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For the Tibetan translator, see Vairotsana.VairocanaSanskrit\u0935\u0948\u0930\u094b\u091a\u0928VairocanaBurmese\u1017\u102f\u1012\u1039\u1013\u1018\u102f\u101b\u102c\u1038\u101b\u103e\u1004\u103aChinese\u5927\u65e5\u5982\u6765(Pinyin: D\u00e0r\u00ec R\u00fal\u00e1i)\u6bd8\u76e7\u906e\u90a3\u4f5b(Pinyin: P\u00edl\u00fazh\u0113n\u00e0 F\u00f3)Japanese\u5927\u65e5\u5982\u6765\uff08\u3060\u3044\u306b\u3061\u306b\u3087\u3089\u3044\uff09(romaji: Dainichi Nyorai)\u6bd8\u76e7\u906e\u90a3\u4ecf\uff08\u3073\u308b\u3057\u3083\u306a\u3076\u3064\uff09(romaji: Birushana Butsu)Korean\ub300\uc77c\uc5ec\ub798\u5927\u65e5\u5982\u6765(RR: Daeil Yeorae)\ube44\ub85c\uc790\ub098\ubd88\u6bd8\u76e7\u906e\u90a3\u4ecf(RR: Birojana Bul)Mongolian script\u182e\u1820\u1830\u1822\u1833\u1820\u182d\u1821\u1822\u1822\u182d\u1826\u182f\u1826\u1828\u1835\u1823\u182c\u1822\u1836\u1820\u182d\u1834\u1822\u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0434 \u0433\u0438\u0439\u0433\u04af\u04af\u043b\u044d\u043d \u0437\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0447Masida geyig\u00fcl\u00fcn zohiyaghci\u182a\u1822\u1837\u1826\u1835\u1820\u1828\u180e \u1820\u1802\u182e\u1820\u1830\u1822\u1833\u1820\u182d\u1821\u1822\u1822\u182d\u1826\u182f\u1826\u1828\u1835\u1823\u182c\u1822\u1836\u1820\u182d\u1834\u1822\u1802\u182d\u1821\u182d\u1821\u182d\u1821\u1828\u182d\u1821\u1837\u1821\u182f\u1832\u1826\u0411\u044f\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u041c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0434 \u0413\u0438\u0439\u0433\u04af\u04af\u043b\u044d\u043d \u0417\u043e\u0445\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0447, \u0413\u044d\u0433\u044d\u044d\u043d \u0413\u044d\u0440\u044d\u043b\u0442Biruzana, Masida Geyig\u00fcl\u00fcn Zohiyaghci, Gegegen Gerelt\u00fcThai\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e44\u0e27\u0e42\u0e23\u0e08\u0e19\u0e1e\u0e38\u0e17\u0e18\u0e30(RTGS: Phra w\u1ecb ro ca na phuth \u1e6dha)Tibetan\u0f62\u0fa3\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f62\u0f0b\u0f66\u0fa3\u0f44\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f5b\u0f51\u0f0bWylie: rnam par snang mdzadTHL: Nampar NangdzeVietnamese\u0110\u1ea1i Nh\u1eadt Nh\u01b0 Lai\u5927\u65e5\u5982\u6765T\u1ef3 L\u01b0 X\u00e1 Na\u6bd8\u76e7\u906e\u90a3T\u1ef3 L\u00f4 Gi\u00e1 Na Ph\u1eadt\u6bd7\u76e7\u906e\u90a3\u4f5bVenerated byMahayana, VajrayanaAttributes\u015a\u016bnyat\u0101\u00a0Religion portal (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Vairocana (also Mah\u0101vairocana, Sanskrit: \u0935\u0948\u0930\u094b\u091a\u0928) is a cosmic buddha from Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. Vairocana is often interpreted, in texts like the Avatamsaka Sutra, as the dharmak\u0101ya[1][2][3] of the historical Gautama Buddha. In East Asian Buddhism (Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese Buddhism), Vairocana is also seen as the embodiment of the Buddhist concept of \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101. In the conception of the 5 Jinas of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism, Vairocana is at the centre and is considered a Primordial Buddha.Vairocana is not to be confused with Vairocana Mahabali, son of Virochana. Vairocana Mahabali attained to sahaja nirvikalpa samadhi in Yoga Vasishta. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsLiterary and historical development[edit]Statues[edit]Gallery[edit]See also[edit]Sources[edit]Bibliography[edit]External links[edit]Literary and historical development[edit]Vairocana Buddha is first introduced in the Brahmajala Sutra:Now, I, Vairocana Buddha am sitting atop a lotus pedestal; On a thousand flowers surrounding me are a thousand Sakyamuni Buddhas. Each flower supports a hundred million worlds; in each world a Sakyamuni Buddha appears. All are seated beneath a Bodhi-tree, all simultaneously attain Buddhahood. All these innumerable Buddhas have Vairocana as their original body.[4]Vairocana is also mentioned in the Avatamsaka Sutra; however, the doctrine of Vairocana is based largely on the teachings of the Mahavairocana Tantra (also known as the Mah\u0101vairocana-abhisa\u1e43bodhi-tantra) and to a lesser degree the Vajrasekhara Sutra (also known as the Sarvatath\u0101gatatattvasa\u1e43graha Tantra).In the Avatamsaka Sutra, Vairocana is described as having attained enlightenment immeasurable ages ago and residing in a world purified by him while he was a bodhisattva. He also presides over an assembly of countless other bodhisattvas. He may be considered the celestial existence (sa\u1e43bhogak\u0101ya) of Gautama Buddha, who came to be as Vairochana’s earthly rebirth from his previous existence in Tushita heaven.[5] Similarly, the Brahmajala Sutra also states that Shakyamuni was originally named Vairochana, regarding the former as a physical incarnation (nirm\u0101\u1e47ak\u0101ya) of the latter.[5] (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Vairocana is also mentioned as an epithet of Gautama Buddha in the Samantabhadra Meditation Sutra, who dwells in a place called “Always Tranquil Light”.[6] In the \u015a\u016bra\u1e45gama mantra (Chinese: \u695e\u56b4\u5492; pinyin: L\u00e9ngy\u00e1n Zh\u00f2u) taught in the \u015a\u016bra\u1e45gama sutra (Chinese: \u695e\u56b4\u7d93; pinyin: L\u00e9ngy\u00e1n J\u012bng), an especially influential dharani in the Chinese Chan tradition, Vairocana is mentioned to be the host of the Buddha Division in the centre, one of the five major divisions which dispels the vast demon armies of the five directions.[7]Vairocana is the Primordial Buddha in the Chinese schools of Tiantai, Huayan and Tangmi, also appearing in later schools including the Japanese Kegon, Shingon and esoteric lineages of Tendai. In the case of Huayan and Shingon, Vairocana is the central figure.In Chinese and Japanese Buddhism, Vairocana was gradually superseded as an object of reverence by Amit\u0101bha, due in large part to the increasing popularity of Pure Land Buddhism, but veneration of Vairocana still remains popular among adherents.During the initial stages of his mission in Japan, the Catholic missionary Francis Xavier was welcomed by the Shingon monks since he used Dainichi, the Japanese name for Vairocana, to designate the Christian God. As Xavier learned more about the religious nuances of the word, he substituted the term Deusu, which he derived from the Latin and Portuguese Deus.[8][9]The Shingon monk Dohan regarded the two great Buddhas, Amit\u0101bha and Vairocana, as one and the same Dharmak\u0101ya Buddha and as the true nature at the core of all beings and phenomena. There are several realizations that can accrue to the Shingon practitioner of which Dohan speaks in this connection, as James Sanford points out:[T]here is the realization that Amida is the Dharmakaya Buddha, Vairocana; then there is the realization that Amida as Vairocana is eternally manifest within this universe of time and space; and finally there is the innermost realization that Amida is the true nature, material and spiritual, of all beings, that he is ‘the omnivalent wisdom-body, that he is the unborn, unmanifest, unchanging reality that rests quietly at the core of all phenomena”.[10]Helen Hardacre, writing on the Mahavairocana Tantra, comments that Mahavairocana’s virtues are deemed to be immanently universal within all beings: “The principle doctrine of the Dainichikyo is that all the virtues of Dainichi (Mah\u0101vairocana) are inherent in us and in all sentient beings.”[11]Statues[edit]With regard to \u015b\u016bnyat\u0101, the massive size and brilliance of Vairocana statues serve as a reminder that all conditioned existence is empty and without a permanent identity, whereas the Dharmak\u0101ya is beyond concepts.The Spring Temple Buddha of Lushan County, Henan, China, with a height of 126 meters, is the second tallest statue in the world (see list of tallest statues).The Daibutsu in the T\u014ddai-ji in Nara, Japan, is the largest bronze image of Vairocana in the world.The larger of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan that were destroyed was also a depiction of Vairocana.In Java, Indonesia, the ninth-century Mendut temple near Borobudur in Magelang was dedicated to the Dhyani Buddha Vairocana. Built by the Shailendra dynasty, the temple featured a three-meter tall stone statue of Vairocana, seated and performing the dharmachakra mudr\u0101. The statue is flanked with statues of the bodhisattvas Avalokite\u015bvara and Vajrapani.Gallery[edit]Ming dynasty statues of Vairocana (center), flanked on the far left by Amitabha and on the right by Bhaisajyaguru. Projecting tongues from Vairocana’s throne are petals that symbolize his radiance in infinite directions.The Great Buddha of T\u014ddai-ji, at a Kegon Buddhist temple in Nara, JapanMulti-headed Sarvavid Vairochana, Central Tibet, circa late 13th \u2013 early 14th centurySee also[edit]Sources[edit]^ \u4f5b\u5149\u5927\u8fad\u5178\u589e\u8a02\u7248\u96a8\u8eab\u789f,\u4e2d\u82f1\u4f5b\u5b78\u8fad\u5178 – “\u4e09\u8eab” (Fo Guang Great Dictionary Updated USB Version, Chinese-English Dictionary of Buddhist Studies – “Trik\u0101ya” entry)^ “Birushana Buddha. SOTOZEN-NET Glossary”. Retrieved 2015-09-12.^ Buswell, Robert Jr; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp.\u00a0949\u2013950. ISBN\u00a09780691157863.^ “YMBA’s translation of Brahma Net Sutra”. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved 2008-12-12.^ a b Xing, Guan (2005). The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trik\u0101ya Theory. Psychology Press. p.\u00a0169-171. ISBN\u00a0978-0-41533-344-3.^ Reeves 2008, pp.\u00a0416, 452^ The \u015a\u016bra\u1e45gama s\u016btra\u00a0: a new translation. Hs\u00fcan Hua, Buddhist Text Translation Society. Ukiah, Calif.: Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2009. ISBN\u00a0978-0-88139-962-2. OCLC\u00a0300721049.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)^ Francis Xavier and the Land of the Rising Sun: Dainichi and Deus, Matthew Ropp, 1997.^ Elisonas, Jurgis (1991). “7 – Christianity and the daimyo”. In Hall, John Whitney; McClain, James L. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol.\u00a04. Cambridge Eng. New York: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0307. ISBN\u00a09780521223553.^ James H. Sanford, ‘Breath of Life: The Esoteric Nembutsu’ in Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, ed. by Richard K. Payne, Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2006, p. 176^ Helen Hardacre, ‘The Cave and the Womb World’, in Tantric Buddhism in East Asia (Wisdom Publications, Boston, 2006), p. 215Bibliography[edit]Birmingham, Vessantara (2003). Meeting The Buddhas, Windhorse Publications, ISBN\u00a00-904766-53-5.Cook, Francis H. (1977). Hua-Yen Buddhism: The Jewel Net of Indra, Pennsylvania State University Press.Cook, Francis H. (1972). ‘The meaning of Vairocana in Hua-Yen Buddhism, Philosophy East and West 22 (4), 403-415Park, Kwangsoo (2003). A Comparative Study of the Concept of Dharmakaya Buddha: Vairocana in Hua-yen and Mahavairocana in Shingon Buddhism, International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture 2, 305-331Reeves, Gene (2008). The Lotus Sutra: A Contemporary Translation of a Buddhist Classic. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. ISBN\u00a0978-0-86171-571-8.External links[edit]Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vairocana. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki40\/vairocana-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Vairocana – Wikipedia"}}]}]