[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/antenor-firmin-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/antenor-firmin-wikipedia\/","headline":"Ant\u00e9nor Firmin – Wikipedia","name":"Ant\u00e9nor Firmin – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Haitian French anthropologist, philosopher, journalist, and politician (1850\u20131911) after-content-x4 Ant\u00e9nor Firmin In officeDecember 17, 1896\u00a0\u2013 July 26, 1897 President","datePublished":"2022-09-25","dateModified":"2022-09-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Firmin-antenor.gif","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/14\/Firmin-antenor.gif","height":"250","width":"200"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/antenor-firmin-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4761,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Haitian French anthropologist, philosopher, journalist, and politician (1850\u20131911)       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Ant\u00e9nor FirminIn officeDecember 17, 1896\u00a0\u2013 July 26, 1897PresidentTir\u00e9sias Simon SamPreceded byCallisth\u00e8nes Fouchard (Finance and Commerce)  Pourcely Faine (Foreign Affairs)Succeeded bySolon M\u00e9nosIn officeOctober 29, 1889\u00a0\u2013 May 3, 1891PresidentFlorvil HyppolitePreceded bySaint-Martin Dupuy (Finance and Commerce)  Himself (Foreign Affairs)Succeeded byHugon LechaudIn officeAugust 22, 1889\u00a0\u2013 October 29, 1889PresidentFlorvil HyppolitePreceded bySaint-Martin Dupuy (Foreign Affairs)  N\u00e9r\u00e9 Numa (Agriculture)  Maximillien Laforest (Worship)Succeeded byHimself (Foreign Affairs)  Cl\u00e9ment Haentjens (Agriculture)  L\u00e9ger Cauvin (Worship)In officeAugust 22, 1889\u00a0\u2013 October 9, 1889BornJoseph Auguste Ant\u00e9nor Firmin(1850-10-18)October 18, 1850Cap-Ha\u00eftien, HaitiDiedSeptember 19, 1911(1911-09-19) (aged\u00a060)Saint Thomas, Danish West IndiesPolitical partyParti lib\u00e9ralSpouseMarie Louise Victoria Rosa SalnaveChildrenAnne-Marie FirminGeorges Ant\u00e9nor FirminProfessionAnthropologist, Egyptologist, Politician and JournalistJoseph Auguste Ant\u00e9nor Firmin (18 October 1850 \u2013 19 September 1911), better known as Ant\u00e9nor Firmin, was a Haitian barrister and philosopher,[1] pioneering anthropologist, journalist, and politician.[2] Firmin is best known for his book De l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 des races humaines (English: “On the Equality of Human Races”), which was published in 1885 as a rebuttal to French writer Count Arthur de Gobineau’s work Essai sur l’in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des races humaines (English: “Essay on the Inequality of Human Races”).[3] Gobineau’s book asserted the superiority of the Aryan race and the inferiority of Blacks and other people of color. Firmin’s book argued the opposite, that “all men are endowed with the same qualities and the same faults, without distinction of color or anatomical form. The races are equal”. He was marginalized at the time for his beliefs that all human races were equal.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsBiography[edit]Of the Equality of Human Races[edit]Founder of Pan-Africanism[edit]Pan-Caribbeanism[edit]Letters from St. Thomas[edit]Bibliography[edit]French[edit]English[edit]Secondary literature[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]Biography[edit]Joseph Auguste Ant\u00e9nor Firmin was born as the third generation of a post-independent Haiti in a working-class family. Firmin advanced quickly at his studies and started teaching when he was 17. He studied accounting and law. He found early jobs Haitian Customs Office and as a clerk for a private business. He quit his clerical position to teach Greek, Latin and French.He was close to the liberal party and he started the newspaper \u201cLe Messager du Nord\u201d.[5] The political turmoil surrounding the new government of General Salomon forced him into exile in Paris[6] where he served as a diplomat. During this time, he was admitted to the Societe d’Anthropologie de Paris where he began writing De L’Egalite des Races Humaines.[7]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Firmin attended meetings of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 as a regular member. But he was silenced by a racialist physical anthropology dominant at the time and due to racism. The transcripts of the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9\u2019s deliberations included in the M\u00e9moires show that Firmin rose to speak only twice, and on both occasions he was silenced by racialist or racist comments.[2]Ant\u00e9nor Firmin’s major work, De l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 des races humaines (anthropologie positive) was published in Paris in 1885. Its importance was unrecognized for several decades. The recovered text was translated by Haitian scholar Asselin Charles in 2000. It was published in English as The Equality of the Human Races (Positivist Anthropology), 115 years after its original publication. Today he is considered one of the most important contributors to anthropology.[8]Firmin pioneered the integration of race and physical anthropology and may be the first Black anthropologist. His work was recognized not only in Haiti but also among  African scholars as an early work of n\u00e9gritude. He influenced Jean Price-Mars, the founder of Haitian ethnology and on American anthropologist Melville Herskovits.[9]Following the ideas of Auguste Comte, Firmin was a stark positivist who believed that the empiricism used to study humanity was a counter to the speculative philosophical theories about the inequalities of races.[7] Firmin sought to redefine the science of Anthropology in his work. He critiqued certain conventionally-held aspects of anthropology, such as craniometry and racialist interpretations of human physical data. He was the first to point out how racial typologies failed to account for the successes of those of mixed race as well as one of the first to state an accurate scientific basis for skin pigmentation.[7]Of the Equality of Human Races[edit]In his best known work, De l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 des races humaines (“Of the Equality of Human Races”) published in 1885, Firmin tackles two bases of existing theories on black inferiority in an effort to critique Gobineau’s De l’In\u00e9galit\u00e9 des Races Humaines (“Of the Inequality of Human Races”). On the one hand, Firmin challenges the idea of brain size or cephalic index as a measure of human intelligence and on the other he reasserts the presence of African Blacks in Pharaonic Egypt. He then delves into the significance of the Haitian Revolution of 1804 and ensuing achievements of Haitians such as L\u00e9on Audain and Isa\u00efe Jeanty in medicine and science and Edmond Paul in the social sciences. (Both Audain and Jeanty had obtained prizes from the Acad\u00e9mie Nationale de M\u00e9decine.)[10]Founder of Pan-Africanism[edit]Firmin is one of three Caribbean men who launched the idea of Pan-Africanism at the end of the 19th century to combat colonialism in Africa. As a candidate in Haiti’s 1902 presidential elections, he declared that the Haitian state should “serve in the rehabilitation of Africa”. Along with  Trinidadian lawyer Henry Sylvester Williams and fellow Haitian B\u00e9nito Sylvain, he was the organizer of the First Pan-African Conference which took place in London in 1900. That conference launched the Pan-Africanism movement. W. E. B. Du Bois attended the conference and was put in charge of drafting the general report. After the conference, five pan-African congresses were held in the 20th century, which eventually led to the creation of the African Union.[11]Firmin was invested in the three main elements of Pan-Africanist thought: the rejection of the postulate of race inequality, proof that Africans were capable of civilization, and examples of successful Africans producing knowledge in diverse fields.[6] In looking to move away from the biological understanding of race, Firmin’s scientific approach was informed by the idea of a Black Egypt as the source of Greek civilization.[6]Pan-Caribbeanism[edit]Ant\u00e9nor Firmin devised between 1875 and 1898 a Caribbean Confederation project which envisioned the unification of Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Puerto Rico.[11]Firmin was interested in creating political and social unity throughout the Caribbean.[12] This can be seen through his relationship with Puerto Rican intellectual and physician Ramon Emeterio Betances. The pair first met in a meeting of the Society of Latin American Unity, an organisation that served as a social and political network for exiles from Latin America.[12] It is here where they discussed the ideals of political sovereignty throughout the region. Unlike other icons from the Cuban and Puerto Rican separatist movements, Betances celebration of the Haitian Revolution countered those who did not see Haiti as an ideal revolutionary model, thus excluding it in their own plans for a Hispanic Caribbean federation.Letters from St. Thomas[edit]After a failed bid for presidency in 1902, Firmin was sent to live in exile in St. Thomas. In his last work, Letters from St. Thomas, Firmin remaps Haiti in the archipelago of the Americas, outlining its significance to the region as a whole. The letters reinforces Firmin’s anti-essentialist agenda first displayed in L’Egalite des Races Humaines.[13]Bibliography[edit]French[edit]De l’\u00e9galit\u00e9 des races humaines – published 1885Ha\u00efti et la France – published 1891Une d\u00e9fense – published 1892Diplomate et diplomatie – published 1898M. Roosevelt, Pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis et la R\u00e9publique d’Ha\u00efti – published 1905Lettres de Saint-Thomas – published 1910English[edit]The Equality of the Human Races: Positivist Anthropology, Translated from the French by Asselin Charles with introduction by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban.Secondary literature[edit]Beckett, Greg.\u00a0 (2017).\u00a0 \u2018The abolition of all privilege: Race, equality, and freedom in the work of Ant\u00e9nor Firmin\u2019.\u00a0 Critique of Anthropology 37.2: 160\u2013178.Bernasconi, Robert.\u00a0 (2008).\u00a0 \u2018A Haitian in Paris: Ant\u00e9nor Firmin as a philosopher against racism\u2019.\u00a0 Patterns of Prejudice 42.4\u20135: 365\u2013383.Bernasconi, Robert.\u00a0 (2019).\u00a0 \u2018A most dangerous myth\u2019.\u00a0 Angelaki 24.2: 92\u2013103.Douglass W. Leonard, \u201cWriting Against the Grain: Antenor Firmin and the Refutation of Nineteenth Century European Race Science\u201d, in Black Intellectuals in the Atlantic World and Beyond, edited by Kendahl Radcliffe, Jennifer Scott, and Anja Werner, University Press of Mississippi.Boas, Franz.\u00a0 (1911).\u00a0 Mind of primitive man.\u00a0 New York: Macmillan.Boas, Franz.\u00a0 (1940).\u00a0 Race, language and culture.\u00a0 New York: Macmillan.Charity-Hudley, Anne H., Christine Mallinson, & Mary Bucholtz.\u00a0 (In press).\u00a0 \u2018Toward racial justice in linguistics: Interdisciplinary insights into theorizing race in the discipline and diversifying the profession\u2019.\u00a0 Language 96.4.\u00a0 To appear December 2020.Drouin-Hans, Anne-Marie, “Hierarchy of Races, Hierarchy in Gender: Ant\u00e9nor Firmin and Cl\u00e9mence Royer”. Ludus Vitalis.Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn, ‘Ant\u00e9nor Firmin and Haiti\u2019s contribution to anthropology‘, Gradhiva.^ Bernasconi, Robert (2008). “A Haitian in Paris: Ant\u00e9nor Firmin as a philosopher against racism”. Patterns of Prejudice. 42, Issue 4 – 5 (4\u20135): 365\u2013383. doi:10.1080\/00313220802377321. S2CID\u00a0159948680 \u2013 via Taylor and Francis.^ a b Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. “A 19th Century Haitian Pioneering Anthropologist\u00a0: An Intellectual Biography of Ant\u00e9nor Firmin | B\u00e9rose”. ^ “Firmin, Ant\u00e9nor | Encyclopedia.com”. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2021-03-22.^ Firmin, Ant\u00e9nor; Introduction by Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (2002). “The Equality of the Human Races”. University of Illinois Press. Retrieved 24 January 2010.^ “Who was Ant\u00e9nor Firmin?”. Embassy of Haiti. Retrieved 2021-03-21.^ a b c Magloire-Danton, Gerarde (2005). “Antenor Firmin and Jean Price-Mars: Revolution, Memory, Humanism”. Small Axe. 9 (2): 150\u2013170. doi:10.1353\/smx.2005.0017. ISSN\u00a01534-6714.^ a b c Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (September 2000). “Antenor Firmin: Haitian Pioneer of Anthropology”. American Anthropologist. 102 (3): 449\u2013466. doi:10.1525\/aa.2000.102.3.449. ISSN\u00a00002-7294.^ Firmin, Ant\u00e9nor Firmin \/ Antenor. “UI Press | Ant\u00e9nor Firmin | The Equality of the Human Races: Positivist Anthropology”. www.press.uillinois.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-21.^ Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2005). “Ant\u00e9nor Firmin and Haiti’s contribution to anthropology”. Gradhiva – Mus\u00e9e du Quai Branly (2005\u00a0: Ha\u00efti et l’anthropologie): 95\u2013108. doi:10.4000\/gradhiva.302.^ P\u00e9an, Leslie (2012). Comprendre Ant\u00e9nor Firmin. Haiti: Editions de l’Universit\u00e9 d’Etat d’Haiti. pp.\u00a071\u201372. ISBN\u00a0978-99935-57-50-0.^ a b Lara, Oruno D. (2007). Trac\u00e9es d’Historien. L’Harmattan. pp.\u00a0117\u2013119. ISBN\u00a0978-2-296-04932-1.^ a b Chaar-P\u00e9rez (2013). ““A Revolution of Love”: Ram\u00f3n Emeterio Betances, Ant\u00e9nor Firmin, and Affective Communities in the Caribbean”. The Global South. 7 (2): 11. doi:10.2979\/globalsouth.7.2.11. ISSN\u00a01932-8648. S2CID\u00a0201787161.^ Dash, J. Michael (June 2004). “Nineteenth-Century Haiti and the Archipelago of the Americas: Ant\u00e9nor Firmin’s Letters from St. Thomas”. Research in African Literatures. 35 (2): 44\u201353. doi:10.2979\/ral.2004.35.2.44. ISSN\u00a00034-5210.References[edit]Further reading[edit]External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/antenor-firmin-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Ant\u00e9nor Firmin – Wikipedia"}}]}]