[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/circassian-pronouns-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/circassian-pronouns-wikipedia\/","headline":"Circassian pronouns – Wikipedia","name":"Circassian pronouns – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 In the Circassian language, pronouns belong to the following groups: personal, demonstrative, possessive,","datePublished":"2017-03-15","dateModified":"2017-03-15","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/circassian-pronouns-wikipedia\/","wordCount":5702,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In the Circassian language, pronouns belong to the following groups: personal, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative, adherent and indefinite.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In Adyghe, personal pronouns are only expressed in first person, second person and reflexive second-person in singular and plural forms.CaseFirst-personSecond-personReflexive third-personCyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPASingularAbsolutive\u0441\u044dsa\u043ewa\u0435\u0436\u044cja\u0291Ergative\u0441\u044dsa\u043ewa\u0435\u0436\u044cja\u0291Instrumental\u0441\u044d\u0440\u043a\u04cf\u044dsart\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u043e\u0440\u043a\u04cf\u044dwart\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0435\u0436\u044c\u043a\u04cf\u044dja\u0291t\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0441\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443saraw\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0443waraw\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0440\u044d\u0443ja\u0291rawPluralAbsolutive\u0442\u044dta\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0283\u02b7a\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0445\u044d\u0440ja\u0291xarErgative\u0442\u044dta\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0283\u02b7a\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dja\u0291xamaInstrumental\u0442\u044d\u0440\u043a\u04cf\u044dtart\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u04cf\u044d\u0283\u02b7art\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dja\u0291xamt\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0442\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443taraw\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0443\u0283\u02b7araw\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443ja\u0291xaxaw\u0441\u044d\u043e\u0443\u0441\u044d\u043f\u043b\u044a\u044d\u044b[sawaw\u0259sap\u026c\u0259]IyouI am looking at you“I am looking at you.”\u043c\u044b\u04cf\u043e\u0444\u044b\u0440\u0441\u044d\u0440\u043a\u04cf\u044d\u043a\u044a\u0438\u043d\u044b[m\u0259\u0294\u02b7af\u0259rsart\u0361\u0283\u02bcaq\u0259jn\u0259]thiswork (abs.)for mehard“this work is hard for me.”\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0441\u044d\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0441\u0438\u04cf\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a[ja\u0291saq\u0259s\u0259j\u0294\u02b7a\u02d0\u0281]him\/herI(s)he told me“he told me himself.”Demonstrative pronouns are \u043c\u044b “this”, \u043c\u043e “that”, \u0430 “that”. There is a contradistinction between ‘\u043c\u044b’ and ‘\u043c\u043e’ on how far the referred object is. The pronoun ‘\u0430’ is neutral on this matter. Third person pronouns are expressed as demonstrative pronouns.CaseBasic demonstratives\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c\u044bCyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPASingularAbsolutive\u0430\u0440a\u02d0r\u043c\u043e\u0440mor\u043c\u044b\u0440m\u0259rErgative\u0430\u0449a\u02d0\u0255\u043c\u043e\u0449mo\u0255\u043c\u044b\u0449m\u0259\u0255Instrumental\u0430\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044da\u02d0\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044dmo\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u043c\u044b\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044dm\u0259\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0430\u0440\u044d\u0443a\u02d0raw\u043c\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0443moraw\u043c\u044b\u0440\u044d\u0443m\u0259rawPluralAbsolutive\u0430\u0445\u044d\u0440a\u02d0xar\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u0440moxar\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440m\u0259xarErgative\u0430\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044da\u02d0xama\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dmoxama\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dm\u0259xamaInstrumental\u0430\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044da\u02d0xamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dmoxamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dm\u0259xamt\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0430\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443a\u02d0xaraw\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443moxaraw\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443m\u0259xaraw\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0443\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044d[morwaw\u0259jma\u02d0\u0283ina]this (abs.)youyour car“That is your car.”\u0430\u0449\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0441\u0438\u04cf\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0440\u043c\u044b\u0449\u0435\u0441\u04cf\u043e\u0442\u044d\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0433\u044a[a\u02d0\u0255q\u0259s\u0259j\u0294\u02b7a\u02d0\u0281arm\u0259\u0255q\u0259jn\u0259]that (erg.)the thing (s)he told methis (erg.)I told him back“I told this person the things that person told me.”\u0430\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044d\u043c\u044b\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u044d\u0443\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0449\u044b\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0445\u044d[a\u02d0xamt\u0361\u0283\u02bcam\u0259d\u0361\u0292a\u02d0nawmo\u0255\u0255\u0259\u0281\u0259rda\u02d0xa]for them (ins.)thisshirt (adv.)that (erg.)the thing (s)he is wearingbeautiful“According to them, the shirt this person is wearing is beautiful.”The demonstrative pronouns \u0434\u0436\u044d “that”, \u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b “this over here” and \u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e “that over there” also exist in Circassian. There is a contradistinction between ‘\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b’ and ‘\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e’ on how far the referred object is. The pronoun ‘\u0434\u0436\u044d’ is also neutral on this matter.CaseOther demonstratives\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0434\u0436\u044dCyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPASingularAbsolutive\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0440d\u0259mor\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0440d\u0259m\u0259r\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0440d\u0361\u0292arErgative\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0449d\u0259mo\u0255\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0449d\u0259m\u0259\u0255\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0449d\u0361\u0292a\u0255Instrumental\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044dd\u0259mo\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044dd\u0259m\u0259\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044dd\u0361\u0292a\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0443d\u0259moraw\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0440\u044d\u0443d\u0259m\u0259raw\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443d\u0361\u0292arawPluralAbsolutive\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u0440d\u0259moxar\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440d\u0259m\u0259xar\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440d\u0361\u0292axarErgative\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dd\u0259moxama\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dd\u0259m\u0259xama\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dd\u0361\u0292axamaInstrumental\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dd\u0259moxamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dd\u0259m\u0259xamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dd\u0361\u0292axamt\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443d\u0259moxaraw\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443d\u0259m\u0259xaraw\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443d\u0361\u0292axaraw\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0449\u0438\u0446\u0443\u0430\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0438\u0448\u044a\u043e\u043e\u043b\u044a\u044d\u0433\u044a\u0443\u0430?[d\u0259mo\u0255j\u0259t\u0361s\u02b7a\u02d0qaj\u0259\u0283\u02b7awa\u026ca\u0281\u02b7a\u02d0]that over there (erg.)his shoeits colordo you see it?“Do you see the color of that person’s shoe over there?”\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044d\u0441\u0430\u0434\u044d\u0433\u0443\u0449\u044b\u04cf\u0430\u0433\u044a[d\u0361\u0292axamasa\u02d0da\u0261\u02b7\u0259\u0255\u0259\u0294a\u02d0\u0281]those (erg.)I spoke to them“I spoke to them.”\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0440\u043a\u04cf\u0430\u043b\u044d\u0443\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0441\u044d\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0440[d\u0259mort\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u02d0\u026eawq\u0259sawa\u02d0\u0281ar]that over there (abs.)boy (adv.)the one that hit me“That is the boy that hit me over there.”The interrogative pronoun is \u0442\u044d “which”.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4CaseCyrillicIPASingularAbsolutive\u0442\u044d\u0440tarErgative\u0442\u044d\u0449ta\u0255Instrumental\u0442\u044d\u0449\u043a\u04cf\u044dta\u0255t\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0442\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443tarawPluralAbsolutive\u0442\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440taxarErgative\u0442\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dtaxamaInstrumental\u0442\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dtaxamt\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0442\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0443taxarawAuxiliary interrogative words:\u0445\u044d\u0442 (\u0445\u044d\u0442\u0430) “who”.\u0441\u044b\u0434 (\u0448\u044a\u044b\u0434) “what\/which”.\u0441\u044b\u0434\u0430 (\u0448\u044a\u044b\u0434\u0430) “why”.\u0442\u044b\u0434\u044d “where”.\u0442\u0445\u044c\u044d\u043f\u0448 “how much”.\u0441\u044b\u0434 \u0444\u044d\u0434\u0438\u0437 “how much”.\u0442\u044d\u0449\u0442\u044d\u0443 (\u0441\u044b\u0434\u044d\u0443\u0449\u0442\u044d\u0443) “how”.\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044b “which”.\u0441\u044b\u0434\u0438\u0433\u044a\u0443 (\u0448\u044a\u044b\u0434\u0433\u044a\u043e) “when”.\u0441\u044b\u0434\u043a\u04cf\u044d (\u0448\u044a\u044b\u0434\u043a\u04cf\u044d) “with what”.\u0441\u044b\u0434 \u0444\u044d\u0434? “what kind of?”.\u0445\u044d\u0442\u043a\u044a\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a\u044d?[xatqak\u02b7\u02bca\u02d0\u0281a]whothe person that came“Who came?”\u0441\u044b\u0434\u043a\u04cf\u0430\u043b\u044d\u043c\u044b\u0446\u04cf\u044d?[s\u0259dt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u02d0\u026eam\u0259t\u0361s\u02bca]whatthe boy (erg.)his name“What is the boy’s name?”\u043d\u0435\u043f\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0434\u044d\u0443\u0449\u044b\u04cf\u044d\u0449\u0442?[najpat\u0259daw\u0255\u0259\u0294a\u0255t]todaywhereyou will be there“Today where will you be?”CaseFirst-personSecond-personThird-personReflexive third-personCyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPACyrillicIPASingularAbsolutive\u0441\u044d\u0441\u044b\u0439sas\u0259j\u043e\u0443\u0439waw\u0259j\u0438\u0439j\u0259j\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0439ja\u0291\u0259jErgative\u0441\u044d\u0441\u044b\u0439sas\u0259j\u043e\u0443\u0439waw\u0259j\u0438\u0439j\u0259j\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0439ja\u0291\u0259jInstrumental\u0441\u044d\u0441\u044b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dsas\u0259jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u043e\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dwaw\u0259jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dj\u0259jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dja\u0291\u0259jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0441\u044d\u0441\u044b\u0435\u0443sas\u0259jaw\u043e\u0443\u0435\u0443waw\u0259jaw\u0438\u0435\u0443j\u0259jaw\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0435\u0443ja\u0291\u0259jawPluralAbsolutive\u0442\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0439tat\u0259j\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0439\u0283\u02b7a\u0283\u02b7\u0259j\u044f\u0439ja\u02d0j\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u044f\u0439ja\u0291\u0259ja\u02d0jErgative\u0442\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0439tat\u0259j\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0439\u0283\u02b7a\u0283\u02b7\u0259j\u044f\u0439ja\u02d0j\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u044f\u0439ja\u0291\u0259ja\u02d0jInstrumental\u0442\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dtat\u0259jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044d\u0283\u02b7a\u0283\u02b7\u0259jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dja\u02d0jamt\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u044f\u0438\u043c\u043a\u04cf\u044dja\u0291\u0259ja\u02d0j\u0259mt\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0442\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0435\u0443tat\u0259jaw\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0435\u0443\u0283\u02b7a\u0283\u02b7\u0259jaw\u044f\u0435\u0443ja\u02d0jaw\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u044f\u0435\u0443ja\u0291\u0259ja\u02d0jaw\u043c\u044b\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0433\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044a\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440\u0441\u044d\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0445[m\u0259d\u0361\u0292a\u0261\u02b7a\u02d0\u026caxarsas\u0259jax]thistoys (abs.)they are mine“these toys are mine.”\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0443\u043d\u044d\u043f\u043b\u044a\u044d\u0433\u044a\u0443\u0440\u044d\u0441\u044d\u0441\u044b\u0439[d\u0259mow\u0259nap\u026ca\u0281\u02b7\u0259rasas\u0259j]that over therehousewhat one you’re seeingmine“That house you are seeing is mine.”\u043c\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0443\u044f\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f?[m\u0259rwaw\u0259ja\u02d0ja\u0291ja\u02d0]this (abs.)is it yours?is it his?“Is this yours or his?”The nouns in Adyghe are different by their accessory signs[clarification needed], which are broken down into the natural attribute and the property attribute. The natural attribute is for body parts and kin relationships (e.g. ‘son’, ‘sister’).  All other words belong to the property attribute.Natural attributes are expressed with the following prefixes:PrefixMeaningCyrillicIPASingular1st person\u0441- or \u0441\u044b-\/s-\/ or \/s\u0259-\/“my”2nd person\u043f- or \u0443-\/p-\/ or \/w-\/“your”3rd person\u044b-\/\u0259-\/“his”Plural1st person\u0442\u044d- or \u0442-\/ta-\/ or \/t-\/“our”2nd person\u0448\u044a\u043e-  or \u0448\u044a\u0443-\/\u0283\u02b7a-\/ or \/\u0283\u02b7\u0259-\/“your”3rd persona-\/a\u02d0-\/“their”\u044b\u0448\u044b\u043d\u0430\u0445\u044c\u044b\u043a\u04cf\u044d\u0438\u0446\u04cf\u044d\u0410\u0441\u043b\u044a\u0430\u043d[\u0259\u0283\u0259na\u02d0\u0127\u0259t\u0361\u0283\u02bcaj\u0259t\u0361s\u02bcaa\u02d0s\u026ca\u02d0n]his younger brotherhis nameAslan“His younger brother’s name is Aslan.”\u0441\u044d\u0441\u043b\u044a\u0430\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043c\u044d\u0443\u0437\u044b[sas\u026ca\u02d0q\u02b7amawz\u0259]Imy legit is hurting“my leg hurts.”Property attributes are expressed by a different set of prefixes:PrefixMeaningCyrillicIPASingular1st person\u0441\u0438-\/s\u0259j-\/“my”2nd person\u0443\u0438-\/w\u0259j-\/“your”3rd person\u0438-\/j\u0259-\/“his”Plural1st person\u0442\u0438-\/t\u0259j-\/“our”2nd person\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0438-\/\u0283\u02b7\u0259j-\/“your”3rd person\u044f-\/ja\u02d0-\/“their”\u0441\u044d\u0441\u0438\u0446\u04cf\u044d\u0410\u0441\u043b\u044a\u0430\u043d[sas\u0259jt\u0361s\u02bcaa\u02d0s\u026ca\u02d0n]Imy nameAslan“My name is Aslan.”\u0441\u044d\u0441\u0438\u0443\u043d\u044d\u0438\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0444\u044b\u0436\u044c\u044b[sas\u0259jw\u0259naj\u0259\u0283\u02b7af\u0259\u0291\u0259]Imy houseits colorwhite“The color of my house is white.”\u044f\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0445\u044c\u0434\u0430\u0445\u044d\u0445\u0443\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044d[ja\u02d0d\u0361\u0292a\u02d0naxarna\u02d0\u0127da\u02d0xaxw\u0259jd\u0361\u0292a\u02d0naxama]their clothes (abs.)morebeautiful (plural)your clothes (erg.)“Their clothes are more beautiful than yours.”In Adyghe whole one – \u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d.[clarification needed] Serves for indication of all notions corresponding to English words “someone”, “something”, “someone”, “something”, “sometime”, “somewhere”, etc.Changes either as noun \u2013 in number and in cases:CaseSingular formPlural formCyrillicIPACyrillicIPAAbsolutive\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044dz\u0259\u0261\u02b7ara\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0440z\u0259\u0261\u02b7araxarErgative\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043cz\u0259\u0261\u02b7aram\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0445\u044d\u043c\u044dz\u0259\u0261\u02b7araxamaInstrumental\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d(\u043c)\u043a\u04cf\u044dz\u0259\u0261\u02b7ara(m)t\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0445\u044d(\u043c)\u043a\u04cf\u044dz\u0259\u0261\u02b7araxa(m)t\u0361\u0283\u02bcaAdverbial\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0443z\u0259\u0261\u02b7araw\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u0445\u044d\u0443z\u0259\u0261\u02b7araxaw\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043f\u0447\u044a\u044d\u043c\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0442\u0435\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a[z\u0259\u0261\u02b7arapt\u0361\u0282amq\u0259tajwa\u02d0\u0281]someone (abs.)door (erg.)(s)he knocked it“someone has knocked the door.”\u043a\u04cf\u0430\u043b\u044d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043c\u0431\u044d\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044d\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0445\u044b[t\u0361\u0283\u02bca\u02d0\u026ea \u0261\u02b7arambana\u02d0naja\u0283x\u0259]some boy (erg.)the banana (abs.)he eats“some boy is eating the banana”\u043f\u0448\u044a\u044d\u0448\u044a\u044d\u0434\u0430\u0445\u044d \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043c\u043c\u044b\u0440\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0441\u0438\u04cf\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a[p\u0282a\u0282ada\u02d0xa \u0261\u02b7aramm\u0259rq\u0259si\u0294\u02b7a\u02d0\u0281]girlsome pretty (erg.)thishe\/she told me“some pretty girl told me this”Circassian adherent pronouns:\u0437\u044b\u0440, \u0437\u044b\u043c “one”\u0437\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440, \u0437\u044b\u0445\u044d\u043c “some”\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d, \u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043c “someone, something”\u0442\u04cf\u0443\u0440, \u0442\u04cf\u0443\u043c “both”\u0442\u044d\u0434\u0440\u044d\u0437\u044b\u043c “each one”\u043d\u044d\u043c\u044b\u043a\u04cf\u044b\u0440 “other”\u0435\u0436\u044c “self”,\u0437\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u044d “whole, all”,\u043f\u0441\u0442\u044d\u0443\u0440\u0438 “everyone”,\u0448\u044a\u0445\u044c\u0430\u0434\u0436 “every”,\u044b\u0448\u044a\u0445\u044c\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u044d “self personally”,\u0445\u044d\u0442\u0438, \u0445\u044d\u0442\u0440\u044d “everyone”, “each”,\u0441\u044b\u0434\u0438, \u0441\u044b\u0434\u0440\u044d “everything”, “each”.\u0442\u044b\u0434\u0438, \u0442\u044b\u0434\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u0438 “everywhere”,\u0437\u0438, \u0437\u044b\u043c\u0438 “no one” (verb has to be negative)\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043f “nothing” (verb has to be negative)\u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438, \u0437\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044d\u043c\u0438 “nobody, no one” (verb has to be negative)Examples:\u0425\u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u044b\u0448\u044a\u0445\u044c\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0441\u044b\u0436\u044c\u044d\u0443 1\u043e\u0444 \u044b\u04481\u044d\u043d \u0444\u0430\u0435 “Everyone must work hard”;\u0421\u044b\u0434\u0440\u044d 1\u043e\u0444\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u044d\u0433\u044a\u0443, \u0443\u0433\u0443 \u043a\u044a\u044b\u0431\u0434\u04351\u044d\u0443 \u0431\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0446\u0430\u043a1\u044d\u043c\u044d “Each job is good if it is made with soul”.\u0417\u044b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0447\u044d\u0449\u0434\u044d\u0441\u044b\u043c \u043a\u044a\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u043e\u0449\u0442\u044d\u043f “Nobody will come to the party”.\u041f\u0441\u0442\u044d\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u0435\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0445 “Everyone is studying for the exam”.\u042b\u0448\u044a\u0445\u044c\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u044d \u043a\u044a\u044b\u043a\u04cf\u043e\u043d\u044d\u0443 \u0437\u044d\u0440\u044d\u0444\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u044a\u044b\u04cf\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a “He said himself that he doesn’t want to come”.\u0417\u044b\u0440 \u043a\u044a\u0435\u0449\u0445\u044b\u043c\u044d \u0443\u043d\u044d\u043c \u0438\u043a\u04cf\u044b\u0449\u0442\u044d\u043f “One will not go out of the house if it is raining”.\u0417\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440 \u0447\u044d\u0449\u044b\u043c \u043a\u044a\u044b\u0434\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u044b\u0449\u0442\u044b\u0445, \u0437\u044b\u0445\u044d\u0440 \u043a\u044a\u044b\u0434\u044d\u043a\u04cf\u044b\u0449\u0442\u044b\u0445\u044d\u043f “Some will go out in the night, some won’t”.Indicatory pronouns[edit]PronounCyrillicIPAMeaning\u0441\u044d\u0441\u044d\u0440\u044bsar\u0259it is me\u043e\u043e\u0440\u044bwar\u0259it is you\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0440ja\u0291\u0259rit is him\u0442\u044d\u0442\u044d\u0440\u044btar\u0259it is us\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0448\u044a\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0283\u02b7ar\u0259it is you (plural)\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0445\u044d\u0435\u0436\u044c\u0445\u044d\u0440ja\u0291\u0259xarit is themDeterminerCyrillicIPAMeaning\u0430\u0430\u0440\u044ba\u02d0r\u0259that one indeed\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0434\u0436\u0430\u0440\u044bd\u0361\u0292a\u02d0r\u0259exactly that one indeed\u043c\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0440\u044bmor\u0259that one\u0434\u044b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0443\u0430\u0440\u044bd\u0259wa\u02d0r\u0259that one over there\u0434\u044b\u043c\u044b\u0434\u044b\u043c\u0430\u0440\u044bd\u0259ma\u02d0r\u0259this one over here\u043c\u044b\u043c\u0430\u0440\u044bma\u02d0r\u0259this one\u0442\u044d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044bta\u02d0r\u0259which one\u0441\u044d\u0440\u044b\u043a\u044a\u044d\u0448\u044a\u0443\u0433\u044a\u043e\u0442\u044b\u043d \u0444\u0430\u0435[sar\u0259qa\u0283\u02b7\u0259\u0281\u02b7at\u0259n fa\u02d0ja]it is methe one you must find“the one you must find is me.”\u0430\u0440\u044b\u043a\u044a\u044b\u0441\u0438I\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a\u044d[a\u02d0r\u0259q\u0259si\u0294\u02b7a\u02d0\u0281a]that isthe thing he told me“that is what he told me”\u0434\u044b\u043c\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043aI\u0430\u043b\u044d\u0443\u0441\u0444\u044d\u0441I\u0443\u0430\u0433\u044a\u044d[d\u0259mor\u0259t\u0361\u0283a\u02d0laws\u0259fas\u0294\u02b7a\u02d0\u0281a]that is over thereboy (adv.)the thing i talked about“here is the boy i talked about”References[edit]Bibliography[edit]\u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u041f. \u041c.; \u041b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0435\u0440, \u042e. \u0410.; \u041b\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0439, \u0410. \u0411.; \u0421\u0443\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041d. \u0420.; \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446, \u042f. \u0413. \u0412\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u0434\u044b\u0433\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043d.: “\u0410\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0437\u043c\u0430: \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0430\u0434\u044b\u0433\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044f\u0437\u044b\u043a\u0430” \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0440\u0435\u0434.: \u041f. \u041c. \u0410\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0432, \u0410. \u0411. \u041b\u0435\u0442\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0439, \u041d. \u0420. \u0421\u0443\u043c\u0431\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u042f. \u0413. \u0422\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0446. \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430: \u0420\u0413\u0413\u0423, 2009 (Arkadiev, P. M.; Lander, Yu. A.; Letuchiy, A. B.; Sumbatova, N. R.; Testelets, Ya. G.Introduction. Basic information about Adyghe language in “Aspects of polysyntheticity: studies on Adyghe grammar” edited by: P. M. Arkadiev, A. B. Letuchiy, N. R. Sumbatova, Ya. G. Testelets. Moscow, RGGU, 2009) (in Russian) ISBN\u00a0978-5-7281-1075-0     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/circassian-pronouns-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Circassian pronouns – Wikipedia"}}]}]