.6(65.5)11.9(53.4)9.7(49.5)30.2(86.4)Average high \u00b0C (\u00b0F)\u22121.3(29.7)\u22121.4(29.5)0.2(32.4)3.5(38.3)8.2(46.8)12.7(54.9)15.8(60.4)14.5(58.1)10.0(50.0)5.0(41.0)1.3(34.3)\u22120.5(31.1)5.7(42.3)Daily mean \u00b0C (\u00b0F)\u22123.5(25.7)\u22123.7(25.3)\u22122.2(28.0)0.9(33.6)5.3(41.5)9.4(48.9)12.4(54.3)11.3(52.3)7.4(45.3)2.9(37.2)\u22120.7(30.7)\u22122.6(27.3)3.1(37.6)Average low \u00b0C (\u00b0F)\u22125.6(21.9)\u22125.9(21.4)\u22124.6(23.7)\u22121.8(28.8)2.3(36.1)6.1(43.0)8.9(48.0)8.0(46.4)4.8(40.6)0.8(33.4)\u22122.6(27.3)\u22124.8(23.4)0.5(32.9)Record low \u00b0C (\u00b0F)\u221218.3(\u22120.9)\u221218.4(\u22121.1)\u221217.0(1.4)\u221214.3(6.3)\u22126.6(20.1)\u22122.5(27.5)0.7(33.3)1.1(34.0)\u22124.3(24.3)\u22129.6(14.7)\u221214.2(6.4)\u221216.8(1.8)\u221218.4(\u22121.1)Average precipitation mm (inches)112.4(4.43)95.4(3.76)71.7(2.82)66.1(2.60)57.4(2.26)54.1(2.13)77.8(3.06)86.6(3.41)110.9(4.37)135.9(5.35)98.3(3.87)112.3(4.42)1,080.8(42.55)Average precipitation days (\u2265 1\u00a0mm)15.412.911.411.611.110.312.812.614.917.713.515.6160.1Mean monthly sunshine hours3321121602182212051679249601,265Average ultraviolet index0012333210001Source 1: Met Norway,[19][20] The Weather Network,[21] M\u00e9t\u00e9o climat stats[22]Source 2: Weather Atlas [23] (UV index)Climate data for Troms\u00f8MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYearAverage sea temperature \u00b0C (\u00b0F)5.2(41.4)4.6(40.3)4.2(39.5)4.6(40.3)6.2(43.1)8.8(47.8)10.8(51.4)11.3(52.4)10.1(50.3)8.3(47.0)7.6(45.6)6.4(43.6)7.3(45.2)Source: Weather Atlas [23]Light and darkness[edit]The midnight sun occurs from about 18 May to 26 July, but the mountains in the north block the view of it for a few days, meaning that one can see the midnight sun from about 21 May to 21 July. Owing to Troms\u00f8’s high latitude, twilight is long, meaning there is no real darkness between late April and mid-August.  The Northern Lights near Troms\u00f8.  Troms\u00f8 in midnight sun in July.The sun remains below the horizon during the polar night from about 26 November to 15 January, but owing to the mountains, the sun is not visible from 21 November to 21 January. The return of the sun is an occasion for celebration. However, because of the twilight, there is some daylight for a couple of hours even around midwinter, often with bluish light. The nights shorten quickly. By 21 February the sun is above the horizon from 7:45 am to 4:10 pm, and by 1 April it is above the horizon from 5:50 am to 7:50 pm (daylight saving time). If we include astronomical twilight as “not night”, then Tromso only has 14 hours of night on the winter solstice.The combination of snow cover and sunshine often creates intense light conditions from late February until the snow melts in the lowland (usually late April), and sunglasses are essential when skiing. Because of these diametrically different light conditions in winter, Norwegians often divide it into two seasons: M\u00f8rketid (polar night) and Seinvinter (late winter).It is possible to observe aurora borealis (northern lights) from Troms\u00f8, as northern Norway is located in the auroral zone. As it is always light in the summer, no aurora is visible between late April and mid August. Additionally, due to the coastal location, Troms\u00f8 is often subject to cloudy conditions which prevents aurora being seen, even if they are present.Cityscape[edit]The compact city centre has the biggest concentration of historic wooden houses north of the city of Trondheim, and they co-exist with modern architecture. The houses date from 1789 to 1904, when building wooden houses was banned in the city centre, as in several other Norwegian cities. The oldest house in Troms\u00f8 is Skansen, built in 1789 on the remains of a 13th-century turf rampart.[24][25]  The Polar Museum, Polarmuseet, situated in a wharf house from 1837, presents Troms\u00f8’s past as a centre for Arctic hunting and starting point for Arctic expeditions. Troms\u00f8 Cathedral, Norway’s only wooden cathedral, built in 1861, is located in the middle of the city, and so is the small Catholic church V\u00e5r Frue (“Our Lady”). Northern Europe’s oldest cinema still in use, Verdensteatret, was built in 1915\u201316. The cinema has large wall paintings, made by the local artist Sverre Mack in 1921, which picture scenes from Norwegian folk lore and fairy tales.The Arctic Cathedral, a modern church built in 1965, is situated on the mainland, facing the sound and city centre. The church, in reality a parish church and not a cathedral, was drawn by Jan Inge Hovig. The Polaria aquarium and experience centre from 1998 is a short walk south from the city centre. The Troms\u00f8 Museum is a university museum, presenting culture and nature of North Norway. The museum also displays the Arctic-alpine botanic garden, the world’s northernmost botanical garden. A cable car goes up to mount Storsteinen, 420 metres (1,380 feet) above sea level, with a panoramic view over Troms\u00f8. The mountain Tromsdalstinden, 1,238 metres (4,062\u00a0ft), on the mainland, which is easily spotted from the city centre, is also a major landmark. At the top of Troms\u00f8ya is a lake called Prestvannet.Transport[edit]The public transport service in Troms\u00f8 is dominated by bus.[26] Most visitors arrive into the city by air. A private airport shuttle named the Airport Express Coach runs from the airport to the city centre in around 15 minutes. An alternative option is to use the local bus routes 40 and 42, which stop just a few minutes walk from the terminal, and are considerably cheaper.[27] There is also a taxi rank outside the airport terminal as well as several taxi ranks in downtown Troms\u00f8. The taxi fare from the airport to the city centre during the daytime on weekdays is approximately NOK 200.[28] Buses run from early morning to late night Mon-Fri, with a less frequent service at weekends. There is also a night bus service on Friday and Saturday nights from the city centre to select parts of the city suburbs. District buses run within the municipality of Troms\u00f8 and depart from Prostneset, the main bus station in Troms\u00f8, which is located beside the main Tourist Information Office.[28]  Troms\u00f8 is the home of many football clubs, of which the three most prominent are Troms\u00f8 IL, which plays in the Norwegian Premier League and is the world’s northernmost Premier League football team, I.F. Fl\u00f8ya in the Norwegian First Division (women), and Tromsdalen U.I.L., playing in the Adeccoliga. Troms\u00f8 Midnight Sun Marathon is arranged every year in June and recently also a Polar Night Halfmarathon in January. The city is home to many clubs in the top division in various sports. Most notably basketball-outfit Troms\u00f8 Storm in the BLNO, BK Troms\u00f8 in the top volleyball league for men, and Troms\u00f8 Volley in the top volleyball league for women.[citation needed] The oldest sports club in Troms\u00f8 is Troms\u00f8 Turnforening, a gymnastics club founded in 1862, that also was the cradle of the before mentioned football club Troms\u00f8 IL.Troms\u00f8 was selected by the Norwegian National Olympic Committee as Norway’s candidate for the 2018 Winter Olympics. This would have made Troms\u00f8 the first city north of the Arctic Circle to host the games. There were plans to use ships as the media village. In October 2008 the NOC suspended Troms\u00f8’s bid, citing excessive costs.[29] From the southern to the northern tip of the island Troms\u00f8ya, there is a floodlit cross country ski track. A ski jump is also situated on the island, close to the university. As of the spring in 2010, the city’s first ice rink has been open and is home to Troms\u00f8 Hockey, which plays in the Swedish Ice Hockey Association’s League 3.See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c Statistisk sentralbyr\u00e5 (1 January 2017). “Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality”.^ “Troms\u00f8 (Troms)”. yr.no. Retrieved 2018-08-14.^ Erroneously, the S\u00e1mi name is often believed to be “Romssa”. This is because “Troms\u00f8 Municipality” is “Romssa Suohkan”. Romssa, however is the genitive case, so that “Romssa Suohkan” translates to “the Municipality of Romsa”.^ “Unike steinalderfunn” (in Norwegian Bokm\u00e5l). nrk.no. 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2013-08-21.^ “British Museum – Collection online – Search: Tromso”. British Museum. Retrieved 9 June 2014.^ “Ottar fortalte om det ukjente “Norge” – Magasinet”. Dagbladet.no. 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2012-02-16.^ a b “2 Samisk tilstedev\u00e6relse…” regjeringen.no. 3 December 2007. Retrieved 2012-02-16.^ “S\u00f8r-Kval\u00f8ya – fornminner \u2014 Kulturminneaaret 2009” (in Norwegian). Loype.kulturminneaaret2009.no. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 2012-02-16.^ “Diplomatarium Norvegicum b.1 nr.112, the Papal letter (in Latin) first referring to Troms“. Dokpro.uio.no. Retrieved 2012-11-22.^ “Biskoper i H\u00e5logaland bisped\u00f8mme 1804-1952”. Den Norske Kirke. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 3 November 2011.^ Statsarkivet i Troms\u00f8 1992: Arkivkatalog TROMS\u00d8 OFFENTLIGE L\u00c6RERSKOLE, page 6.^ “Om museet” (in Norwegian). Universitet i Troms\u00f8. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-03.^ “Fra \u00f8lvogn til mikrobryggeri”. Macks \u00d8lbryggeri AS. Retrieved 2007-11-03.^ “Destinasjon Troms\u00f8 – Facts about Troms\u00f8”. Destinasjontromso.no. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-22.^ “Bomber Command: Tirpitz 12 November 1944”. RAF History Bomber Command 60th Anniversary. Retrieved April 27, 2008.^ 617 Squadron – The Operational Record Book 1943 – 1945 “Archived copy” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2008-08-04.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) http:\/\/www.dambusters.org with additional information by Tobin Jones; Binx Publishing, Pevensey House, Sheep Street, Bicester. OX26 6JF. Acknowledgement is given to HMSO as holders of the copyright on the Operational Record Book^ Derry, T.K. (1972). A History of Modern Norway: 1814\u20141972. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN\u00a00-19-822503-2.^ a b c Jukvam, Dag (1999). “Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen” (PDF) (in Norwegian). Statistisk sentralbyr\u00e5.^ Norwegian Meteorological Institute’s eklima site^ “Troms\u00f8 (Troms)”. June 2013.^ “Climate Statistics for Troms\u00f8, Norway (1961-1990)”. November 2011.^ “Moyennes 1981-2010 Norv\u00e9ge” (in French). Retrieved 11 January 2017.^ a b “Troms\u00f8, Norway – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data”. Weather Atlas. Retrieved 3 July 2019.^ “Troms\u00f8 er “djevelsk stygg” – VG Nett om Reiselivsnyheter” (in Norwegian). Vg.no. 2008-08-21. Retrieved 2010-05-29.^ Carina Hansen (27 May 2010). “Forfall i hele byen – iTroms\u00f8” (in Norwegian). Itromso.no. Retrieved 2010-05-29.^ “How to get around in Troms\u00f8”. visitnordic.com. Retrieved 2022-05-31.^ “Transport in Troms\u00f8”. lifeinnorway.net. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 2022-05-31.^ a b “How to get around in Troms\u00f8 and the region”. visittromso.no. 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