[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/dark-forest-hypothesis-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/dark-forest-hypothesis-wikipedia\/","headline":"Dark forest hypothesis – Wikipedia","name":"Dark forest hypothesis – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Hypothesis for why alien life has not been discovered The dark forest hypothesis","datePublished":"2017-03-25","dateModified":"2017-03-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Earthdark.jpg\/220px-Earthdark.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/53\/Earthdark.jpg\/220px-Earthdark.jpg","height":"216","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/dark-forest-hypothesis-wikipedia\/","wordCount":4492,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia         (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Hypothesis for why alien life has not been discoveredThe dark forest hypothesis is the conjecture that many alien civilizations exist throughout the universe, but they are both silent and paranoid.[1] In this framing, it is presumed that any space-faring civilization would view any other intelligent life as an inevitable threat,[2] and thus destroy any nascent life that makes its presence known. As a result, the electromagnetic spectrum would be relatively quiescent, without evidence of any intelligent alien life, as in a “dark forest” filled with “armed hunter(s) stalking through the trees like a ghost”.[3][4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsBackground[edit]Relationship to other proposed Fermi paradox solutions[edit]Game theory[edit]Science fiction versions[edit]References[edit]Background[edit]There is no reliable or reproducible evidence that aliens have visited or attempted to contact Earth.[5][6] No transmissions or evidence of intelligent extraterrestrial life have been detected or observed. This runs counter to the knowledge that the Universe is filled with a very large number of planets, some of which likely hold conditions hospitable for life. Life typically expands until it fills all available niches.[7] These contradictory facts form the basis for the Fermi paradox, of which the dark forest hypothesis is one proposed solution.Relationship to other proposed Fermi paradox solutions[edit]The dark forest hypothesis is distinct from the berserker hypothesis in that many alien civilizations would still exist if they kept silent. It can be viewed as a special example of the Berserker hypothesis, if the ‘deadly berserker probes’ are (due to resource scarcity) only sent to star systems that show signs of intelligent life.[8]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Game theory[edit]The dark forest hypothesis is a special case of the “sequential and incomplete information game” in game theory.[9][10][11]In game theory, a “sequential and incomplete information game” is one in which all players act in sequence, one after the other, and none are aware of all available information.[12] In the case of this particular game, the only win condition is continued survival.[8] An additional constraint in the special case of the “dark forest” is the scarcity of vital resources.[10] The “dark forest” can be considered an extensive-form game with each “player” possessing the following possible actions: destroy another civilization known to the player; broadcast and alert other civilizations of one’s existence; or do nothing.[9]Science fiction versions[edit]The hypothesis was described by astronomer and author David Brin in his 1983 summary of the arguments for and against the Fermi paradox,[13] for which this hypothesis is one potential solution.[8][10] In 1987, science fiction author Greg Bear explored the concept in his novel The Forge of God.[14] The term “dark forest hypothesis” was later applied to the idea in Liu Cixin’s 2008 science fiction novel The Dark Forest.[15][16]In The Forge of God, humanity is likened to a baby crying in a hostile forest: “There once was an infant lost in the woods, crying its heart out, wondering why no one answered, drawing down the wolves.”[17] One of the characters explains, “We’ve been sitting in our tree chirping like foolish birds for over a century now, wondering why no other birds answered. The galactic skies are full of hawks, that’s why. Planetisms that don’t know enough to keep quiet, get eaten.”[18]In Liu Cixin’s novel, the dark forest hypothesis is introduced by the character Ye Wenjie, while visiting her daughter’s grave. She introduces three key axioms to a new field she describes as “cosmic sociology”:[19][8]“Suppose a vast number of civilizations distributed throughout the universe, on the order of the number of observable stars. Lots and lots of them. Those civilizations make up the body of a cosmic society. Cosmic sociology is the study of the nature of this super-society.”[19] (based on the Drake equation)[16]Suppose that survival is the primary need of a civilization.Suppose that civilizations continuously expand over time, but the total matter in the universe remains constant.The only logical conclusion from the acceptance of these axioms, Ye says, is that any intelligent life in the universe will be pitted against all other life in the struggle for survival.[19][8]References[edit]^ Paradis, Justine (18 February 2022). “Outside\/In[box]: What is the Dark Forest Theory?”. New Hampshire Public Radio. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ Vakoch, Douglas A. (3 April 2017). “Hawking’s fear of an alien invasion may explain the Fermi Paradox”. Theology and Science. 15 (2): 134\u2013138. doi:10.1080\/14746700.2017.1299380. S2CID\u00a0219627161. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ Liu, Cixin (2015). The dark forest (First\u00a0ed.). New York. p.\u00a0484. ISBN\u00a09780765377081.^ Hsu, Jeremy (October 31, 2015). “China’s ‘Dark Forest’ Answer to ‘Star Wars’ Optimism”. Discover. Archived from the original on October 17, 2022.^ Tingay, Steven (May 19, 2022). “Is there evidence aliens have visited Earth? Here’s what’s come out of US congress hearings on ‘unidentified aerial phenomena’“. The Conversation. Retrieved 27 October 2022.^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (14 January 2021). “Have We Already Been Visited by Aliens?”. The New Yorker. Retrieved 27 October 2022.^ Papagiannis, Michael D. (1978). ““Are We All Alone, or could They be in the Asteroid Belt” by Michael D. Papagiannis, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 19, p.277″. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 19: 277. Bibcode:1978QJRAS..19..277P. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07. Retrieved 2022-10-27.^ a b c d e Williams, Matt (7 January 2021). “Beyond “Fermi’s Paradox” XVI: What is the “Dark Forest” Hypothesis?”. Universe Today. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ a b Yasser, Shehab (12 October 2020). “Aliens, The Fermi Paradox, And The Dark Forest Theory”. Project Nash. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ a b c Konior, Bogna (6 July 2020). “The Dark Forest: Theory of the Internet”. BLOK Magazine. ISSN\u00a02719-4973. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ Fudenberg, Drew; Tirole, Jean (April 1983). “Sequential Bargaining with Incomplete Information”. The Review of Economic Studies. 50 (2): 221. doi:10.2307\/2297414. JSTOR\u00a02297414. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ Ausubel, Lawrence M.; Cramton, Peter; Deneckere, Raymond J. (2002). “Bargaining with incomplete information”.  In Aumann, Robert; Hart, Sergiu (eds.). Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications. Vol.\u00a03. pp.\u00a01897\u20131945. doi:10.1016\/S1574-0005(02)03013-8. ISBN\u00a0978-0-444-89428-1.^ Brin, G. D. (1 September 1983). “The Great Silence – the Controversy Concerning Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life”. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 24: 283\u2013309. Bibcode:1983QJRAS..24..283B. ISSN\u00a00035-8738. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ Cramer, John (1987). “Self-Reproducing Machines From Another Planet\u00a0: THE FORGE OF GOD by Greg Bear”. Los Angeles Times.^ Kevra, Derek (11 October 2022). “Dark Forest theory: should we try to contact aliens?”. FOX 2 Detroit. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ a b Yu, C. (1 January 2015). “The Dark Forest Rule: One Solution to the Fermi Paradox”. Journal of the British Interplanetary Society. 68: 142\u2013144. Bibcode:2015JBIS…68..142Y. ISSN\u00a00007-084X. Retrieved 18 October 2022.^ “The forge of God quotes”. Goodreads.^ Cramer, John (1987). “Self-Reproducing Machines From Another Planet\u00a0: THE FORGE OF GOD by Greg Bear”. Los Angeles Times.^ a b c Liu, Cixin (2015). “Chapter 1”. The dark forest (First\u00a0ed.). New York: Tor. ISBN\u00a09780765386694.     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