[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/al-kisai-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/al-kisai-wikipedia\/","headline":"Al-Kisa’i – Wikipedia","name":"Al-Kisa’i – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 8th-century founder of Kufi school of Arabic grammar Al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a) Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u2018Al\u012b ibn","datePublished":"2018-06-24","dateModified":"2018-06-24","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/al-kisai-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":4724,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia8th-century founder of Kufi school of Arabic grammarAl-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b  (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a) Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u2018Al\u012b ibn \u1e24amzah ibn \u2018Abd All\u0101h ibn \u2018Uthman (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646), called Bahman ibn F\u012br\u016bz (\u0628\u0647\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632),[2] surnamed Ab\u016b \u2018Abd All\u0101h (\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647), and Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u2018Al\u012b ibn Hamzah of al-K\u016bfah ( d. ca. 804 or 812) was preceptor to the sons of caliph H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd and one of the \u2018Seven Readers\u2019 (seven canonical Qira’at)[3] or \u2018authorized\u2019 Qur\u2019\u0101nic reader.[4][n 1][5] He founded the Kufi school of Arabic grammar, the rival philology school to the Basri school founded by Sibawayh.A Persian[2][3] native of al-K\u016bfah, he learned grammar from al-Ru\u2019\u0101s\u012b [n 2] and a group of other scholars.  It is said that al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b took this moniker from the particular kind of mantle he wore called a kis\u0101\u2019. [n 3]Al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b  entered the court of the Abb\u0101sid caliph H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd at Baghd\u0101d as tutor to the two princes, al-Ma\u2019m\u016bn and al-Am\u012bn.  His early biographer Al-Nadim relates Ab\u016b al-\u1e6cayyib’s written account that Al-Rash\u012bd held him in highest esteem.   When the caliph moved the court to al-Rayy as the capital of Khur\u0101s\u0101n, al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b moved there but subsequently became ill and died.  During his illness al-Rash\u012bd paid him regular visits and deeply mourned his death. It seems he died in 804 (189 AH) on the day that the han\u012bfah official of Al-Rash\u012bd, Mu\u1e25ammad al-Shayb\u0101n\u012b[n 4] also died. It is also said he shared his date of death with the judge Ab\u016b Y\u016bsuf in 812 (197 AH).When al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b died al-Farr\u0101’ was elected to teach in his stead, according to the account of Ibn al-K\u016bf\u012b.[n 5]Table of ContentsRival Schools[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]Rival Schools[edit]A famous anecdote relates a grammatical contest in Baghdad between the leaders of the two rival schools, with al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b representative of Al-Kufah, and Sibawayh of the Ba\u1e63rans. The debate was organized by the Abbasid vizier Yahya ibn Khalid,[10] and became known as al-Mas’ala al-Zunbur\u012byah (The Question of the Hornet). At issue was the Arabic phrase: \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064f \u0623\u0638\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0631\u0628\u064e \u0623\u0634\u062f \u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 I always thought that the scorpion is more painful than the hornet in its sting, and so it is (lit. translation).[11] At issue was the correct declension of the last word in the sentence. Sibawayh proposed:[12]… fa-‘ida huwa hiya (\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0647\u064a), literally … sure-enough he she       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4meaning “so he (the scorpion, masc.) is she (the most painful one, fem.)”; In Arabic syntax the predicative copula of the verb ‘to be’ or is  has no direct analogue, and instead employs nominal inflexion.  Al-Kisa’i argued the correct form is:… fa-‘ida huwa ‘iyyaha(\u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627), literally … sure-enough he her meaning “he is her”.[n 6]In Sibawayh’s theoretical argument the accusative form can never be the predicate. However, when al-Kisa’i was supported in his assertion by four Bedouin -Desert Arab, whom he had supposedly bribed-[11][13] that the correct form was huwa ‘iyyaha, his argument won the debate. Such was Sibawayh’s bitterness in defeat, he left the court[12] to return to his country where he died sometime later at a young age. Al-Kisa’i was accosted by one of Sibawayh’s students after the fact and asked 100 grammatical questions, being proved wrong by the student each time. Upon being told the news about Sibawayh’s death, al-Kisa’i approached the Caliph Harun al-Rashid and requested that he be punished for having a share in “killing Sibawayh.”[14]Hish\u0101m ibn Mu’\u0101w\u012byah[n 7] and Ya\u1e25ya al-Farr\u0101’ were two notable students. The primary transmitters of his recitation method were Ab\u016b al-\u1e24\u0101rith ibn Kh\u0101lid al-Layth (d.845) and Al-Duri [n 8][n 9]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Al-Naqq\u0101sh[n 10] wrote Al-Kit\u0101b al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b.and Bakk\u0101r[n 11] wrote The Reading of al- Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b.Among his books there were:Kit\u0101b Ma’\u0101n\u012b al-Qur’an (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646) ‘The Meaning of the Qur\u2019an’;Kit\u0101b Mukhtasar al-Nahw (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648) ‘Abridgment of Grammar’;Kit\u0101b al-Qir\u0101’\u0101t (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a) ‘[Qur\u2019\u0101nic] Readings’;Kit\u0101b al’Adad (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f) ‘Numbers’;Kit\u0101b al-Naw\u0101dir al-Kab\u012br (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631) ‘Book of Great Anecdotes’; [n 12]Kit\u0101b al-Naw\u0101dir al-Awsat(\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0650) ‘Book of Medium Anecdotes’;Kit\u0101b al-Naw\u0101dir al-Asghir (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u063a\u0631) ‘Book of Small Anecdotes’;Kit\u0101b al-Maqtu’ wa-Mawsulahu (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647) ‘Terminations and Connections in the Qur\u2019\u0101n’;Kit\u0101b Ikhtil\u0101f al-‘Adad (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f) ‘Disagreement or Discrepancies of Numbers’;Kit\u0101b al-Hija (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u0621) ‘Spelling’;Kit\u0101b al-Mas\u0101dir (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631) ‘Nouns’;Kit\u0101b Ash’\u0101r al-Mu’\u0101y\u0101h wa-Tar\u0101’iqiha (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0647\u0627) ‘Poems of Contention and Their Forms’;Kit\u0101b al-H\u0101’\u0101t al-Makani biha fi al-Qur’an (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646) ‘Forms of Surnames in the Qur\u2019an’;Kit\u0101b al-Huruf (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641) ‘Letters’.Al-Kis\u0101\u2019\u012b composed ten leaves of poetry.See also[edit]^ Of the seven canonical transmitters, Ibn Amir ad-Dimashqi was the oldest and al-Kisa’i was the youngest.^ Ab\u016b Ja’far Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan ibn Ab\u012b S\u0101rah al-N\u012bl\u012b al-Ru\u2019\u0101s\u012b (fl. time of H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd), wrote first book on grammar. See Y\u0101q\u016bt Irsh\u0101d  VI (6), 480; Nad\u012bm (al-), 76, 141-2, 145, 1084.^ Probably a short cloak as distinct from a \u1e25ulal or \u2018cloak\u2019.  Cloaks and mantles differentiated regional styles.  see Khallik\u0101n, II, 238; Nad\u012bm (al-) 144, n10 ^ Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan al-Shayb\u0101n\u012b, Ab\u016b \u2018Abd All\u0101h of W\u0101si\u1e6d, a judge under H\u0101r\u016bn al-Rash\u012bd who died at Al-Rayy  in 804. Enc. Isl\u0101m IV, 271.^ Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u2018Al\u012b ibn Mu\u1e25ammad ibn \u2018Ubayd ibn al-Zubayr al-Asad\u012b ibn al-K\u016bf\u012b (ca. 868-960) was a scholar and calligrapher. See Khatib al-Baghd\u0101d\u012b XII, \u00a7 81, 6489; Y\u0101q\u016bt Irsh\u0101d, VI (5), 326; Nad\u012bm (al-), pp. 6, 145, 151-8, 162, 173-4, 192, 864, 1033.^ The difference has been compared to that in English between, for example, It is she and It is her, still a point of contention today.^ Hish\u0101m ibn Mu’\u0101w\u012byah al-Dar\u012br (d.824) a grammarian and Qur’\u0101nic reciter of Kufa who was blind. See Ibn Khallikan ^ Ab\u016b \u2018Umar \u2018Umar Haf\u1e63 ibn al-\u2018Aziz ibn Suhb\u0101n Al-Dur\u012b (d.861) from Baghdad was a popular teacher at Samarra.^ Al-Duri was a transmitter for the method of Abu ‘Amr ibn al-‘Ala’, the namesake of another one of the seven canonical recitations.[4][20]^ Al-Naqq\u0101sh, \u2018Al\u012b ibn Murrah, surnamed Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan, one of the people of Baghd\u0101d, the author also of Kit\u0101b al-\u1e24amzah\u2019 and \u2018The Eight Readers in Addition to the Seven,\u2019 after Khalaf ibn Hish\u0101m al-Bazz\u0101r.^ Bakk\u0101r ibn A\u1e25mad ibn Bakk\u0101r, surnamed Ab\u016b \u2018\u012as\u0101 (d. 963), a Qur\u2019\u0101nic reader in Baghd\u0101d,  author of The Reading of \u1e24amzah.^ For list of authors of books of this title See Nad\u012bm (al-), Al-Fihrist, p. 191.References[edit]^ S\u012bbawayh, \u02bbAmr ibn \u02bbUthm\u0101n (1988),  H\u0101r\u016bn, \u02bbAbd al-Sal\u0101m Mu\u1e25ammad (ed.), Al-Kit\u0101b Kit\u0101b S\u012bbawayh Ab\u012b Bishr \u02bbAmr ibn \u02bbUthm\u0101n ibn Qanbar, vol.\u00a0Introduction (3rd\u00a0ed.), Cairo: Maktabat al-Kh\u0101nj\u012b, pp.\u00a09\u201311^ a b Frye, R.N., ed. (1975). The Cambridge history of Iran (Repr.\u00a0ed.). London: Cambridge U.P. p.\u00a0467. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-20093-6. Of these four were Persians: Asim b. Abi’l-Najiid, whom Ibn al-Nadim lists among the mawali, Nafi’, whom the same source considers as having originated in Isfahan, Ibn al-Kathir and Kisa’i, whose full name, ‘Ali b. Hamza b. ‘Abd- Allah b. Bahman b. Firuz, reveals his Persian origin.^ a b Donzel, E. J. van (1 January 1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. p.\u00a0218. ISBN\u00a090-04-09738-4. al-Kisai *, Abu l-Hasan*: well-known Arab philologist and “reader” of the Quran*, of Persian origin; ca. 737805. He is said to have stayed for some time among the Bedouins in order to become fully conversant in Arabic. He is the real founder of the grammatical school of Kufa. His discussion with Sibawayhi, the prominent grammarian of the school of Basra, has become famous.^ a b Muhammad Ghoniem and MSM Saifullah, The Ten Readers & Their Transmitters. (c) Islamic Awareness. Updated January 8, 2002; accessed April 11, 2016.^ Shady Nasser, Canonization, pg. 38.^ Touati, Houari; Cochrane, Lydia G. (2010). Islam and Travel in the Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press. p.\u00a051. ISBN\u00a0978-0-226-80877-2.^ a b Kees Versteegh, The Arabic Linguistic Tradition, pg. 64. Part of the Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. London: Routledge, 1997. ISBN\u00a09780415157575^ a b M.G. Carter, Sibawayhi, pg. 13. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004. ISBN\u00a01850436711^ Franz Rosenthal, A History of Muslim Historiography, pg. 245. Leiden: Brill Archive, 1952.^ al-Q\u0101sim Ibn-\u02bbAl\u012b al- \u1e24ar\u012br\u012b, The Assemblies of Al \u1e24ar\u00eeri: 1: containing the first 26 assemblies, vol. 1, pg. 499. Trns. Thomas Chenery. Williams and Norgate, 1867.^ Shady Hekmat Nasser, Ibn Mujahid and the Canonization of the Seven Readings, p. 129. Taken from The Transmission of the Variant Readings of the Qur’an: The Problem of Tawaatur and the Emergence of Shawaadhdh. Leiden: Brill Publishers, 2012. ISBN\u00a09789004240810Bibliography[edit]Fl\u00fcgel, Gustav Leberecht (1871).  J. Roediger; A. Mueller (eds.). Al-Fihrist (in Arabic and German). Vol.\u00a01. Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel. p.\u00a021.Fl\u00fcgel, Gustav Leberecht (1872).  J. Roediger; A. Mueller (eds.). Al-Fihrist (in Arabic). Vol.\u00a02. Leipzig: F.C.W. Vogel.Khallik\u0101n (Ibn), A\u1e25mad ibn Mu\u1e25ammad (1843). Ibn Khallik\u0101n’s Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafay\u0101t al-A’y\u0101n wa-Anb\u0101’). Vol.\u00a0I. Translated by MacGuckin de Slane. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Britain and Ireland. p.\u00a0401, n.1.Khallik\u0101n (Ibn), A\u1e25mad ibn Mu\u1e25ammad (1843b). Ibn Khallik\u0101n’s Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafay\u0101t al-A’y\u0101n wa-Anb\u0101’). Vol.\u00a0II. Translated by MacGuckin de Slane. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Britain and Ireland. pp.\u00a0237\u20139.Khallik\u0101n (Ibn), A\u1e25mad ibn Mu\u1e25ammad (1868). Ibn Khallikan’s Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafay\u0101t al-A’y\u0101n wa-Anb\u0101’ Abn\u0101’ al-Zam\u0101n). Vol.\u00a0III. Translated by McGuckin de Slane, William. London: W. H. Allen.Nad\u012bm (al-), Ab\u016b al-Faraj Mu\u1e25ammad ibn Is\u1e25\u0101q Ab\u016b Ya\u2019q\u016bb al-Warr\u0101q (1970).  Dodge, Bayard (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadim; a tenth-century survey of Muslim culture. New York & London: Columbia University Press. pp.\u00a079, 84, 112, 143, 144, 158, 191, 361, 365, 504.Mas’\u016bd\u012b (al-), Ab\u016b al-\u1e24asan \u2018Al\u012b ibn al-\u1e24usayn (1871). Kit\u0101b Mur\u016bj al-Dhahab wa-Ma’\u0101din al-Jawhar (Les Prairies d’or) (in Arabic and French). Vol.\u00a0VI. Translated by Meynard, C Barbier de; Courteille, Pavet de. Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp.\u00a0302, 319.Suy\u016b\u1e6d\u012b, Jal\u0101l al-D\u012bn \u2018Abd Al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n (1909).  Kh\u0101nj\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad Am\u012bn (ed.). Bughyat al-Wu’\u0101t f\u012b \u1e6cabaq\u0101t al-Lughaw\u012by\u012bn wa-al-Nu\u1e25\u0101h (in Arabic). Vol.\u00a02. Cairo: Sa\u2019\u0101dah Press. pp.\u00a0162\u20134.Zubayd\u012b, Mu\u1e25ammad ibn al-\u1e24asan (1984).  Ibr\u0101h\u012bm, Mu\u1e25ammad (ed.). \u1e6cabaq\u0101t al-Na\u1e25w\u012by\u012bn wa-al-Lughaw\u012by\u012bn (in Arabic) (2\u00a0ed.). Cairo: Dar al-Ma’arif. pp.\u00a0127\u201330.       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