[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/toxicology-of-red-imported-fire-ant-venom\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/toxicology-of-red-imported-fire-ant-venom\/","headline":"Toxicology of red imported fire ant venom","name":"Toxicology of red imported fire ant venom","description":"Overview of toxicology of imported fire ant venom The toxicology of fire ant venom is relatively well studied. The venom","datePublished":"2021-11-23","dateModified":"2021-11-23","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Solenopsin.svg\/220px-Solenopsin.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2b\/Solenopsin.svg\/220px-Solenopsin.svg.png","height":"57","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/toxicology-of-red-imported-fire-ant-venom\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":19010,"articleBody":"Overview of toxicology of imported fire ant venomThe toxicology of fire ant venom is relatively well studied. The venom plays a central role in the biology of Red imported fire ants, such as in capturing prey,[1] and in defending itself from competitors,[2] assailants,[3] and diseases.[4] Some 14 million people are stung annually in the United States, suffering reactions that vary from mild discomfort, to pustule formation, swelling,[6] and in rare cases, systemic reactions followed by anaphylactic shock.[7] Fire ant venoms are mainly composed (>95%) of a complex mixture of insoluble alkaloids added to a watery solution of toxic proteins.[[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources”>^ Fox 2016, p.\u00a0[page\u00a0needed].^ a b c d Pinto, Jos\u00e9 R. A.; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Saidemberg, Daniel M.; Santos, Lucilene D.; da Silva Menegasso, Anally R.; Costa-Manso, Eli\u00fade; Machado, Ednildo A.; Bueno, Odair C.; Palma, Mario S. (22 August 2012). “Proteomic View of the Venom from the Fire Ant Buren”. Journal of Proteome Research. 11 (9): 4643\u20134653. doi:10.1021\/pr300451g. PMID\u00a022881118.^ Hoffman, DR; Dove, DE; Jacobson, RS (November 1988). “Allergens in Hymenoptera venom. XX. Isolation of four allergens from imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) venom”. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 82 (5 Pt 1): 818\u201327. doi:10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90084-X. PMID\u00a03192865.^ Jouvenaz, D. P.; Blum, M. S.; MacConnell, J. G. (1 October 1972). “Antibacterial Activity of Venom Alkaloids from the Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren1”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2 (4): 291\u2013293. doi:10.1128\/AAC.2.4.291. PMC\u00a0444309. PMID\u00a04670503.^ a b c Gebel, E. (20 August 2012). “Proteins Revealed In Fire Ant Venom”. Chemical & Engineering News. ISSN\u00a00009-2347. Retrieved 8 August 2016.^ Haight, K.L.; Tschinkel, W.R. (2003). “Patterns of venom synthesis and use in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta“ (PDF). Toxicon. 42 (6): 673\u2013682. CiteSeerX\u00a010.1.1.536.6535. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2003.09.005. PMID\u00a014602123.^ Paterson Fox, Eduardo Gon\u00e7alves; Correa Bueno, Odair; Yabuki, Ant\u00f4nio Teruyoshi; jesus, Carlos Massuretti de; Solis, Daniel Russ; Rossi, M\u00f4nica Lanzoni; Nogueira, Neusa de Lima (March 2010). “General Morphology and Ultrastructure of the Venom Apparatus and Convoluted Gland of the Fire Ant”. Journal of Insect Science. 10 (24): 24. doi:10.1673\/031.010.2401. PMC\u00a03014722. PMID\u00a020578888.^ Schmidt, J.O.; Blum, M.S.; Overal, W.L. (1983). “Hemolytic activities of stinging insect venoms”. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology. 1 (2): 155\u2013160. doi:10.1002\/arch.940010205.^ Buren, W.F. (1972). “Revisionary studies on the taxonomy of the imported fire ants”. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. 7: 1\u201326. doi:10.5281\/zenodo.27055.^ Jouvenaz, D.P.; Blum, M.S.; MacConnell, J.G. (1972). “Antibacterial activity of venom alkaloids from the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2 (4): 291\u2013293. doi:10.1128\/AAC.2.4.291. PMC\u00a0444309. PMID\u00a04670503.^ Chen, L.; Fadamiro, H.Y. (2009). “Re-investigation of venom chemistry of Solenopsis fire ants. II. Identification of novel alkaloids in S. invicta“. Toxicon. 53 (5): 479\u2013486. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.01.016. PMID\u00a019673093.^ Howell, G.; Butler, J.; Deshazo, R.D.; Farley, J.M.; Liu, H.L.; Nanayakkara, N.P.; Yates, A.; Yi, G.B.; Rockhold, R.W. (2005). “Cardiodepressant and neurologic actions of Solenopsis invicta (imported fire ant) venom alkaloids”. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 94 (3): 380\u2013386. doi:10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60991-X. PMID\u00a015801250.^ Arbiser, J.L.; Kau, T.; Konar, M.; Narra, K.; Ramchandran, R.; Summers, S.A.; Vlahos, C.J.; Ye, K.; Perry, B.N.; Matter, W.; Fischl, A.; Cook, J.; Silver, P.A.; Bain, J.; Cohen, P.; Whitmire, D.; Furness, S.; Govindarajan, B.; Bowen, J.P. (2007). “Solenopsin, the alkaloidal component of the fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), is a naturally occurring inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling and angiogenesis”. Blood. 109 (2): 560\u2013565. doi:10.1182\/blood-2006-06-029934. PMC\u00a01785094. PMID\u00a016990598.^ a b Hoffman, D.R. (2010). “Ant venoms” (PDF). Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 10 (4): 342\u2013346. doi:10.1097\/aci.0b013e328339f325. PMID\u00a020445444. S2CID\u00a04999650.^ Alley, E.G. (1973). “The use of mirex in control of the imported fire ant”. Journal of Environmental Quality. 2 (1): 52\u201361. doi:10.2134\/jeq1973.00472425000200010005x.^ BLUM, MS; WALKER, JR; CALLAHAN, PS; NOVAK, AF (8 August 1958). “Chemical, insecticidal and antibiotic properties of fire ant venom”. Science. 128 (3319): 306\u20137. Bibcode:1958Sci…128R.306B. doi:10.1126\/science.128.3319.306. PMID\u00a013568785.^ Baer, Harold; Liu, T.-Y.; Anderson, Martha C.; Blum, Murray; Schmid, William H.; James, Frank J. (January 1979). “Protein components of fire ant venom (Solenopsis invicta)”. Toxicon. 17 (4): 397\u2013405. doi:10.1016\/0041-0101(79)90267-8. PMID\u00a0494321.^ Fox, Eduardo G P; Solis, Daniel R; Santos, Lucilene D R; Pinto, Jose Roberto; Menegasso, Anally R S; Silva, Rafael CMC; Palma, Mario S; Bueno, Odair C; Machado, Ednildo A (April 2013). “A simple, rapid method for the extraction of whole fire ant venom (Insecta: Formicidae: Solenopsis)”. Toxicon. 65: 5\u20138. doi:10.1016\/j.toxicon.2012.12.009. hdl:11449\/74946. PMID\u00a023333648.^ Zamith-Miranda, Daniel; Fox, Eduardo G. P.; Monteiro, Ana Paula; Gama, Diogo; Poublan, Luiz E.; de Araujo, Almair Ferreira; Araujo, Maria F. C.; Atella, Georgia C.; Machado, Ednildo A.; Diaz, Bruno L. (26 September 2018). “The allergic response mediated by fire ant venom proteins”. Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 14427. Bibcode:2018NatSR…814427Z. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-32327-z. PMC\u00a06158280. PMID\u00a030258210.^ Hoffman, D.R.; Sakell, R.H.; Schmidt, M. (2005). “Sol i 1, the phospholipase allergen of imported fire ant venom”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 115 (3): 611\u2013616. doi:10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.11.020. PMID\u00a015753912.^ Hoffman, D.R.; Dove, D.E.; Jacobson, R.S. (1988). “Allergens in Hymenoptera venom. XX. Isolation of four allergens from imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) venom”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 82 (5 Pt 1): 818\u2013827. doi:10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90084-X. PMID\u00a03192865.^ Hoffman, D.R. (1993). “Allergens in Hymenoptera venom XXIV: the amino acid sequences of imported fire ant venom allergens Sol i II, Sol i III, and Sol i IV”. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 91 (1 Pt 1): 71\u201378. doi:10.1016\/0091-6749(93)90298-T. PMID\u00a08423273.^ Obin, M.S.; Vander Meer, R.K. (1985). “Gaster flagging by fire ants (Solenopsis spp.): Functional significance of venom dispersal behavior”. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 11 (12): 1757\u20131768. doi:10.1007\/BF01012125. PMID\u00a024311339. S2CID\u00a012182722.^ a b Tracy, J.M.; Demain, J.G.; Quinn, J.M.; Hoffman, D.R.; Goetz, D.W.; Freeman, T.M. (1995). “The natural history of exposure to the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta)”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 95 (4): 824\u2013828. doi:10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70125-7. PMID\u00a07722162.^ Caldwell, S.T.; Schuman, S.H.; Simpson, W.M. Jr. (1999). “Fire ants: a continuing community health threat in South Carolina”. Journal of the South Carolina Medical Association (1975). 95 (6): 231\u2013235. PMID\u00a010389385.^ “Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ant)”. Invasive Species Compendium. CABI. 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2016.^ a b Adams, C.T.; Lofgren, C.S. (1981). “Red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): frequency of sting attacks on residents of Sumter County, Georgia”. Journal of Medical Entomology. 18 (5): 378\u2013382. doi:10.1093\/jmedent\/18.5.378. PMID\u00a07299792.^ a b Solley, G.O.; Vanderwoude, C.; Knight, G.K. (2002). “Anaphylaxis due to red imported fire ant sting”. The Medical Journal of Australia. 176 (11): 521\u2013523. doi:10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04548.x. PMID\u00a012064982. S2CID\u00a033650493.^ a b c d Xu, Y.; Huang, J.; Zhou, A.; Zeng, L. (2012). “Prevalence of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) venom allergic reactions in mainland China”. The Florida Entomologist. 95 (4): 961\u2013965. doi:10.1653\/024.095.0421.^ Hannan, C. Jr.; Stafford, C.; Rhoades, R.; Wray, B.; Baer, H.; Anderson, M. (1986). “Seasonal variation in antigens of the imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta“. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 78 (2): 331\u2013336. doi:10.1016\/S0091-6749(86)80085-9. PMID\u00a03734284.^ a b Prahlow, J.A.; Barnard, J.J. (1998). “Fatal anaphylaxis due to fire ant stings”. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 19 (2): 137\u2013142. doi:10.1097\/00000433-199806000-00007. PMID\u00a09662108.^ Rhoades, R.B.; Stafford, C.T.; James, F.K. (1989). “Survey of fatal anaphylactic reactions to imported fire ant stings”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 84 (2): 159\u2013162. doi:10.1016\/0091-6749(89)90319-9. PMID\u00a02760357.^ a b c d e deShazo, R.D.; Williams, D.F.; Moak, E.S. (1999). “Fire ant attacks on residents in health care facilities: a report of two cases”. Annals of Internal Medicine. 131 (6): 424\u2013429. doi:10.7326\/0003-4819-131-6-199909210-00005. PMID\u00a010498558. S2CID\u00a041372852.^ “Integrated Pest Management Manual: Fireants”. National Park Service. United States Department of the Interior. 2010. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 21 August 2016.^ a b c d e f g h Drees, B.M. (2002). “Medical problems and treatment considerations for the red imported fire ant” (PDF). Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project. Texas A&M University. Retrieved 23 August 2016.^ Potiwat, R.; Sitcharungsi, R. (2015). “Ant allergens and hypersensitivity reactions in response to ant stings”. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology. 33 (4): 267\u2013275. PMID\u00a026708389.^ Stafford, C.T. (1992). “Fire ant allergy”. Allergy Proceedings. 13 (1): 11\u201316. doi:10.2500\/108854192778878971. PMID\u00a01577260.^ a b Caro, M.R.; Derbes, V.J.; Jung, R. (1957). “Skin responses to the sting of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis Saevissima)”. Archives of Dermatology. 75 (4): 475\u2013488. doi:10.1001\/archderm.1957.01550160001001. PMID\u00a013410107.^ Parrino, J.; Kandawalla, N.M.; Lockey, R.F. (1981). “Treatment of local skin response to imported fire ant sting”. Southern Medical Journal. 74 (11): 1361\u20131364. doi:10.1097\/00007611-198111000-00017. PMID\u00a07302637. S2CID\u00a027515007.^ “Insects and Scorpions \u2013 Fire Ants”. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2008.^ ^ Candiotti, Keith A.; Lamas, Ana M. (1993). “Adverse neurologic reactions to the sting of the imported fire ant”. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 102 (4): 417\u2013420. doi:10.1159\/000236592. PMID\u00a08241804.^ a b c d e Pesek, R.D.; Lockey, R.F. (2013). “Management of insect sting hypersensitivity: an update”. Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research. 5 (3): 129\u2013137. doi:10.4168\/aair.2013.5.3.129. PMC\u00a03636446. PMID\u00a023638310.^ a b Freeman, T.; Hylander, R.; Ortiz, A.; Martin, M. (1992). “Imported fire ant immunotherapy: Effectiveness of whole body extracts”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 90 (2): 210\u2013215. doi:10.1016\/0091-6749(92)90073-B. PMID\u00a01500625.^ a b c Paull, B.R. (1984). “Imported fire ant allergy. Perspectives on diagnosis and treatment”. Postgraduate Medicine. 76 (1): 155\u2013162. doi:10.1080\/00325481.1984.11698672. PMID\u00a06739381.^ Moffitt, J.E.; Barker, J.R.; Stafford, C.T. (1997). “Management of imported fire ant allergy: Results of a survey”. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 79 (2): 125\u2013130. doi:10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63098-0. PMID\u00a09291416.^ Triplett, R.F. (1973). “Sensitivity to the imported fire ant: successful treatment with immunotherapy”. Southern Medical Journal. 66 (4): 477\u2013480. doi:10.1097\/00007611-197304000-00019. PMID\u00a04708246.^ Nordvall, S.L.; Johansson, S.G.; Ledford, D.K.; Lockey, R.F. (1988). “Allergens of the imported fire ant”. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 82 (4): 567\u2013576. doi:10.1016\/0091-6749(88)90966-9. PMID\u00a03171000.^ “Types of Allergies: Insect Sting Allergy”. American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Retrieved 24 August 2016.^ “Quinn, J.M., Tajiri, K.S., Motta, P. and Freeman, T.M., 1994, January. LONG-TERM EFFICACY AFTER DISCONTINUATION OF IMPORTED FIRE ANT (SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA) IMMUNOTHERAPY. In JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (Vol. 93, No. 1, pp. 223-223). 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318: MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC”. ; ^ Stafford, C.T (1996). “Hypersensitivity to fire ant venom”. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 77 (2): 87\u201399. doi:10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)63493-X. PMID\u00a08760773.^ Letz, A.G.; Quinn, J.M. (2009). “Frequency of imported fire ant stings in patients receiving immunotherapy”. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 102 (4): 303\u2013307. doi:10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60335-3. PMID\u00a019441601.^ Hunt, K.J.; Valentine, M.D.; Sobotka, A.K.; Benton, A.W.; Amodio, F.J.; Lichtenstein, L.M. (1978). “A controlled trial of immunotherapy in insect hypersensitivity”. New England Journal of Medicine. 299 (4): 157\u2013161. doi:10.1056\/NEJM197807272990401. PMID\u00a078446.^ Freeman, T.M. (2004). “Hypersensitivity to Hymenoptera stings”. New England Journal of Medicine. 351 (19): 1978\u20131984. doi:10.1056\/NEJMcp042013. PMID\u00a015525723.^ Moffitt, J.E.; Golden, D.B.K.; Reisman, R.E.; Lee, R.; Nicklas, R.; Freeman, T.; deShazo, R.; Tracy, J.; Bernstein, I.L.; Blessing-Moore, J. (2004). “Stinging insect hypersensitivity: A practice parameter update”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 114 (4): 869\u2013886. doi:10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.046. PMID\u00a015480329.^ Haymore, B.R.; McCoy, R.L.; Nelson, M.R. (2009). “Imported fire ant immunotherapy prescribing patterns in a large health care system during a 17-year period”. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 102 (5): 422\u2013425. doi:10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60515-7. PMID\u00a019492665.^ Tankersley, M.S.; Walker, R.L.; Butler, W.K.; Hagan, L.L.; Napoli, D.C.; Freeman, T.M. (2002). “Safety and efficacy of an imported fire ant rush immunotherapy protocol with and without prophylactic treatment”. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 109 (3): 556\u2013562. doi:10.1067\/mai.2002.121956. PMID\u00a011898006.^ Golden, D.B.K.; Moffitt, J.; Nicklas, R.A.; Freeman, T.; Graft, D.F.; Reisman, R.E.; Tracy, J.M.; Bernstein, D.; Blessing-Moore, J.; Cox, L.; Khan, D.A.; Lang, D.M.; Oppenheimer, J.; Portnoy, J.M.; Randolph, C.; Schuller, D.E.; Spector, S.L.; Tilles, S.A.; Wallace, D. (2011). “Stinging insect hypersensitivity: A practice parameter update 2011”. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 127 (4): 852\u2013854.e23. doi:10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.01.025. PMID\u00a021458655.^ Prahlow, Joseph A.; Barnard, Jeffrey J. (June 1998). “Fatal Anaphylaxis Due to Fire Ant Stings”. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 19 (2): 137\u2013142. doi:10.1097\/00000433-199806000-00007. PMID\u00a09662108.^ Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, L.G.; Haddad, V. Jr.; Loures, F.H. (2006). “Pustular dermatosis caused by fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) stings in a dog”. Veterinary Dermatology. 17 (6): 453\u2013455. doi:10.1111\/j.1365-3164.2006.00555.x. PMID\u00a017083579.^ Rakich, P.M.; Latimer, K.S.; Mispagel, M.E.; Steffens, W.L. (1993). “Clinical and histologic characterization of cutaneous reactions to stings of the imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) in dogs”. Veterinary Pathology. 30 (6): 555\u2013559. doi:10.1177\/030098589303000609. PMID\u00a08116149.^ a b c Drees, B.M.; Jensen, J.M.; Joyce, J.R.; Barr, C.L.; Reagor, J.C. (2002). “Diagnosing and treating animals for red imported fire ant injury” (PDF). Texas Imported Fire Ant Research and Management Project. Texas A&M University. Retrieved 30 March 2016.Sources[edit]Adams, C.T. (1986). “Agricultural and medical impact of the imported fire ants”.  In Lofgren, C.S.; Vander Meer, R.K. (eds.). Fire Ants and Leaf-cutting Ants: Biology and Management. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. pp.\u00a048\u201357. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8133-7071-2.Capinera, J.L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology (2nd\u00a0ed.). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4020-6242-1.Fox, E.G.P. (2016). “Venom Toxins of Fire Ants”.  In Gopalakrishnakone, P.; Calvete, J. (eds.). Venom Genomics and Proteomics. Toxinology. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. ISBN\u00a0978-9-4007-6415-6.Lockey, R.F.; Ledford, D.K. (2014). Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy: Subcutaneous, Sublingual, and Oral (5th\u00a0ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84214-574-6.Schneiderman, P.; Grossman, M. (2006). A Clinician’s Guide to Dermatologic Differential Diagnosis, Volume 1: The Text. New York: CRC Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-203-09052-7.Taber, S.W. (2000). Fire Ants. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-1-60344-711-9.Tschinkel, W. (2006). The Fire Ants. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-674-02207-2."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/toxicology-of-red-imported-fire-ant-venom\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Toxicology of red imported fire ant venom"}}]}]