[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/cuman-language-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/cuman-language-wikipedia\/","headline":"Cuman language – Wikipedia","name":"Cuman language – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Extinct Kipchak Turkic language Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian,","datePublished":"2014-12-21","dateModified":"2014-12-21","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/93\/Codex_Cumanicus_001.jpg\/220px-Codex_Cumanicus_001.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/93\/Codex_Cumanicus_001.jpg\/220px-Codex_Cumanicus_001.jpg","height":"316","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/cuman-language-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3099,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Extinct Kipchak Turkic languageCuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian, self referred to as Tatar (tatar til) in Codex Cumanicus)[2] was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today’s various languages of the West Kipchak branch. Cuman is documented in medieval works, including the Codex Cumanicus, and in early modern manuscripts, like the notebook of Benedictine monk Johannes ex Grafing.[3] It was a literary language in Central and Eastern Europe that left a rich literary inheritance. The language became the main language (lingua franca) of the Golden Horde.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsHistory[edit]References[edit]Sources[edit]External links[edit]History[edit]  The Cumans were nomadic people who lived on the steppes of Eastern Europe, north of the Black Sea, before the Golden Horde. Many Turkic peoples including the Crimean Tatars, Karachays, Kumyks, Crimean Karaites, Krymchaks and Balkars, Manavs are descended from the Cumans. Today, the speakers of these various languages belonging to the Kipchak branch speak variations closely related to the Cuman language.[5][6][7][8]The literary Cuman language became extinct in the early 18th century in the region of Cumania in Hungary, which was its last stronghold. Tradition holds that the last speaker of the Cuman language in Hungary was Istv\u00e1n Varr\u00f3, a resident of Karcag (Hungary) who died in 1770. The Cuman language in Crimea, however, managed to survive. The Cuman language is considered the direct ancestor of the current language of the Crimean Tatars with possible incorporations of the other languages, like Crimean Gothic.[9][10][11]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name “Tatars”, the Islamic religion and Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people.[12]The Cuman-Kipchaks had an important role in the history of Anatolia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Hungary, Romania (see, for example, the Besarab dynasty), Moldavia, Bessarabia and Bulgaria.[13][14][15][16]From the book known as the Codex Cumanicus, a Cuman Kipchak Turkic Pater Noster (transcribed in the Common Turkic Alphabet):Atam\u0131z kim k\u00f6ktesi\u00f1. Al\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 bolsun seni\u00f1 at\u0131\u00f1, kelsin seni\u00f1 xanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00f1, bolsun seni\u00f1 tilemeki\u00f1 \u2013 ne\u00e7ik kim k\u00f6kte, alay [da] yerde. K\u00fcndeki \u00f6tmegimizni bizge bug\u00fcn bergil. Da\u011f\u0131 yazuqlar\u0131m\u0131zn\u0131 bizge bo\u015fatq\u0131l \u2013 ne\u00e7ik biz bo\u015fat\u0131rb\u0131z bizge yaman etkenlerge. Da\u011f\u0131 yekni\u00f1 s\u0131namaq\u0131na bizni quurma\u011f\u0131l. Basa bar\u00e7a yamandan bizni qutxar\u011f\u0131l. Amen![17]References[edit]^ Glottolog entry for Cuman^ Florin Curta (2007). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. p.\u00a0406.^ Knauer, Georg Nicholaus (2010). “The Earliest Vocabulary of Romani Words (c. 1515) in the Collectanea of Johannes ex Grafing, a student of Johannes Reuchlin and Conrad Celtis”. Romani Studies. 20 (1): 1\u201315. doi:10.3828\/rs.2010.1. S2CID\u00a0170292032.^ “Turkic written memorials”. Old.unesco.kz. Retrieved 27 July 2019.^ Yilmaz, Adil (2018). “B\u0131zans’in Anadolu’ya Yerle\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Son T\u00fcrkler” [The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium]. Eski\u0307\u00e7a\u011f Ara\u015ftirmalari Dergi\u0307si\u0307 [Journal of Ancient Researches] (in Turkish) (3): 29\u201332.^ “YALAKOVA’DAN YALOVA’YA Prof. Dr. Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k An\u0131s\u0131na Yalova Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131” (PDF).^ “Anadolu’ya yerle\u015ftirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)”.^ Acar, Kenan. “GAGAVUZ T\u00dcRK\u00c7ES\u0130 \u0130LE KOCAEL\u0130 YERL\u0130 (MANAV) A\u011eIZLARI ARASINDAK\u0130 PARALELL\u0130KLER,  2022, VI. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Sosyal Bilimler Sempozyumu, PARALLELS BETWEEN GAGAVUZ TURKISH AND KOCAEL\u0130 NAT\u0130VE TURK (MANAV) D\u0130ALECTS, Kenan Acar, 2022, VI. International Turkish World Social Sciences Symposium”.^ Istv\u00e1n V\u00e1s\u00e1ry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.^ Stearns(1979:39\u201340).^ “Crimean Tatar proper, called the ‘central dialect’, belonged to the West Kipchak subbranch as a descendant of Kuman.” (Lars Johanson, Turkic, Cambridge University Press, 2021, pg. 62)^ Vozgrin, Valery “Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars” Archived 11 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine^ Sun, Kevin (2019-04-07). “Sun Language Theory, Part 2: The Steppes of Tartary (Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh, Kyrgyz)”. Medium. Retrieved 2019-09-17.^ Ay\u00f6n\u00fc, Yusuf (August 2012). “Bati Anadolu’dak\u0131 T\u00fcrk Yayili\u0219ina Kar\u0219i B\u0131zans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu’ya Nakletmesi” [The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia]. Belleten (in Turkish). Turkish Historical Society. 76 (276): 403\u2013418. doi:10.37879\/belleten.2012.403. S2CID\u00a0245309166. Retrieved October 12, 2022. DOI: English version^ Rustam M. Shukurov. “Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071\u20131461)”. Dumbarton Oaks.^ Dimitri Korobeinikov (2015). “The Cumans in Paphlagonia”. Karadeniz \u0130ncelemeleri Dergisi (18): 29\u201344.^ Kuun; G\u00e9za;  et\u00a0al. (1880). “Codex cumanicus, Bibliothecae ad templum divi Marci Venetiarum primum ex integro editit prolegomenis notis et compluribus glossariis instruxit comes G\u00e9za Kuun”. Budapest: XLIX. Retrieved August 11, 2016 \u2013 via Archive.org.Sources[edit]G\u00fcner, Galip  (2013), K\u0131p\u00e7ak T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi Grameri, Kesit Press, \u0130stanbul.Mustafa Argun\u015fah, Galip G\u00fcner (2015), Codex Cumanicus, Kesit Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/cuman-language-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Cuman language – Wikipedia"}}]}]