[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/bayram-khwaja-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/bayram-khwaja-wikipedia\/","headline":"Bayram Khwaja – Wikipedia","name":"Bayram Khwaja – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Founder of the Qara Qoyunlu Bayram Khwaja (Persian\u00a0: \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1)(died 1380, r.\u00a01351\u20131380) was","datePublished":"2016-01-16","dateModified":"2016-01-16","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/bayram-khwaja-wikipedia\/","wordCount":1730,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Founder of the Qara QoyunluBayram Khwaja (Persian\u00a0: \u0628\u06cc\u0631\u0645 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u062c\u06c1)(died 1380, r.\u00a01351\u20131380) was the founder of the Qara Qoyunlu, a Muslim Turkoman[1][2][3] tribal confederation, that in a short space of time came to rule the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Bayram Khwaja was the son of Qara Mansur.[5] He had a brother named Qara Dursun, whose son, Qara Mahammad, succeeded Bayram. He had two other brothers: Murad, was governor of Baghdad c.\u20091364; and Berdi Khwaja. He belonged to the Baranlu clan of the Yiva Oghuzes.Biography[edit]Bayram is first recorded in service to Huseyin beg, a Turkmen warlord who killed Pir Muhammed of Sinjar and usurped his city. Huseyin beg and his company were attacked by the Ayyubid lord of Hasankeyf, Al-Adil, in 1350; however, they defeated him.[6] Bayram in turn usurped Huseyin Beg’s position and declared his independence in 1351.[7]Bayram besieged Mardin, which at the time was ruled by the  Artuqid Mansur Ahmed (r.\u00a01363\u20131367), in 1366. Mansur called for Shaikh Awais Jalayir’s help. Awais responded and defeated and subjugated Bayram Khwaja in a battle near Mu\u015f. He then besieged Mosul in 1371, but retreated on hearing news of the approach of a Mamluk force.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Bayram acted more independently after Awais’ withdrawal. He subsequently invaded Mosul, Sinjar, Surmelu, Khoy and Nakhchivan in 1374. The new Jalairid sultan, Hussain, moved against Qara Mahammad and attacked Erci\u015f, his new base. Despite Bayram’s help, the Kara Koyunlus suffered heavy casualties and were subjugated in 1374, becoming vassals of the Jalairid Sultanate, which was centered in Baghdad and Tabriz.Succession[edit]Bayram died in 1380 and was succeeded by his brother Berdi Khwaja, about whose reign nothing is known.[7] He was followed by Qara Mahammad.References[edit]^ Philippe, Beaujard (2019). “Western Asia: Revival of the Persian Gulf”. The Worlds of the Indian Ocean. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0515\u2013521. ISBN\u00a09781108341219. “In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic Turkmen. The Turkmen, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jal\u0101yerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the Turkmen Kara Koyunlu (\u201c[Those of the] Black Sheep\u201d), who took Baghdad in 1412.”^ “Kara Koyunlu”. Encyclopaedia Britannica. “Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468.”^ The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker\u00a0ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p.\u00a0Introduction. ISBN\u00a00-292-70787-8. “Better known as Turkomans… the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties…”^ Kouymjian, Dickran (2004). “Armenia from the fall of the Cilician Kingdom (1375) to the forced emigration under Shah Abbas”.  In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. p.\u00a04. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4039-6421-2.^ Minorsky, V. (1955). “The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-sh\u0101hs (Turkmenica, 10)”. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (1): 50\u201373. doi:10.1017\/S0041977X00106342. JSTOR\u00a0609229. S2CID\u00a0162273460.^ A., Sinclair, T. (1987\u20131990). Eastern Turkey\u00a0: an architectural and archaeological survey. London: Pindar Press. p.\u00a0397. ISBN\u00a0978-0907132325. OCLC\u00a016887803.^ a b Encyclopedia of Islam, vol 7 – “Karakoyunlular“     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/bayram-khwaja-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Bayram Khwaja – Wikipedia"}}]}]