[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/gjon-kastrioti-wikipedia-3\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/gjon-kastrioti-wikipedia-3\/","headline":"Gjon Kastrioti – Wikipedia","name":"Gjon Kastrioti – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 14th-15th century Albanian nobleman after-content-x4 Gjon Kastrioti[a] (1375\/80\u20134 May 1437) was a member of the Albanian nobility from the","datePublished":"2021-02-17","dateModified":"2021-02-17","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Kastrioti_Family_Du_Cange_%281680%29.jpg\/300px-Kastrioti_Family_Du_Cange_%281680%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Kastrioti_Family_Du_Cange_%281680%29.jpg\/300px-Kastrioti_Family_Du_Cange_%281680%29.jpg","height":"300","width":"300"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/gjon-kastrioti-wikipedia-3\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":10810,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x414th-15th century Albanian nobleman       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Gjon Kastrioti[a] (1375\/80\u20134 May 1437) was a member of the Albanian nobility from the House of Kastrioti and the father of future Albanian leader Gjergj Kastrioti (better known as Skanderbeg). He governed the territory between the Cape of Rodon and Dib\u00ebr and had at his disposal an army of 2,000 horsemen.[3][4]Table of Contents       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Early life[edit]War with the Ottomans[edit]Administration[edit]Religion[edit]References[edit]Sources[edit]Early life[edit]  Genealogy of the Kastrioti family, Du Cange (1680), Historia Byzantina duplici commentarioThe Kastrioti family was from a region of northern Albania between Mat, Dib\u00ebr and Has. Konstantin Kastrioti Mazreku is attested in Giovanni Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno’s Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum. Angelo mentions Kastrioti as Constantinus Castriotus, cognomento Meserechus, Aemathiae & Castoriae Princeps (Constantinus Castriotus, surnamed Meserechus, Prince of Aemathia and Castoria). Angelo used the cognomen Meserechus in reference to Skanderbeg, and this link to the same name is produced in other sources and reproduced in later ones like Du Cange’s Historia Byzantina (1680).[5] These links highlight that the Kastrioti used Mazreku as a name that highlighted their tribal affiliation (farefisni).[6] The name Mazrek(u), which means “horse breeder” in Albanian, is found throughout all Albanian regions. Gjon Kastrioti was the son of Pal\/Gjergj Kastrioti. He appears in two historical sources, Gjon Muzaka’s Breve memoria de li discendenti de nostra casa Musachi (1510) and  Angelo’s Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum (1603\/1610), which was later largely reproduced by Du Cange (1680). Angelo calls Gjon Kastrioti’s father “Georgius Castriotus” (Gjergj), lord (princeps) of “Aemathiae, Umenestria” (Mat and probably Ujmisht) and “Castoriae”. This toponym has been interpreted as Kastriot, Kastrat in Has, Kastrat in Dibra, or the microtoponym “Kostur” near the village of Mazrek in the Has region. Muzaka calls him “Paulo Castrioto” (Pal) and asserts that “he ruled over no more than two villages, called Signa and Gardi Ipostesi” (Sin\u00eb and Gardhi i Posht\u00ebm, in \u00c7idh\u00ebn of Dib\u00ebr).[9]His rule over “only two villages” as described by Muzaka has been disputed because, if true, it would mean that his son, Gjon Kastrioti, who ruled over a much larger area, rose to power in the span of one generation. This is considered a very unlikely trajectory in the context of Albanian medieval society because noble families had acquired their area of influence over multiple generations in a complex system of affiliation with local village communities and intermarriage with each other. Historian Kristo Frash\u00ebri considers it likely that he ruled over his region “in the third quartier of the 14th century” between 1350-75, based on the fact that when his grandson Gjergj Kastrioti was born, his son Gjon had already fathered seven children with Voisava, daughter of a minor lord from the Polog Valley.[11] The Kastrioti appear in archival records for the first time in the period of Gjon Kastrioti at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century.Gjon Kastrioti rose as a feudal ruler in Albania at a time when its internal politics were being increasingly dominated by the Republic of Venice, which controlled many of its trade centers, and the Ottoman Empire, which in one form or another had begun to vassalize many of the small, independent lordships. Albanian feudal lords had to balance between the two Great Powers of their era and compete with each other. In 1402, Kastrioti, Koia Zaharia, Dhimit\u00ebr Jonima, and other Albanian vassals of Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I personally led their retinues in the Battle of Ankara. The Ottoman defeat brought the retreat of the Ottomans from Albanian affairs, and families that took part in the battle of Ankara, like the Jonima and Zaharia, were weakened. The Bal\u0161i\u0107, which saw an opportunity to take Durr\u00ebs from the Venetians, was defeated, and Konstantin Bal\u0161i\u0107 was executed. In the power vacuum that formed, Kastrioti strengthened his position and sought to expand towards the coastal areas near the Venetian-controlled trading centers. He provided safe passage to merchants in the interior of the country and had no claims to Venetian-held territory. Venice saw their alliance as a counterweight to other local lords and the Ottomans.[15]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Kastrioti accepted the suzerainty and was made a citizen of Venice in 1413, along with his heirs. Kastrioti maintained good relations with Venice after becoming an Ottoman vassal between 1415 and 1417 and was not likely to endanger those relations by seizing the Cape from Venice. The Venetians tried to bribe the Kastrioti and Dukagjini to fight against Zeta in 1419, but it seems without success.  Map of operations in 1421\u20131423 war between Serbian Despotate and VeniceIn the period 1419\u20131426, Gjon was an ally of Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarevi\u0107, who was also an Ottoman vassal. Lazarevi\u0107 had taken Zeta from Bal\u0161a III in 1421, but the Venetians did not recognize him, holding on to the occupied Zetan coast and Buna, including Drivast.[17] In August 1421, Lazarevi\u0107 led armies into Zeta and took Sveti Srdj, Drisht, and Bar; the Venetians concluded a truce and now held only the towns of Shkod\u00ebr, Ulcinj, and Budva. When Lazarevi\u0107 demanded the surrender of these towns, Venice refused, and the war resumed.[17] A number of Gjon Kastrioti’s Albanians, led by one of his sons, joined Lazarevi\u0107 immediately upon the latter’s arrival in Zeta.[18][19] According to Fan Noli, it was Stanisha who was sent by his father, together with auxiliary forces, to help the Serbian despot capture Shkod\u00ebr from Venetians.[20] Lazarevi\u0107 besieged Shkod\u00ebr, probably in June 1422, and for a year, it seemed that Venice would have lost their possessions; however, supported by some local Albanians, Venice managed to break the siege in December 1422.[21] In January 1423, Venice bribed and won over the Pamaliots on Bojana and then bought over several tribal leaders in or near Zeta: the Pa\u0161trovi\u0107i, Gjon Kastrioti (who had extended to the outskirts of Lezh\u00eb), the Dukagjins, and Koja Zaharia.[21] Though none of these were mobilized militarily by Venice, they left the ranks of Lazarevi\u0107’s army and thus became a potential danger to Lazarevi\u0107.[21] Although Venetian admiral Francesco Bembo offered money to Kastrioti, Dukagjins, and Koia Zaharia in April 1423 to join the Venetian forces against the Serbian Despotate (offering 300 ducats to Gjon Kastrioti), they refused.[22]From time to time, one or more of Gjon’s sons were sent as hostages to the Ottoman court. In 1428, Gjon Kastrioti had to seek forgiveness from the Venetian Senate because of Skanderbeg’s participation in Ottoman military campaigns against the Christians.[23]War with the Ottomans[edit]In an attempt to relieve Ottoman pressure during the Siege of Thessalonica, Venice inspired Gjon to rebel against the Ottomans in 1428. In August 1428, he sent his envoys, priest Dimitrije and lord Murat, to present to the Venetians the letters written by the sultan during the past five years (since the Venetians captured Thessalonica in 1423). In those letters, the sultan sent orders to Gjon to attack Venetian possessions in Albania. Since he refused to cooperate with the Ottomans, Gjon begged the Venetians to provide him with a safe conduct if the Ottomans attacked him.[24] In April 1430, after the Ottomans captured Thessalonica, they captured most of Gjon’s land. The Ottoman forces were led by Isak-Beg, who was a sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Skopje. He positioned Ottoman garrisons in two of Gjon’s castles and destroyed the rest of them. Isak-Beg allowed Gjon to govern a very small part of the territory because the Ottomans held Gjon responsible only for disobedience, not for treason.[25] Gjon Kastrioti joined an unsuccessful uprising against the Ottoman Empire led by Gjergj Arianiti between 1432 and 1436 and was again defeated by the Ottoman forces under Isak-Beg.  Gjon died on 4 May 1437.[26] The territory previously controlled by Gjon Kastrioti was annexed by the Ottomans and listed in their registers as land of Yuvan-ili (Yuvan was Gjon’s name in the Turkish language).[27] Until 1438, a part of Gjon Kastrioti’s estates, comprising nine villages, was awarded to Skanderbeg as his timar, and in May 1438, those nine villages were awarded to Andr\u00e9 Karlo.[28] The granting of these villages to Andr\u00e9 Karlo must have upset Skanderbeg,[29] who requested to be granted control over the zeamet in Misia, which consisted of his father’s former domain.[30]Sanjakbey (probably of the Sanjak of Ohrid) objected to Skanderbeg’s request.[31]Administration[edit]Collecting the custom duties from Ragusan traders, exporting the grain, and trading with salt were important sources of income for Gjon Kastrioti.The Venetian Republic attempted to introduce its own units of measure on marketplaces in Scutari, Durazo, and Alessio since the beginning of 1410. This intention caused confusion, which was a reason for Gjon Kastrioti to complain through his envoys in Venice. In January 1410, the Venetians accepted Gjon’s demands to measure grain and other products exported by him the way they had previously been measured.[32]Based on the order of the despot of Serbia, when they would travel from Ragusa to Prizren, they had to use the route through Shkod\u00ebr in Albania Veneta, and the Kastrioti’s land instead of the previous route through the land under the control of the small feudal lords and highland tribes of Montenegro.[33] With that letter, Gjon informed merchants from Dubrovnik that they were granted safe conduct when passing through regions under his control on their way from \u0160ufadaj to Prizren.[34] In March 1422, Gjon asked Venice to allow Ragusan traders to travel to his territory in Sufaday through Alessio instead of Scutari, which was allowed starting in August.[35]After the death of Bal\u0161a in 1421, the Venetians promised to allow Kastrioti to collect the salt produced in Durres. Because of the reduced production, Venice did not respect its promise. Gjon tried to avoid the monopoly of the Venetian Republic and built his own salt evaporation ponds. In 1424, the Venetians forced him to destroy all of them because they noticed some of their convoys directed to collect salt in Durres never appeared there. At the beginning of the 15th century, \u0160ufaday (an important former marketplace on the Adriatic Sea, near Lezh\u00eb) was a possession of the Jonima family, and in 1428 it was under Gjon’s control.[36] At that time, the region of \u0160ufadaj was rich with forests, and the wood was transported through its port to Ragusa.[37] On 17 August 1428, Gjon complained through his representatives in Venice because he was not allowed to collect salt in Durres.[38]Religion[edit]His religion was directly influenced by the international balance of political powers. It is believed that a popular saying in southern Albania, “Where the sword is, there lies religion” (Albanian: Ku \u00ebsht\u00eb shpata, \u00ebsht\u00eb feja) has originated from Gjon Kastrioti.[39] When he was an ally of Venice in 1407\u20131410, he was a Roman Catholic. After he allied himself with Stefan Lazarevi\u0107, despot of the Serbian Despotate in the period 1419\u20131426, he converted to Orthodoxy, and in 1431 he was converted to Islam because he was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.[40]In 1426, he donated the right to the proceeds from taxes collected from the two villages (Rostu\u0161a and Trebi\u0161te in Macedonia) and from the church of Saint Mary, which was in one of them, to the Serbian Orthodox Monastery of Hilandar in Mount Athos, where his son Reposh retired and died on 25 July 1431. Afterwards, between 1426 and 1431,[41] Kastrioti and his sons, with the exception of Stanisha, purchased four adelphates (rights to reside on monastic territory and receive subsidies from monastic resources) to the Saint George tower and to some property within the monastery. In his honor, the Saint George tower of the Monastery of Hilandar was known as the Albanian tower (Serbian: Arbana\u0161ki pirg).[42][43][44] Because of his frequent changes of religion, it is unknown, but at the time of his death, he may have been a Roman Catholic.[45]His different titles used in sources include Lord of Emathia and Vumenestia or simply Lord of Mat. In Venetian sources he was also referred to as “Lord in Albania” (Dominum in Albania),[46] and “Lord of the part of Albania” (Dominus Partium Albanie).[47]^In the documentary acts of the time, Scanderbeg’s father is variously called Ivan Castriothi,Ivanus Castrioti,[49]Juano\/Juanum Castrioti,[50]Juannus Castrioti,Juanum, Johanni, Ivanus, Ivani,[52]Iohannes, Janus, Iouan, Ioannis, Yuan, Ivan, Yuvan, etc.[53] In the few acts of his own chancellery, his name results Ivan or Ivan\u044a. It is possible that these acts were written by Ninac Vukosali\u0107.[54][55] Besides the acts in Slavonic, Ivan is used by some Byzantine chroniclers, like Laonicus Chalcocondyles (\u1fda\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2)[56] and many works written by the contemporary scholars. Contemporary Ottoman documents refer to him as Yuvan, to his lands as Yuvan-ili while his son George was referred to as Iskender Bey Yuvan Oglu. Giovanni Musachi (fl. 1510) in his work written in Italian, calls him Giovanni, which is also used by Demetrio Franco (1443\u20131525). Marin Barleti in his 1508\u201310 Latin work, calls him Iohannes. Frang Bardhi (1606\u20131643) in his Apology, called him “Gion, which in Latin is Iohannis”.[57]References[edit]^ Sindik, Du\u0161an (1990), “Dve povelje u Hilandaru o Ivanu Kastriotu i sinovima”, Stanovni\u0161tvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji\u00a0: zbornik radova sa me\u0111unarodnog nau\u010dnog skupa odr\u017eanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbian), Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore\u00a0; Stru\u010dna knj., OCLC\u00a029549273, Pretpostavka da je kao monah u Hilandaru umro i sam Ivan Kastriot zasniva se na podacima jednog zapisa u kojem se ka\u017ee da je umro Kastriot… Ioakim monah. Po sli\u010dnosti imena Ioakim i Ivan, zatim po datumu u tome zapisu 2. maj, i po jednom drugom zapisu u kojem je pod 2. majem zabele\u017eena smrt Ivana Kastriota, mo\u017ee se sa dosta sigurnosti podr\u017eati navedena pretpostavka.^ Savez dru\u0161tava arhivskih radnika Jugoslavije; Savez dru\u0161tava arhivskih radnika FNRJ.; Glavni arhivski savet FNRJ. (1952). Arhivist, \u0422\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 2-4. Savez dru\u0161tava arhivskih radnika FNRJ. p.\u00a073. Retrieved 25 March 2012. \u0422\u0443 \u0458\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 2 \u043c\u0430\u0458\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043e \u201e\u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442, \u041c\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0408\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0442\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e”^ Selishchev, Afanasi\u012d Matveevich (1978) [1931], Slavjanskoe naselenie v Albanii [Slavic population in Albania] (in Russian), K\u00f6ln: B\u00f6hlau Verlag, p.\u00a0179, ISBN\u00a09783412012786, OCLC\u00a05658110, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442 (1407\u20131437) \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0432 2000 \u0432\u0441\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u044c\u044f \u0443 \u041a\u0430\u043f \u0420\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043d\u0438 (\u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0414\u0440\u0430\u0447\u0430) \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0414\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430.^ Archiv f\u00fcr slavische Philologie. Robarts – University of Toronto. Berlin Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: others (link)^ Malaj 2013, p.\u00a043^ Malaj 2013, p.\u00a044^ Omari 2014, p.\u00a045^ Omari 2014, p.\u00a041^ Omari 2014, p.\u00a048^ a b Fine 1994, p. 516^ \u0106orovi\u0107 2001: “\u0423\u0437 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0448\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0458\u0438 \u0458\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0430\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0434\u043c\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433 \u0443 \u0417\u0435\u0442\u0443.”^ Vujovi\u0107, Dimitrije; Risto Dragi\u0107evi\u0107; Nikola \u0110akonovi\u0107; Milinko \u0110urovi\u0107; Mir\u010deta \u0110urovi\u0107; Pavle Mijovi\u0107; \u0110oko Pejovi\u0107; Vlado Strugar (1970),  Milinko \u0110urovi\u0107 (ed.), Istorija Crne Gore [History of Montenegro] (in Serbian), vol.\u00a0II, Titograd: Nau\u010dno Delo, p.\u00a0143, OCLC\u00a0633018773, \u0423 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0458 \u0432\u043e\u0458\u0441\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443 \u0441\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0458\u0438 \u0458\u0435 \u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0430\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0458\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u043e \u0409\u0435\u0448\u0430, \u0438 \u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u043e\u0434 \u045a\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430….^ Noli, Fan Stilian (1947), George Kastrioti Scanderbeg (1405\u20131468), International Universities Press, OCLC\u00a0732882, As a matter of fact, he had sent his son Stanisha with an auxiliary corps to help the Serbians against the Venetians at Scutari^ a b c Fine 1994, p. 517^ Vujovi\u0107, Dimitrije; Risto Dragi\u0107evi\u0107; Nikola \u0110akonovi\u0107; Milinko \u0110urovi\u0107; Mir\u010deta \u0110urovi\u0107; Pavle Mijovi\u0107; \u0110oko Pejovi\u0107; Vlado Strugar (1970),  Milinko \u0110urovi\u0107 (ed.), Istorija Crne Gore [History of Montenegro] (in Serbian), vol.\u00a0II, Titograd: Nau\u010dno Delo, p.\u00a0144, OCLC\u00a0633018773, \u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u045b\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e \u0411\u0435\u043c\u0431\u043e \u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0458\u0430\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0458\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0435. \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043e 300, \u041a\u043e\u0458\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0438 200, \u0430 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0458\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0452\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430….\u041d\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0448\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043e…^ Elsie, Robert (2010), “Independent Albania (1912\u20131944)”, Historical dictionary of Albania, Lanham: Scarecrow Press, p.\u00a0399, ISBN\u00a0978-0-8108-7380-3, OCLC\u00a0454375231, The young Iskander also participated in military campaigns against the Christians, for which his father was obliged to beg the pardon of Venetian senate in 1428^ M. Be\u0161i\u0107, Zarij (1970), Istorija Crne Gore \/ 2. Crna gora u doba oblasnih gospodara. (in Serbian), Titograd: Redakcija za istoiju Crne Gore, p.\u00a0156, OCLC\u00a0175122851, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u0458\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u045a\u0443 \u0441 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u043c\u0430, … \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043f \u0414\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043d \u041c\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443 \u0421\u0438\u045a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0438, \u0443 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443 1428. \u0433\u043e\u0434., \u0434\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d, \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0441\u0443 \u041c\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043d (1423), \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043e \u045a\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0458\u0435\u0434\u0435 \u0443 \u0410\u043b\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0443 \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430. \u041a\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0458\u0435\u043e\u043d \u043e\u0434\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0430\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0432\u0435, \u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043e \u0458\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0433\u0430 \u041c\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u043a\u043e \u0433\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u0443.^ M. Be\u0161i\u0107, Zarij (1970), Istorija Crne Gore \/ 2. Crna gora u doba oblasnih gospodara. (in Serbian), Titograd: Redakcija za istoiju Crne Gore, p.\u00a0158, OCLC\u00a0175122851, \u0418\u0441\u0445\u0430\u043a \u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0458\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u0443\u0437\u0435\u043e \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0443 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432\u0435\u045b\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043e \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0459\u0435, \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043e \u0443 \u045a\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0442\u0432\u0440\u0452\u0430\u0432\u0435 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043e. \u041c\u0430\u045a\u0438 \u0434\u0438\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0458\u0435\u0434\u0430 \u043c\u0443 \u0458\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043e, \u0458\u0435\u0440 \u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u045a\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043e \u0437\u0431\u043e\u0433 \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0458\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0431\u043e\u0433 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438^ History of the Albanian people Archived 10 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2002 edition from the Academy of Sciences of Albania Tome I, p. 335^ \u0130nalc\u0131k 1995, p.\u00a077Ces neuf villages, toujours selon le registre en question, \u00e9taient situ\u00e9s dans les terres de Jean (Yuvan-ili), c’est-\u00e0-dire qu’ils appartenaient aux domaines de Jean Kastriote, le p\u00e8re de Skanderbeg. (These nine villages, according to the register in question, were located in the land of Gjon (Yuvan-ili), that is to say they were part of Gjon Kastrioti’s property.)^ \u0130nalc\u0131k 1995, p.\u00a077La note en question, dat\u00e9e 1438, ne laisse subsister aucun doute que c’est autour de cette date que ces terres avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 cadastr\u00e9es. Les neuf villages en question, compte tenu qu’ils se trouvaient sur le Registre de Yuvan-ili (Jean Kastriote), sont du domaine du p\u00e8re de Skanderbeg. L’octroi de ces villages \u00e0 Andr\u00e9 Karlo doit avoir f\u00e2ch\u00e9 Skanderbeg. Quoique l’Etat ottoman consid\u00e9r\u00e2t ces terres des domaines d’Etat attribuables en timar, pour Skanderbeg il s’agissait des domaines seigneuriaux de son p\u00e8re. (The note, dated 1438, leaves no doubt that it is around this date that the land had been surveyed and registered. As the nine villages were listed on the Register of Yuvan-ili (Gjon Kastrioti), they were definitely part of Skanderbeg’s father’s land. The granting of these villages to Andr\u00e9 Karlo must have upset Skanderbeg. Although the Ottoman state regarded these as areas of state land as Skanderbeg’s Timar holding, these were in fact the fiefs of his father.)^ \u0130nalc\u0131k 1995, p.\u00a077L’octroi de ces villages \u00e0 Andr\u00e9 Karlo doit avoir f\u00e2ch\u00e9 Skanderbeg.^ Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1954), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol.\u00a04, Brill, p.\u00a0139, In the same year nine villages of his in Yuvan-eii were made over to Andre Karlo (ibid., no. 335). His father’s centre ol Mus (Mysja) was made a xi’amet, and Isken- der asked for it to be granted to himself (Topkapi Sarayi Archives^ Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1954), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol.\u00a04, Brill, p.\u00a0139, …but sanjakbegi (? of Ohrid) objected to the granting of this important…^ Istorisko dru\u0161tvo Narodne Republike Crne Gore; Istoriski institut Narodne Republike Crne Gore.; Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore u Titogradu.; Dru\u0161tvo istori\u010dara SR Crne Gore.; Istorijski institut Republike Crne Gore.; Dru\u0161tvo istori\u010dara Republike Crne Gore.; Dru\u0161tvo istori\u010dara Crne Gore. (1993), Istoriski zapisi [Historical records] (in Serbian), vol.\u00a066, Cetinje, pp.\u00a037, 42, 63, OCLC\u00a05227190^ Jire\u010dek, Konstantin (1952). Politi\u010dka istorija Srba (Political history of Serbs) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Nau\u010dna Knjiga. p.\u00a0335. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2014. \u0417\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0443\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0443\u0458\u0443 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442 \u0438 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0459\u0443 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430… \u0412\u0438\u0434\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0438\u0441\u043c\u043e \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0434 25. \u0444\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0430\u0440\u0430 1420 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0446\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u043e\u0437 \u045a\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0459\u0443 \u0437\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d (Despot forbid to Dubrovnik merchants to use that way, and ordered them to travel through Venetian area in Scutari and through land of Ivan Kastriot…. See serbian letter to merchants from Dubrovnik traveling through his land to Prizren, written by Ivan Kastriot on February 25, 1420.^ Archiv f\u00fcr slavische Philologie (in German), vol.\u00a021, Weidmann, 1899, p.\u00a095, 1420, 25. Februar. Geleitsbrief des Herrn Ivan (Kastriota) und seiner S\u00fchne filr die Kaufleute von Ragusa auf dem Wege durch sein Land von Sufadaja (bei Alessio) nach Prizren, nebst Bestimmungen Uber die Z\u00f6lle.^ Istorisko dru\u0161tvo Narodne Republike Crne Gore; Istoriski institut Narodne Republike Crne Gore.; Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore u Titogradu.; Dru\u0161tvo istori\u010dara SR Crne Gore.; Istorijski institut Republike Crne Gore.; Dru\u0161tvo istori\u010dara Republike Crne Gore.; Dru\u0161tvo istori\u010dara Crne Gore. (1993), Istoriski zapisi [Historical records] (in Serbian), vol.\u00a066, Cetinje, p.\u00a035, OCLC\u00a05227190, \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442 ]\u0435 \u043e\u0434 \u0421\u043d\u043d\u201a\u043e\u0440\u0438]\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u043d \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0434 \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0446\u0430]\u0443 \u0443. \u0422\u042c\u0435\u0448\u0443 \u0438 \u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e \u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d]\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0443\u0447]\u0435, \u0442]. \u0443 \u0428\u0443\u0444\u0430\u0434\u0430]; \u0442\u0430] \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0442\u0435\u0432 ]\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430^ Deteli\u0107, Mirjana (2007),  Du\u0161an T. Batakovi\u0107 (ed.), Epski gradovi, leksikon [Epic cities, a lexicon] (in Serbian), Belgrade: Balkanolo\u0161ki institut SANU, p.\u00a0253, ISBN\u00a09788671790406, OCLC\u00a0298613010, U blizini Lje\u0161a postojalo je trgovi\u0161te \u0160ufadaj ili Sufade \u010diji polo\u017eaj danas nije mogu\u0107e ta\u010dno utvrditi. Taj strate\u0161ki va\u017ean trg blizu mora (budu\u0107i daje bio dostupan brodovima) Venecija nije kontrolisala, iako je dr\u017eala zemlji\u0161ni pojas od Skadra do Lje\u0161a, uz Dra\u010dsa okolinom. \u0160ufadaj je po\u010detkom XV v. bio u vlasti porodice Jonima, a 1428. u vlasti Jovana Kastriota^ Povijesno dru\u0161tvo Hrvatske; Dru\u0161tvo za hrvatsku povjesnicu (1984), Historijski zbornik (in Croatian), vol.\u00a037, Zagreb: Nakladni zavod Hrvatske, p.\u00a068, O\u010digledno je da su tada \u0160ufalaj i rt Rodoni kraj Dra\u010da raspolagali ne samo bogatim \u0161umskim kompleksima nego i za\u010decima brodogradnje… kao stanice za izvoz hrastovog drveta u pravcu Dubrovnika.^ Balkanolo\u0161ki institut (1972), Balkanika\u00a0: godi\u0161njak Instituta za Balkanologiju [Balcanica\u00a0: annual of the Institute for Balkan Studies] (in Serbian), vol.\u00a0III, Belgrade: Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, p.\u00a0258, OCLC\u00a0212380606^ Licursi, Emiddio Pietro (2011), Empire of Nations: The Consolidation of Albanian and Turkish National Identities in theLate Ottoman Empire, 1878 \u2013 1913, New York: Columbia University, p.\u00a022, A popular saying in southern Albanian is said to have originated from Skanderbeg’s father, Gjon Kastrioti, “Ku \u00ebsht\u00eb shpata, \u00ebsht\u00eb feja”. (Where the sword is, there lies religion).^ Egro, Dritan (2010),  Oliver Jens Schmitt (ed.), Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen S\u00fcdosteuropa, vol.\u00a04, Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien, p.\u00a020, ISBN\u00a0978-3-631-60295-9, Gjon Kastrioti…was a Roman Catholic from 1407 to 1410, as an ally of Venice … he converted to Orthodoxy from 1419 to 1426, accepting the alliance of Stephen Lazarevic of Serbia … From 1431 to 1438 he was converted into Islam, because politically he was a vassal of the Ottomans^ Sindik, Du\u0161an (1990), “Dve povelje u Hilandaru o Ivanu Kastriotu i sinovima”, Stanovni\u0161tvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji\u00a0: zbornik radova sa me\u0111unarodnog nau\u010dnog skupa odr\u017eanog u Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990 (in Serbian), Titograd: Istorijski institut SR Crne Gore\u00a0; Stru\u010dna knj., OCLC\u00a029549273, \u041f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0459\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0458\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430… \u0421\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u045b\u0435 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0458\u0431\u043e\u0459\u0435 \u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0435 \u0437\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0430 \u043e\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0459\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0432\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0452\u0443 1426. \u0438 1431. \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435…. This act was not dated….Therefore it is best to assume that it was issued in period between 1426 and 1431.^ Frash\u00ebri, Kristo (1962), George Kastrioti-Scanderbeg: the national hero of the Albanians (1405\u20131468), s.n., pp.\u00a086\u201392, OCLC\u00a01339175^ Anamali, Sk\u00ebnder (2002), Historia e popullit shqiptar n\u00eb kat\u00ebr v\u00ebllime (in Albanian), vol.\u00a0I, Botimet Toena, p.\u00a0342, OCLC\u00a052411919^ Slijep\u010devi\u0107, \u0110oko M. (1983). Srpsko-arbana\u0161ki odnosi kroz vekove sa posebnim osvrtom na novije vreme (in Serbian). Himelstir. p.\u00a045. \u0417\u0430\u0458\u0435\u0434\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u0420\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0402\u0443\u0440\u0452\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043e \u0458\u0435 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0442 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0425\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0420\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0430 \u0446\u0440\u043a\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0432. \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0448\u0442\u0435….\u0417\u0431\u043e\u0433 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0458\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0433 \u0441\u0432. \u0402\u043e\u0440\u0452\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043d \u00bb\u0430\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0440\u0433\u00bb. \u0420\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0448 \u0458\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0440\u043e \u0443 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0425\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0443 25. \u0458\u0443\u043b\u0430 1431. \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u0443 \u0458\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u0445\u0440\u0430\u045a\u0435\u043d. (Together with his sons Konstantin, Repo\u0161 and \u0110ura\u0111, Ivan Kastriot donated village Radosu\u0161e with church of saint Mary and village Trebi\u0161te to the monastery Hilandar… Therefore the tower of Saint George was named “Albanian tower”. Repo\u0161 died in Hilandar on 25 July 1431 and he was buried there.^ Noli 1989, pp. 244-245^ Ljubi\u0107, \u0160ime (1891), Listine o odno\u0161ajih izmedju ju\u017enoga slaventsva i mleta\u010dke republike (Documents about the relations of South Slavs and Venetian Republic), Monumenta spectantia historiam slavorum meridionalium, vol.\u00a0X, Zagreb, p.\u00a0299, OCLC\u00a068872994, Ivanum Kastrioti dominum in Albania^ “Studi storici, Issues 125-131”. Studi Storici. Istituto storico italiano per il medio evo: 292. 1980. ISSN\u00a00391-8475. Nei documenti veneziani Giovanni \u00e8 detto ora \u00ab\u00a0dominus partium Albanie\u00bb^ Archiv f\u00fcr slavische Philologie. Vol.\u00a021. Weidmann. 1899. p.\u00a090.^ Giuseppe Valentini (1973). Beitr\u00e4ge zur Kenntnis S\u00fcdosteuropas und des Nahen Orients. R. Trofenik. pp.\u00a01, 186, 192.^ Ljubi\u0107, \u0160ime (1891), Listine o odno\u0161ajih izmedju ju\u017enoga slaventsva i mleta\u010dke republike (Documents about the relations of South Slavs and Venetian Republic), Monumenta spectantia historiam slavorum meridionalium, vol.\u00a0X, Zagreb, pp.\u00a044, 133, 134, OCLC\u00a068872994^ Thalloczy & Jire\u010dek, Zwei Urkunden, 146.^ Korablev, Actes, II, 561, 562^ Petkovi\u0107, Arbana\u0161ki Pirg, 196-197^ e.g. Chalkokondyles, 5.40; translated by Anthony Kaldellis, The Histories (Cambridge: Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library, 2014), vol. 1 pp. 412f^ Blancus, Georgius Castriotus, 73: “Gion (id est Iohannis Latine) Castrati nuncupatus”Sources[edit]Bela, Muhamet (2019). “A ishte Sk\u00ebnderbeu nga Hasi?! – Mendime rreth origjin\u00ebs s\u00eb Sk\u00ebnderbeut”.  In Syla, Sabit; Verli, Marenglen; Asani, Sk\u00ebnder; Berisha, Gjon (eds.). Gjergj Kastrioti – Sk\u00ebnderbeu n\u00eb 550-vjetorin e vdekjes: (materiale nga Konferenca shkencore nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare “Gjergj Kastrioti – Sk\u00ebnderbeu n\u00eb 550-vjetorin e vdekjes”, mbajtur n\u00eb Prishtin\u00eb, m\u00eb 16 tetor 2018) (PDF) (in Albanian). Institute of history “Ali Hadri”. ISBN\u00a0978-9951409803.Malaj, Edmond (2013). “Familje fisnike t\u00eb Drishtit mesjetar (Noble Families of Medieval Drivasto”. Studime Historike. 3\u20134.Muhaj, Ardian (2015). “Hulumtimi i origjin\u00ebs s\u00eb Sk\u00ebnderbeut p\u00ebrmes historis\u00eb s\u00eb jet\u00ebs dhe vepr\u00ebs s\u00eb tij”. 610-vjetori i lindjes s\u00eb Heroit Komb\u00ebtar Gjergj Kastrioti Sk\u00ebnderbeu. Academy of Sciences of Albania.Omari, Jeton (2014). Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia [Skanderbeg between history and historiography] (PDF) (Thesis). University of Padua.\u0130nalc\u0131k, Halil (1995), From empire to republic\u00a0: essays on Ottoman and Turkish social history (in French), Istanbul: Isis Press, ISBN\u00a0978-975-428-080-7, OCLC\u00a034985150Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994), The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, University of Michigan Press, ISBN\u00a0978-0-472-08260-5     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/gjon-kastrioti-wikipedia-3\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Gjon Kastrioti – Wikipedia"}}]}]