[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/hrusish-languages-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/hrusish-languages-wikipedia\/","headline":"Hrusish languages – Wikipedia","name":"Hrusish languages – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Sino-Tibetan language branch of India The Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languages[1] possibly constitute","datePublished":"2017-12-25","dateModified":"2017-12-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/hrusish-languages-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3321,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Sino-Tibetan language branch of IndiaThe Hrusish or Southeast Kamengic languages[1] possibly constitute a Sino-Tibetan branch in Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India. They are Hruso (Aka) and Mijiic.[1] In Glottolog, Hammarstr\u00f6m, et al.[2] does not accept Hrusish, and considers similarities between Hruso and Miji to be due to loanwords.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4George van Driem (2014) and Bodt & Lieberherr (2015)[3] use the name Hrusish, while Anderson (2014)[1] prefers Southeast Kamengic.Table of ContentsClassification[edit]Comparative vocabulary[edit]Reconstruction[edit]See also[edit]Further reading[edit]References[edit]Classification[edit]Anderson (2014)[1] considers Hrusish to be a branch of Tibeto-Burman. However, Blench and Post (2011) suggest that the Hruso languages likely constitute an independent language family.[4]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Bodt’s & Lieberherr’s (2015:69)[3] internal classification of the Hrusish languages is as follows.HrusishHruso (\u0281uso, Aka)Miji-BangruWestern Miji (\u0110\u0259mmai, Sad\u0291ala\u014b)Eastern Miji (N\u0259mrai, Wadu Ba\u014bru)Bangru (Tad\u0259 Ba\u014bru, Tad\u0291u Ba\u014bru, L\u0259wj\u025b, L\u0259vai)Comparative vocabulary[edit]The following comparative vocabulary table of Hrusish vocabulary items (Bangru, Miji, and Hruso) is from Anderson (2014), with additional Bangru data from Li (2003).[5] Anderson’s (2014) Hruso data is from Anderson’s own field notes and from Simon (1970).[6] Anderson’s (2014) Miji data is from his own field notes as well as Simon (1979)[7] and Weedall (2014).[8] Bangru data is from Ramya (2011, 2012).[9][10]GlossBangru (Li 2003)[5]Bangru (Anderson 2014)[1]Miji (Anderson 2014)[1]Hruso (Anderson 2014)[1]sund\u0291u\u02e5wai\u02e5\u02e7d\u0292ud\u0292o ~ zu\u0294; zo ~ \u0292\u02b2o\u0294d\u0292u ~ d\u0291u; d\u02b2usnowd\u0259\u02e7\u02e9\u0263ai\u02e5tened\u0268len; t\u0259l\u025bnt\u02b0i\u0272\u0272oashesla\u0294\u02e5bu\u02e5\u02e7lag-bowmaj-buxuk\u02b0es-pumother’s brother–ki\u02d0-nia-k\u02b0iw; akjua-k\u02b0isonm\u0259\u02e7\u02e9d\u0291u\u02e5mu-d\u0292u-\u0272i\u02d0ibzusou ~ sa ~ seuI\u0235o\u014b\u02e5\u0272o(\u0294)\u0272a\u014bn\u0254wega\u02e7\u02e9ni\u02e5k-a\u0272ia\u0272i\u0272ibearsi\u02e5tsua\u014b\u02e5sut\u0283ow\u0283utsa\u014bsitso ~ sutsoinsect(s)b\u0259\u02e7\u02e9lo\u014b\u02e5belo\u014b-si\u0272ibilu\u0294\u014b; b\u0259\u026bu\u0294\u014b; bilu\u014b\u02b0b\u0259lunosem\u0259\u02e7\u02e9\u0235i\u02e7gua\u014b\u02e5\u02e7mi-ni\u02d0-ko\u0272iun-su ~ nu-suhandm\u0259\u02e7\u02e9gai\u02e5me-gej(m\u0259)gi\u0259gz\u0259thumb (‘hand’ + ‘mother’)–me-gej-neagi-nui\u0294; gi-bat\u0283o\u0259gz\u0259-i-a\u0272saliva, spit–je\u0292e\u0294ze-md\u0291iu; \u0259\u0292\u02b2\u0259xu ~ \u0259\u0263\u02b2\u0259xusleepd\u0291e\u02e5zeud\u0292id\u0292umdreamdai\u02e5mu\u02e7\u02e9mu\u02e5tjamei\u02d0tajmet\u02b0imjeufourbu\u02e7\u02e9rai\u02e5porajibli; b(\u0259)lep\u02b0iri; p\u02b0ijifivebu\u014b\u02e5pu\u014bbungu, bu\u014bup\u02b0um ~ p\u02b0\u00f3msixrai\u02e5\u02e7rehre\u0294; re\u0294 ~ r\u00e9\u0294rij\u025b; \u0291jesevenmuai\u02e5\u02e7mojimya\u0294, mja\u0294mrjo; mr\u0254eights\u0259\u02e7\u02e9cai\u02e5\u02e7sagaiks\u0268gi\u0294, s\u0268ge\u0294; s\u0259gujs\u0259gz\u0259 ~ s\u0268gd\u0292\u0268 ~ s\u0268\u0263d\u0292\u0268nines\u0259\u02e7\u02e9t\u0259\u014b\u02e5sata\u014bs\u0268t\u02b0\u0268n; st\u02b0\u0268n; st\u0259nst\u02b0\u0259; st\u02b0\u0268 ~ st\u02b0\u0259tenr\u0259\u014b\u02e5ra\u014blin; l\u0259n\u0281\u0259; \u0281\u0268 ~ \u0281\u0259bow–karaikg\u0268ri\u0294; g\u0259rik\u02b0iridrym\u0259\u02e7\u02e9ci\u02e5mi\u02d0-kjim\u0268-k\u02b0yang; m\u0259kja\u014bk\u02b0roumothera\u02e7\u02e9nai\u02e5\u02e7a\u02d0nejaa\u0272\u02b2ia\u0272i; a\u0272redja\u02e7\u02e9d\u0291u\u02e5\u02e7ja-t\u0283ukmu-tsutsustream–wu-d\u0292uvu-zu\u0294 ‘creek’xu-sashoulderm\u0259\u02e7\u02e9pu\u02e5zi\u02e5m-pod\u0292pas-t(\u02b0)u\u014b; pasto\u014b\u0259-pos-tufingerm\u0259\u02e7\u02e9gai\u02e5tsuo\u02e5\u02e7me-gej-t\u0283owagi-tso\u0294; m\u0259gitso\u0259gzi-ts\u0259pig\u0291\u0259u\u02e5\u02e7d\u0292u\u0292o; \u0292o\u0294vobird (‘bird’ + ‘son\/child’)pu\u02e5d\u0291u\u02e7\u02e9pu-d\u0292ubuzu(\u0294); b\u0268-z\u0268 ~ b-z\u0268 ~ b\u0259-zu ~ b\u0259-z\u0259; b\u0259-zu\u0294mu-suseed–metet\u02b0ei-z\u02b0o; (me)t\u1ebdisi; d\u0292\u02b2e; \u0283e-dieReconstruction[edit]Proto-Hrusish has been reconstructed in by Bodt & Lieberherr (2015). Bodt & Lieberherr (2015:101) note that Proto-Hrusish displays a sound change from Proto-Tibeto-Burman *s- to  t-, which they note had also occurred in Bodo-Garo, Kuki-Chin, Tangkhulic, Central Naga, and Karbi languages. The Proto-Tibeto-Burman *-l and -r have also been lost in Proto-Hrusish.Reconstructed Proto-Hrusish forms from Bodt & Lieberherr (2015) are given below.*n\u0259-pa\u014b ‘aconite’*si-ni ‘ant’*pri ‘awake’*b\u0259-ru(d\u0361zi\u014b) ‘axe’*m\u0259-ni\u014b ‘bad’*bra ‘bamboo (big)’*(g)o-prja ‘bark (tree)’*s\u0259-t\u0361sa\u014b ‘bear’*majk ‘bee’*m\u0259-do\u0294 ‘big (thick, wide)’*b\u0259-dow ‘bird’*ta\u0294 ‘bite’*kam ‘bitter’*jaC ‘blood’*m\u0259-muC ‘body’*lu ‘boil (water)’*m\u0259-ri-ja\u014b ‘bone’*g\u0259-raj ‘bow’*m\u0259-nu\u014b ‘breast; milk’*(nam)sjaj ‘broom’*su ‘cane; rope’*dowC ‘chicken’*m\u0259-ga-da\u0294 ‘chin’*gi-le ‘cloth’*majm\u0259w\u014b ‘cloud’*ku ‘cook’*su ‘cow’*kraC ‘cry’*taj ‘cut’*ga ‘day’*m\u0259-ruk ‘deep’*\u03b8\u0259j ‘die’*taC ‘dig’*ni-t\u0361\u0255i ‘dirty’*ru ‘do’*pi\u014b ‘door’*tai-m\u0259 ‘dream’*tu\u014b ‘drink’*t\u0361\u0255a ‘eat’*do-ri\u014b ‘egg’*s\u0259-giC ‘eight’*(a\/m\u0259)ko ‘elder brother’*m\u0259-hi-la\u014b ’empty’*t\u0361s\u0259j ‘excrete, defecate’*m\u0259-ja\u0294 ‘eye’*m\u0259-r\u0259\u014b ‘far’*m\u0259-baC ‘fat (n)’*ri ‘fear’*mej\u0294 ‘few’*r\u0259j ‘fight’*m\u0259-guC-t\u0361\u0255o\u0294 ‘finger’*maj ‘fire’*laC ‘fireplace’*trV ‘fish’*b\u0259-\u014bu ‘five’*m\u0259-boC ‘flower’*m\u0259-d\u0361\u0291oC ‘friend’*d\u0361\u0291uC ‘frog’*\u03b8ai ‘fruit’*b\u0259-l\u0259j ‘four’*li\u014b ‘full’*kikmu\u014b ‘garlic, onion’*b\u0259j ‘give’*se-preN ‘goat’*rajC ‘grind, crush’*m\u0259-lu\u014b ‘guts’*go-pu ‘hair’*m\u0259-ga\u014b-lo ‘hard’*m\u0259-guC ‘hand, arm’*du ‘have, exist’*m\u0259-go-ku\u014b ‘head’*m\u0259-lu\u014b-w\u0259wC ‘heart’*m\u0259-l\u0259j ‘heavy’*m\u0259-su ‘horn’*nam ‘house’*k\u0259-na ‘how many’*niC ‘human’*b\u0259-lu\u014b ‘hundred’*noC ‘ill’*b\u0259w-lu\u014b ‘insect’*suN ‘iron’*g\u0259-d\u0361\u0291uk ‘itch’*d\u0259gra\u014b ‘kick’*gajC ‘kill’*vaj-t\u0361su\u014b ‘knife’*ni ‘know’*toC ‘laugh’*m\u0259-rajC ‘leaf’*l\u0259-wajC ‘leech’*laj ‘leg’*la\u014b ‘lift’*m\u0259-l\u0259-ta\u014b ‘light’*t\u0361\u0255i ‘liquor’*rej ‘listen, hear’*si\u014b ‘live, grow up’*m\u0259-\u03b8in ‘liver’*m\u0259-pja\u014b ‘long’*ga\u014b ‘look, see’*saC ‘louse’*daj ‘make; do’*niC ‘man (male)’*su ‘meat’*lu ‘month’*lu ‘moon’*m\u0259-nu\u014b ‘mouth; language’*lu-lV ‘mortar’*me-naj ‘mother’*m\u0259-mji\u014b ‘name’*m\u0259-nej ‘near’*ta- ‘negative imperative’*m\u0259-g\u0259-nu ‘new’*n\u0259-gaC ‘night’*s\u0259-ti\u014b ‘nine’*m\u0259-\u0255o\u0294 ‘old’*a-ken ‘one’*an ‘paddy rice’*b\u0259-laC ‘pestle’*jow\u0294 ‘pig’*go-kuN ‘pillow’*n\u0259-d\u0259j; *pro ‘rain’*t\u0361\u0255a\u0294 ‘red’*g\u0259-leC ‘ring’*lam-ba\u014b ‘road’*m\u0259-kri\u014b ‘root’*m\u0259-d\u0259-r\u0259w ’round’*lu ‘salt’*s\u0259-g\u0259-raj ‘sand’*m\u0259-\u03b8ai ‘seed’*laC ‘sell’*m\u0259-ljak ‘seven’*k(r)iC ‘sew’*m\u0259-nu\u014b ‘short’*m\u0259-ma ‘sister (elder)’*d\u0361\u0291uC ‘sit, stay’*reC ‘six’*m\u0259-prja ‘skin’*n\u0259-d\u0259-la\u014b ‘sky’*d\u0361\u0291V ‘sleep’*maj-k\u0259n ‘smoke (n)’*b\u0259w ‘snake’*d\u0259ren ‘snow’*m\u0259-l\u0259-prjuC ‘soft, smooth’*na\u0294 ‘soil’*t\u0259wC ‘speak’*d\u0361\u0291u\u014b ‘spear’*m\u0259su ‘spicy’*je\u0294 ‘spittle’*gu ‘stand’*l\u0259-t\u0361\u0255u\u014b ‘star’*k\u0259 ‘steal’*t\u0361\u0255u\u014b ‘storehouse, granary’*m\u0259-g\u0259-ra\u014b ‘straight’*b\u0259-nu\u014b ‘suck’*d\u0361\u0291u\u0294 ‘sun’*b\u0259-ljaC ‘swallow’*m\u0259-ja\u014b ‘sweet’*li\u014b ‘swell’*wa ‘(swidden) field’*d\u0361\u0291aC ‘swim’*m\u0259-l\u0259-mrjaj ‘tail’*l\u0259w ‘take’*t\u0361\u0255aC ‘tell’*r\u0259\u014b ‘ten’*paj-t\u0361\u0255i ‘that’*pu-t\u0361\u0255i ‘that (lower)’*m\u0259-lu ‘thigh’*hu\u014b ‘this’*g\u0259-\u03b8\u0259m ‘three’*g\u0259-d\u0361\u0291uC ‘thorn’*b\u0259-laj ‘tongue’*m\u0259-taC ‘tooth’*(g)o-naj ‘tree’*g\u0259-niC ‘two’*an-l\u0259-giN ‘uncooked rice’*pen ‘vegetable’*mu ‘vomit’*daj ‘walk’*t\u0361\u0255aC ‘hot, warm’*wi ‘water’*kua-su\u0294 ‘waterfall’*traj ‘weave’*ti\u014b ‘what’*k\u0259\u0294 ‘where’*m\u0259-g\u0259-raN ‘white’*\u03b8u ‘who’*low ‘wind’*g\u0259\/m\u0259-t\u0361\u0255\u0259wC ‘wing’*d\u0361\u0291Vru ‘with’*(g)o ‘wood’*n\u0259m\u0259raj ‘woman’*d\u0259-ni\u014b ‘year’*d\u0259-gaC ‘yesterday’*m\u0259-nu\u014b ‘younger sibling’*na(-ja\u014b) ‘1SG’*ni ‘2SG’*\u0294i ‘3SG’*ka-ni ‘1PL’*d\u0361\u0291V ‘2PL’*na ‘3PL’See also[edit]Further reading[edit]References[edit]^ a b c d e f g Anderson, Gregory D.S. 2014. On the classification of the Hruso (Aka) language. Paper presented at the 20th Himalayan Languages Symposium, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.^ “Glottolog 4.4 – Hruso”.^ a b Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus; Lieberherr, Ismael (2015). “First notes on the phonology and classification of the Bangru language of India”. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 38 (1): 66\u2013123. doi:10.1075\/ltba.38.1.03bod.^ Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26^ a b Li Daqin [\u674e\u5927\u52e4]. 2003. “A sketch of Bengru” [\u5d29\u5982\u8bed\u6982\u51b5]. Minzu Yuwen 2003(5), 64-80.^ Simon, I. M. 1970. Aka language guide. Shillong: NEFA. 1993 Reprint Itanagar.^ Simon, I. M. 1979\/1974. Miji Language Guide. Shillong. (Govt. Arunachal).^ Weedall, Christopher. 2014. Sajolang-English lexicon. m.s.^ Ramya, Tame. 2011. An Ethnographic Study Bangrus of in Kurung Kumey District, Arunachal Pradesh. M Phil. Thesis. Rajiv Gandhi University, Itanagar.^ Ramya, Tame. 2012. Sociolinguistic profile of the Bangru languages of Arunachal Pradesh. Presented at ICOLSI, Shillong. m.s.     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/hrusish-languages-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Hrusish languages – Wikipedia"}}]}]