[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/pre-finno-ugric-substrate-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/pre-finno-ugric-substrate-wikipedia\/","headline":"Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate – Wikipedia","name":"Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate – Wikipedia","description":"Category of words in some Uralic languages Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate refers to substratum loanwords from unidentified non-Indo-European and non-Uralic languages that","datePublished":"2022-10-28","dateModified":"2022-10-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/pre-finno-ugric-substrate-wikipedia\/","wordCount":5650,"articleBody":"Category of words in some Uralic languagesPre-Finno-Ugric substrate refers to substratum loanwords from unidentified non-Indo-European and non-Uralic languages that are found in various Finno-Ugric languages, most notably Sami. The presence of Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate in Sami languages was demonstrated by Ante Aikio.[1]Janne Saarikivi\u00a0[fi] points out that similar substrate words are present in Finnic languages as well, but in much smaller numbers.[2]The number of substrate words in S\u00e1mi likely exceeds one thousand words.[3]Borrowing to Saami from Paleo-Laplandic probably still took place after the completion of the Great Saami Vowel Shift. Paleo-Laplandic likely became extinct about 1500 years ago.[3]The Nganasan language also has many substrate words from unknown extinct languages in the Taimyr peninsula.[4]Theories[edit]According to Aikio, the speakers of the Proto-Samic language arrived in Lapland around 650 BC and fully assimilated the local Paleo-European populations by the middle of 1st millennium AD. In his opinion, the detailed reconstruction of these languages is impossible.[1]The languages of more eastern post-Swiderian cultures might have influenced Finno-Ugric languages as well. According to Peter Schrijver, some of these substrate languages probably had many geminated consonants.[5][6] A lexical comparison with the hypothetical Pre-Germanic substratum yields no results.[7]Some examples of Kildin Sami words and corresponding Northern Sami cognates without convincing Uralic\/Finno-Ugric (or any other) etymologies:[8]Kildin SamiNorthern SamiEnglishkut\u2019t\u2019kheartvuntassandpoav\u2019nhummockk\u2019ed\u2019d\u2019kgea\u0111gistonepi\u014b\u014bkbieggawindket\u2019t\u2019k\u2019geatkiwolverinenigke\u0161pike (fish)murrmuorratreecigkmistmunfrostpin\u2019neto herd, to look after\u010dujke\u010duoigatto skiluhpel\u20191 y.o. reindeerkipp\u2019t\u03b5to cookkurasguorosemptymod\u017eesbeautifuln\u2019u\u010dkenjuiketto jump\u010dacke\u010diek\u010datto throwtu\u043b\u043bt\u03b5duolditto boilkuarkt\u03b5to boast\u043bujx\u2019keto cryniss\u03b5to kissmadttroubleSubstrate words from Ante Aikio (2004)[1]North SaamiEnglishbeahcetfish tailcuohppafish meat\u0161\u00e1k\u0161acapelin\u00e1jaspringskuoggirethmoid bone\u0161uorjagiant sharkbuovjagbelugaruomaswolfb\u00e1kticliff, rockgievabogholev\u00e1i\u0161iwild animalitkushady placeroggiholes\u00e1tkulanding placeskuolfiowl\u010duovgalightsoavlislushg\u00e1k\u0161ushe wolfMost of these words have cognates in all Sami languages. A more extensive list of such words can be found in G. M. Kert’s 2009 work on Sami toponymics.[9] Semantically, pre-Sami substrate consists mostly of basic vocabulary terms (i.e. human body parts) and nature\/animal names, and lacks terms of kinship and societal organization, which suggests a rather low level of socioeconomic development in pre-Sami cultures.[10]Some possible substrate words can also be found in Finnish.[11]FinnishEnglishsaariislandniemicapeojaditchnummimoorilveslynxkoipileg (of a bird)nen\u00e4nosej\u00e4nisharesalakkableak (fish)lihameatPre-Finno-Volgaic substrate[edit]There are also some examples of possible substrate words in Finno-Volgaic languages that differ from the Pre-Sami substrate, i.e. Proto-Finno-Volgaic *t\u00e4\u0161t\u00e4 “star”, or *k\u00fcmmin “ten”.[12][13]Some words in Finno-Volgaic languages contain rare consonant clusters, which suggests loanwords from unknown languages.Finnish words such as jauho (Eng. flour), lehm\u00e4 (cow), t\u00e4hti (star), tammi (oak) and ihminen (human) could be substrate words.[12]Aikio (2021) lists some other substrate vocabulary as:[14]Irregular correspondences among Uralic languages are frequent among some words, such as ‘to milk’ and ‘hazelnut’. These are presumed to be non-native loanwords by Aikio (2021):[14]LanguageFormGlossEtymologyFinnishlyps\u00e4\u00e4to milk< *l\u00fcps\u00e4- or *l\u00fcp\u0107\u00e4-Mordvinlovso, lofcamilk< *lupsV or *lipsaMaril\u00fc\u0161tem, dial. l\u00fc\u015btem, l\u01dd\u0161temto milk< *l\u00fcst\u00e4-\u00a0? < *l\u00fcps-t\u00e4-Komili\u032e\u015bt\u032ei-to milk< PNo *l\u00fc\u0107tV- or *lu\u0107tV- (? < *l\u00fc\/up\u0107-tA-)LanguageFormGlossEtymologyFinnishp\u00e4hkin\u00e4, p\u00e4hken\u00e4(hazel)nut< *p\u00e4\u0161kin\u00e4 (?)Mordvinp\u00e4\u0161\u0165\u00e4, p\u00e4\u0161\u010d\u00e4 (etc.)(hazel)nut< *p\u00e4\u0161?Marip\u00fck\u0161hazelnut"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/pre-finno-ugric-substrate-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate – Wikipedia"}}]}]