[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/2018-hawaii-floods-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/2018-hawaii-floods-wikipedia\/","headline":"2018 Hawaii floods &#8211; Wikipedia","name":"2018 Hawaii floods &#8211; Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Record-breaking rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands of Kaua\u02bbi and Oahu after-content-x4 In April 2018, a series of thunderstorms produced","datePublished":"2016-05-14","dateModified":"2016-05-14","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/2018-hawaii-floods-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":6705,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Record-breaking rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands of Kaua\u02bbi and Oahu       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In April 2018, a series of thunderstorms produced record-breaking rainfall on the Hawaiian Islands of Kaua\u02bbi and Oahu. An upper-level low moved across the area on April\u00a013, generating a mesoscale convective system that moved over eastern Oahu, producing localized heavy rainfall that reached 5.55\u00a0in (141\u00a0mm). The heaviest rainfall occurred on northern Kaua\u02bbi. There, a rain gauge owned by the Waip\u0101 Foundation, just west of Hanalei, recorded 49.69\u00a0in (1,262\u00a0mm) of rainfall in the 24\u00a0hours between 12:45\u00a0p.m. on April 14 and 15.[nb 2] This was the greatest 24-hour rainfall total on record in the United States, surpassing the previous record of 43\u00a0in (1,100\u00a0mm) in Alvin, Texas on July\u00a025\u201326, 1979, set during Tropical Storm Claudette. Through the entire event, the same gauge recorded a total of 54.37\u00a0in (1,381\u00a0mm) of rain.The heavy rainfall produced flash flooding and landslides that covered roads and washed away several vacant houses. The floods damaged or destroyed 532\u00a0houses. Public damage totaled $19.7\u00a0million (2018\u00a0USD), and overall damage was estimated at over $125\u00a0million. Damage on Kauai was the worst from a natural disaster since Hurricane Iniki in 1992. Landslides and flooding covered parts of Kuhio Highway in Hawaii.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsMeteorological history[edit]Oahu[edit]Kaua\u02bbi[edit]Aftermath and records[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Meteorological history[edit]On April\u00a011, 2018, an upper-level low was located west of the Hawaiian island of Kaua\u02bbi. The low moved toward Hawaii and drew deep tropical moisture from the south. The low eventually opened into a trough, which crossed over the Hawaiian islands on April\u00a013. That day, a mesoscale convective system (MCS) developed northwest of Molokai and intensified while moving westward through the trade winds. The MCS moved over eastern Oahu, dissipating after moving ashore. Another upper-level low developed on April\u00a014, fueling additional rainfall through April\u00a016, which caused record rainfall on Kaua\u02bbi. The first of a series of thunderstorms moved over northern Kaua\u02bbi around midnight (local time) on April\u00a014. After a five-hour break in rainfall, another set of thunderstorms hit northern Kaua\u02bbi around midnight on April\u00a015 and lasted for about eight hours. The third set of thunderstorms began around 10:00\u00a0AM on April\u00a015 and continued until around 7:00\u00a0PM.[1]The Honolulu National Weather Service issued various flash flood watches and warnings for the flood event.[2] The trough began dropping heavy rainfall over Hawaii on April\u00a013. Flooding damaged or destroyed 532\u00a0houses. The flooding knocked down trees and power lines, eroded many bridges and roads, and washed away crops, beehives, and livestock. Overall damage was estimated at over $125\u00a0million. Damage to public buildings was estimated at $19.7\u00a0million (2018\u00a0USD). Despite the damage, there were no deaths or injuries.[1][3][4][5]Oahu[edit]Across eastern Oahu, the mesoscale convective system produced rainfall rates of about 4\u00a0in (100\u00a0mm) per hour. Over a 15-minute period, a rain gauge in Niu Valley recorded 1.42\u00a0in (36\u00a0mm) of precipitation, which has a 4\u201310% annual return period. The same station recorded 5.52\u00a0in (140\u00a0mm) of rainfall over a two-hour period, which has a 0.5\u20131% annual return period. The rainfall on Oahu was largely limited to the eastern one-third of the island. A station at Daniel K. Inouye International Airport recorded 0.01\u00a0in (0.25\u00a0mm) of rainfall, just 14\u00a0mi (23\u00a0km) west of Niu Valley, which recorded 5.55\u00a0in (141\u00a0mm) during the same 24-hour period.[1]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4At Waimanalo Stream north of Niu Valley, the rains caused the waters to rise 3\u00a0ft (0.91\u00a0m) in 30\u00a0minutes, and 5\u00a0ft (1.5\u00a0m) in an hour. During the rain event, Wailupe Gulch reported an 8\u00a0ft (2.4\u00a0m) rise in floodwaters.[1] Flooding entered cars and hundreds of houses on Oahu.[1][6] The floods also caused significant runoff, leaving a layer of debris on roads.[1] A portion of Kalanianaole Highway was covered with nearly 1\u00a0ft (300\u00a0mm) of water, closing a stretch of the highway from Aina Haina to Makapu\u02bbu.[7] A mudslide covered a portion of the same highway near Kailua.[8] Downed trees closed one block of Maunaloa Avenue in Kaimuki.[9]Kaua\u02bbi[edit]On Kaua\u02bbi, the rainfall event occurred at low elevations near the northern coast. This was unusual, as previous rain events on the island usually occurred over higher elevations. The heaviest rainfall occurred early on April\u00a015.[1] A rain gauge owned by the Waip\u0101 Foundation, just west of Hanalei on Kaua\u02bbi&#8217;s northern coast, recorded 49.69\u00a0in (1,262\u00a0mm) of rainfall in the 24\u00a0hours ending at 12:45\u00a0p.m. local time. The total greatly surpassed the Hawai\u02bbi 24-hour rainfall record of 38\u00a0in (970\u00a0mm) set on January\u00a025, 1956, at K\u012blauea .[1] Furthermore, this total broke the national 24-hour rainfall record of 43\u00a0in (1,100\u00a0mm) set during Tropical Storm Claudette on July\u00a025\u201326, 1979 in Alvin, Texas, a record confirmed in December 2018.[10][11] The Waip\u0101 rain gauge also recorded 1.77\u00a0in (45\u00a0mm) over 15\u00a0minutes, 5.51\u00a0in (140\u00a0mm) over an hour, 19.52\u00a0in (496\u00a0mm) over 6\u00a0hours, 33.33\u00a0in (847\u00a0mm) over 12\u00a0hours,[1] and 54.37\u00a0in (1,381\u00a0mm) over 48\u00a0hours.[10] Elsewhere on northern Kaua\u02bbi, a rain gauge in Wainiha recorded 32.35\u00a0in (822\u00a0mm), and a gauge in Hanalei recorded 28.41\u00a0in (722\u00a0mm) before it failed. Minimal rainfall occurred on the southern and western coasts of Kaua\u02bbi. The intense rainfall washed out several river gauges. Along the Hanalei River, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimated that floodwaters rose 15\u00a0ft (4.6\u00a0m), representing a peak flow rate of 32,700\u00a0cubic feet per second (ft3\/s, 926\u00a0m3\/s), before the station failed. The Wainiha River reported a record flow rate during the storm event.[1]The rain event caused the worst natural disaster in Kauai since Hurricane Iniki in 1992.[12] The sudden rains caused landslides, mostly in isolated areas, as well as flash flooding, causing power outages in Hanalei and Wainiha. Rising waters washed out four vacant homes and entered dozens of other homes. The rising waters forced guests at the Hanalei Colony Resort to move to the second floor. The floodwaters reached 8\u00a0ft (2.4\u00a0m) deep near Hanalei, closing parts of Kuhio Highway. Landslides occurred at 15\u00a0locations along the same highway, leaving residents in Wainiha and Haena without regional road access, disrupting relief efforts.[1][2][13][14][15][16] Three bridges along the route were damaged, which delayed repairs from being made, leaving the Kuhio Highway closed as of November 2018.[17] Residents used a 1\u00a0mi (1.6\u00a0km) detour on a dirt road.[18] The flooding forced the temporary closure of three beaches \u2013 Kalapaki Beach, Koloa Landing, and Moloaa Bay \u2013 as well as two parks, N\u0101 Pali Coast State Park and Ha\u02bbena State Park. Residents in Wainiha and Haena were urged to limit their water use due to contaminated water supply.[2][19]Aftermath and records[edit]Kauai Mayor Bernard Carvalho Jr. declared a state of emergency for portions of Kauai, which effectively restricted tourist operations in the Hanalei region. The mayor extended the emergency four more times, effective through January\u00a04, 2019.[20][16][21] After the floods, Hawaiian Governor David Ige also declared a State of Emergency. On April\u00a018, the Hawaiian legislature approved $125\u00a0million in disaster funding, including $100\u00a0million for Kaua\u02bbi.[13] On May\u00a08, United States President Donald Trump declared a federal disaster area for Kaua\u02bbi and Honolulu counties. Initially, the declaration was limited to federal reimbursement for repairs to public infrastructure, but was expanded to include individual assistance on June\u00a027. Ultimately, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved 250\u00a0individual assistance applications, which totaled about $1.5\u00a0million, with another $2.6\u00a0million in public assistance grants. FEMA opened three disaster recovery centers, which provided resources for the application process; these centers were closed by July\u00a020.[22] On November\u00a030, Kauai Mayor Carvalho granted $500,000 to six nonprofits for counselors, meals, emergency supplies, and rebuilding parts of the Limahuli Garden and Preserve.[23]Local and national emergency crews rescued people from their flooded homes by helicopter, boat, and bus,[24] including 475 by helicopter; more than 40% of those rescued by helicopter were tourists.[25] The Hawaii Department of Transportation ran convoys throughout the day along the damaged portions of Kuhio Highway while the roadway was being repaired.[26] The cost of reconstructing the Kuhio Highway was estimated at around $100\u00a0million; much of it would be covered by the federal government.[17] In August 2018, Hurricane Lane dropped heavy rainfall in the same area, causing further flooding damage to houses and the Kuhio Highway.[27][28] The Hanalei post office, damaged during the flooding event, was reopened on July\u00a030.[29] A Red Cross shelter in Kilauea housed 13\u00a0people after the event.[24] Some of the displaced stayed with family or friends.[30] The Hanalei Colony Resort evacuated its guests on April\u00a016 and remained closed through October. The resort temporarily housed National Guardsmen and families displaced by the floods. At least two dozen students used the resort as a temporary school.[20][26] The staff of the resort won the Excellence in Community Service Award at the 29th Annual Na Po\u2018e Pa\u2018ahana Awards, a ceremony for excellence in the hospitality industry.[31]On August\u00a02, 2018, National Weather Service Senior Hydrologist Kevin Kodama inspected and calibrated record-breaking rain gauge at Waip\u0101 Garden, confirming that the instrument was functioning normally. On December 4, 2018, the National Climate Extremes Committee verified that the 49.69\u00a0in (1,262\u00a0mm) accumulation was the highest 24-hour rainfall total in the United States.[10]See also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kauai and Oahu Flash Flooding &#8211; April 13 &#8211; 15, 2018 (Report). Honolulu, Hawaii National Weather Service. 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019.^ a b c &#8220;Floodwaters destroy homes, cause mudslides on Kauai&#8221;. The Honolulu Star Advertiser. April 14, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ April 13 Hawaii Heavy Rain Event (Report). Storm Events. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Jade Snow (September 21, 2018). &#8220;Farmers Rebuild After the Devastating Floods on Kauai and Oahu&#8221;. Hawaii Magazine. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Weather, Climate &#038; Catastrophe Insight: 2018 Annual Report (PDF). AON Benfield (Report). p.\u00a060. Retrieved March 8, 2019.^ Jenn Boneza (September 14, 2018). &#8220;East Oahu residents are still dealing with the impact of historic rain five months after the flood&#8221;. KHON2. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ April 13 Hawaii Flash Flood Event (Report). Storm Events. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ April 13 Hawaii Debris Flow Event (Report). Storm Events. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ April 13 Hawaii Thunderstorm Wind Event (Report). Storm Events. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b c Deke Arndt; Jim Zdrojewski; Pao-Shin Chu (December 14, 2018). National Record 24-Hour Precipitation at Waip\u0101 Garden, Hawai&#8217;i (PDF). National Climate Extremes Committee (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ David M. Roth (November 29, 2017). &#8220;Tropical Storm Claudette &#8211; July 16-31, 1979&#8221;. Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved April 25, 2018.^ Carla Herreria (April 19, 2018). &#8220;Historic Floods, Landslides Devastate The Hawaiian Island Of Kauai&#8221;. The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b &#8220;Kauai Flooding Eases But Damage Is Worse Than Expected, Aerial Survey Shows&#8221;. Weather.com. April 19, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.^ April 13 Hawaii Flash Flood Event (Report). Storm Events. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ April 13 Hawaii Debris Flow Event (Report). Storm Events. National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b Leila Fujimori (July 29, 2018). &#8220;Fire hits Kauai resort already devastated by flooding&#8221;. Honolulu Star Advertiser. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b &#8220;Stretch of Kuhio Hwy. damaged by floods to remain closed until 2019&#8221;. Hawaii News Now. November 8, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Jessica Else (November 20, 2018). &#8220;Detour taking toll&#8221;. The Garden Island. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Jessica Else (September 13, 2018). &#8220;Kalalau Trail closure redirects visitors elsewhere on Kauai&#8221;. The Garden Island. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b &#8220;Hanalei Colony Resort to remain closed as Kauai recovers from floods&#8221;. Hawaii News Now. August 13, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ &#8220;Mayor signs fifth emergency proclamation&#8221;. The Garden Island. November 6, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ &#8220;Hawaii Severe Storms, Flooding, Landslides, And Mudslides (DR-4365)&#8221;. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019.^ Daniel Fujimoto (December 3, 2018). &#8220;$500K in flood relief released&#8221;. The Garden Island. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b &#8220;Over 200 Hawai\u02bbi residents airlifted from Kaua\u02bbi flooding following 30 inches of rain&#8221;. USAToday. April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018.^ Brittany Lyte (May 10, 2018). &#8220;More Victims Of The Kauai Flood \u2014 Tourist Vacation Rentals&#8221;. Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ a b Christie Wilson (August 4, 2018). &#8220;Kauai students from flood areas will start school year at temporary campus&#8221;. Honolulu Star Advertiser. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Lisa Kubota (September 2, 2018). &#8220;Remnants from Lane lengthen timeline for Kuhio Highway emergency repairs&#8221;. Hawaii News Now. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Lisa Kubota (September 1, 2018). &#8220;After April&#8217;s historic flooding some Hanalei residents said &#8216;the damage has been done&#8217; \u2013 then Lane plowed through&#8221;. CW39. CNN. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ &#8220;Flood-damaged Hanalei Post Office reopens on Monday&#8221;. KITV4. July 29, 2018. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ Scott Giarman (July 10, 2018). &#8220;Flood Recovery Continues on Kaua&#8217;i&#8221;. Scott Giarman. Retrieved February 1, 2019.^ &#8220;Maui Hotel Workers Honored With Industry Awards&#8221;. Maui Now. January 11, 2019. Retrieved February 1, 2019.     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