[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/lower-sepik-languages-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/lower-sepik-languages-wikipedia\/","headline":"Lower Sepik languages – Wikipedia","name":"Lower Sepik languages – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Language family of Papua New Guinea The Lower Sepik a.k.a. Nor\u2013Pondo languages are","datePublished":"2022-05-25","dateModified":"2022-05-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special:CentralAutoLogin\/start?type=1x1","height":"1","width":"1"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/lower-sepik-languages-wikipedia\/","wordCount":3242,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Language family of Papua New GuineaThe Lower Sepik a.k.a. Nor\u2013Pondo languages are a small language family of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. They were identified as a family by K Laumann in 1951 under the name Nor\u2013Pondo, and included in Donald Laycock’s now-defunct 1973 Sepik\u2013Ramu family.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsClassification[edit]Foley (2018) and Usher (2020)[edit]Phonology[edit]Proto-language[edit]Pronouns[edit]Lexicon[edit]Further reading[edit]References[edit]Classification[edit]The original conception of the family, under the name Nor\u2013Pondo, is as follows:\u00a0Nor\u2013Pondo\u00a0\u00a0Nor\u00a0family\u00a0\u00a0Pondo\u00a0family\u00a0Malcolm Ross (2005) broke up the Nor branch (and thus renamed the family Lower Sepik) because Murik does not share the characteristic \/p\/s of the first- and second-person pronouns of Kopar and the Pondo languages, so the latter may form a group: Murik vs Kopar\u2013Pondo. Ross classified Lower Sepik as one branch of a Ramu\u2013Lower Sepik language family.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Foley (2005) tentatively proposes that Chambri and Angoram may be primary branches: Nor, Chambari, Karawari\u2013Yimas, Angoram. Usher, following Foley, keeps Nor together and breaks up Pondo.[1] Neither accept the connection to Ramu.Foley (2018) and Usher (2020)[edit]Foley (2018) and Usher (2020) agree on the following classification.[2][3]Lower Sepik familyFoley notes that Angoram appears to be closer to Murik\u2013Kopar, and Chambri to Karawari\u2013Yimas, but Foley (2018: 213) leaves them as separate branches pending further evidence.Phonology[edit]Except for Yimas-Karawari, Lower Sepik languages typically have the following six-vowel system.[4]Yimas-Karawari has only four vowels.[4]Proto-language[edit]Proto-Lower SepikReconstruction\u00a0ofLower Sepik languagesPronouns[edit]The pronouns reconstructed for the proto-language are,Proto\u2013Lower Sepik (Ross)I*amawe two*ka-i, *ka-piawe few*(p)a-\u014bk-i-twe all*a-i, *a-pia, *i-pithou*n\u0268miyou two*ka-u, *ka-puayou few*(p)a-\u014bk-u-tyou all*a-u, *a-pu, *i-pu(a)s\/he*m\u0268nthey two*m\u0268n\u0268mp\u00a0? (M),*mp\u0268\u00a0? (F)they few*m\u0268\u014bk\u0268-tthey all*mump (M),*pum (F)Proto-Nor\u2013Pondo (Foley)I*amawe two*ka-i, *ka-pa-iwe few*(pa)\u014bk-itwe all*a-i, *a-pa-i, *(y)i-i, *(y)i-pa-ithou*miyou two*ka-u, *ka-pa-uyou few*(pa)\u014bk-utyou all*a-u, *a-pa-u, *(y)i-u, *(y)i-pa-us\/he*m\u0259nthey two?they few*m\u0268\u014bk\u0268they all*mump\u00a0?Lexicon[edit]A phonological reconstruction of proto-Lower Sepik has been proposed by Foley (2005).[4] Foley’s (2005) lexical reconstructions are provided below.Proto-Lower Sepik reconstructions by Foley (2005)glossproto-Lower SepikYimasKarawiChambriAngrmMurikKoparone*mb(w)ia-mpa-mba-mbwia-mbia-abembateptwo*ri-pa--rpalripay-ri-(l\u0268)parkobokombarithree*-ram-ramnaw-rianmaw-ram-el\u0268mkero\u014bgokerem\u0268\u014bperson*nornar-ma\u014byarmas\u0268narnoranannornormale*ponpanmalpanmaripondopuinwoman*\u014bay\u014bayasaykayenu\u014bor\u014bainanawater*ar\u0268mar\u0268mar\u0268mar\u0268mal\u0268mar\u0268mar\u0268mfire*awrawtawiay\u0268ralu\u014bawrawrsunt\u0268mals\u0268maris\u0268nmarimbwinoak\u0268nak\u0268nmoon*m(w)il\u00a0?m\u0268latu\u014bkwimw\u0268lm\u0268lekarewankarepstarawaksu\u014bkwi\u0272cirimsu\u014bgwiare\u0272jomoaikina\u014bcanoe*kaykaykaykekegainkainhousenamyamkur\u0268rnamiranindanvillage*numnumimu\u014bkanumnumnomotnumotbreast*n\u0268\u014bgayn\u0268\u014bay\u0272jayn\u0268\u014bke\u014bgeni\u014bgenni\u014bgintooth*sisi\u014bk\u00a0?t\u0268r\u0268\u014bs\u0268s\u0268\u014bsra\u014bksisi\u014basarapasirapblood*ya-yatyayyariayakoneyaranyuwaranbone*sari\u014bamptan\u0268mtan\u0268manampsal\u0268\u014bsari\u014bib\u0329sarekimptongue*min\u0268\u014bm\u0268\u0272\u0268\u014bmum\u0268\u0272\u0268\u014bt\u0268bulani\u014bkm\u0268n\u0268\u014bmen\u0268\u014bmimi\u014beye*tambritu\u014bkuru\u014bsamp\u0268ss\u0268si\u014bktamblinabrinnambrinnoset\u0268kayipunwambusuna\u014b\u0268mdaurimbotleg*namu\u014bkpamu\u014bpamu\u014bnama\u014bknamu\u014bnam\u0268\u014bhairwapwiwampiyawimbwikmaleydwarruarear*kwand-kwantumu\u014bkwandukaskukunamkwandumkarekepkundotegg*aw\u014baw\u014byaw\u014baw\u014bkaw\u014bgaugaw\u014bleaf*n\u0268mprampn\u0268mpr\u0268myimpr\u0268mn\u0268mprampnamblumnabir\u0268kn\u0268mbira\u014byesterday \/ tomorrow*\u014bar\u0268\u014b\u014bar\u0268\u014bar\u0268\u014bnamas\u0268n\u0268\u014bnak\u0268m\u0268n\u014bar\u0268\u014brarioar*(m\u0268)na\u014bmura\u014bm\u0268na\u014bna\u014bkinapina\u014bna\u014bbetelnut*poru\u014bpatnpaynmunt\u0268k\u0268npar\u0268\u014bporogpuru\u014blime*awi(r)awiasay\u0268rawerairairpig*numprannumpranimpiannumpranimbarn\u0268mbrenn\u0268mbrencrocodilemanpamanpoayiwalamioramenurisnake*wak\u0268nwak\u0268nwak\u0268nwanparu\u014bwak\u0268nikunmosquito*na\u014bgunna\u014bkunya\u014bkunna\u014bgunwawar\u0268nnauknang\u0268tground*andiantiantin\u0268\u014bkrumpandiaginandinfeces*m\u0268ndim\u0268l\u0268mm\u0268ntimu\u0272jarm\u0268ndim\u0268nd\u0268nm\u0268nd\u0268hear*and-and\u0268anduand\u0268and\u0268d\u0268nndahit*ditupulkurard\u0268\u0268tidin\u0268\u014beat*am(b)am(b)am(b)am(b)am(b)m\u0268nmago*wawakuriakalwaonwacome*yayakurapiayayayayasit*sataysandasandabig*kupak\u0268pakupawupakupaapokapucold*sarV-tar\u0268ksar\u0268ksarukpopantsarapakinFor comparisons with the language isolate Tayap, see Tayap language#Classification.^ NewGuineaWorld – Lower Sepik River^ Foley, William A. (2018). “The Languages of the Sepik-Ramu Basin and Environs”.  In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol.\u00a04. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp.\u00a0197\u2013432. ISBN\u00a0978-3-11-028642-7.^ Lower Sepik River, New Guinea World^ a b c Foley, William A. (2005). “Linguistic prehistory in the Sepik-Ramu basin”.  In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp.\u00a0109\u2013144. ISBN\u00a00858835622. OCLC\u00a067292782.Further reading[edit]Proto-Lower-Sepik. TransNewGuinea.org. From (1) Foley, W.A. 1986. The Papuan languages of New Guinea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\u00a0; (2) Foley, W.A. 1986. The Papuan languages of New Guinea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Abbott, S. “Nor-Pondo lexicostatistical survey“. In Adams, K., Lauck, L., Miedema, J., Welling, F., Stokhof, W., Flassy, D., Oguri, H., Collier, K., Gregerson, K., Phinnemore, T., Scorza, D., Davies, J., Comrie, B. and Abbott, S. editors, Papers in New Guinea Linguistics No. 22. A-63:313-338. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1985. doi:10.15144\/PL-A63.313References[edit]Ross, Malcolm (2005). “Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages”.  In Andrew Pawley; Robert Attenborough; Robin Hide; Jack Golson (eds.). Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp.\u00a015\u201366. ISBN\u00a00858835622. OCLC\u00a067292782.     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