[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/osman-i-wikipedia-3\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/osman-i-wikipedia-3\/","headline":"Osman I – Wikipedia","name":"Osman I – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Founder of the Ottoman Empire (died 1323\/4) after-content-x4 Osman I or Osman Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0649, romanized:\u00a0\u02bfOsm\u0101n \u0120\u0101z\u012b;","datePublished":"2019-12-05","dateModified":"2019-12-05","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Gazi_T%C3%BCrbesi.JPG\/220px-Ertu%C4%9Frul_Gazi_T%C3%BCrbesi.JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/8\/87\/Ertu%C4%9Frul_Gazi_T%C3%BCrbesi.JPG\/220px-Ertu%C4%9Frul_Gazi_T%C3%BCrbesi.JPG","height":"165","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/osman-i-wikipedia-3\/","wordCount":37936,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Founder of the Ottoman Empire (died 1323\/4)       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Osman I or Osman Ghazi (Ottoman Turkish: \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0649, romanized:\u00a0\u02bfOsm\u0101n \u0120\u0101z\u012b; Turkish: I. Osman or Osman Gazi; died 1323\/4),[1][3] sometimes transliterated archaically as Othman, was the founder of the Ottoman Empire (first known as the Ottoman Beylik or Emirate). While initially a small Turkoman[6] principality during Osman’s lifetime, his descendants transformed into a world empire in the centuries after his death.[7] It existed until shortly after the end of World War I.Owing to the scarcity of historical sources dating from his lifetime, very little factual information about Osman has survived. Not a single written source survives from Osman’s reign,[8] and the Ottomans did not record the history of Osman’s life until the fifteenth century, more than a hundred years after his death.[9] Because of this, historians find it very challenging to differentiate between fact and myth in the many stories told about him.[10] One historian has even gone so far as to declare it impossible, describing the period of Osman’s life as a “black hole”.[11]According to later Ottoman tradition, Osman’s ancestors were descendants of the Kay\u0131 tribe of Oghuz Turks.[12] However, many scholars of the early Ottomans regard it as a later fabrication meant to reinforce dynastic legitimacy.[12]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Ottoman principality was one of many Anatolian beyliks that emerged in the second half of the thirteenth century. Situated in the region of Bithynia in the north of Asia Minor, Osman’s principality found itself particularly well placed to launch attacks on the vulnerable Byzantine Empire, which his descendants would eventually go on to conquer.Table of ContentsNameHistorical backgroundLineageOrigin of the Ottoman EmpireAscendance to leadershipImportance of the Osmanic Beylik locationOsman’s DreamPolitical relations at the beginning of Osman’s reignExpansion of the beylikConquest of KaracahisarConquest of Bilecik, Yarhisar, and \u0130neg\u00f6lFall of the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm, and the Osmanic Beylik’s independenceBattle of BapheusByzantine-Mongol convergence attemptByzantine-Catalan allianceConquest of Yeni\u015fehir and Its SurroundingsConquest of BursaFamilyConsortsSonsDaughtersPersonalityDeathLegacyThe Sword of OsmanIn popular cultureSee alsoReferencesFurther readingExternal linksNameSome scholars have argued that Osman’s original name was Turkish, probably Atman or Ataman, and was only later changed to \u02bfOsm\u0101n, of Arabic origin. The earliest Byzantine sources, including Osman’s contemporary and Greek historian George Pachymeres, spell his name as \u1f08\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd (Atouman) or \u1f08\u03c4\u03bc\u03ac\u03bd (Atman), whereas Greek sources regularly render both the Arabic form \u02bfUthm\u0101n and the Turkish version \u02bfOsm\u0101n with \u03b8, \u03c4\u03b8, or \u03c4\u03c3. An early Arabic source mentioning him also writes \u0637 rather than \u062b in one instance. Osman may thus have adopted the more prestigious Muslim name later in his life.[13] Turkish historian Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k argued that the hypotheses that Osman was in fact named Ataman (per George Pachymeres), and that he came from the Desth-i Qipchaq north of the Black Sea, are both remote possibilities.[14]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Arab scholars like Shihab al-Umari and Ibn Khaldun used the name Othman, while Ibn Battuta, who visited the region during Orhan I’s reign, called him Osmanc\u0131k (also spelled Othm\u0101njiq or Osmanjiq).[15] The suffix -c\u0131k (or -cuk), indicates the diminutive in Turkish, thus he was known by the name of Osmancik, which means “Osman the Little”, in order to differentiate between him and the third Rashidun Caliph “Uthman the Great”.[16]Historical background  Most sources agree that the Ottoman Turks belonged to the Kay\u0131 Oghuz Turkic clan, who, according to Ottoman traditions, fled their native homeland in Central Asia, during the early 13th century, due to the Mongol invasions. The clan settled in Anatolia, in a region belonging to the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm.[17] Other sources claim that the Kay\u0131 clan moved to Anatolia two centuries earlier than the previously mentioned date, alongside the Seljuks, when they left Transoxiana to Khurasan around 1040 CE to reside near the city of Merv. Then, the Kay\u0131 clan moved towards eastern Anatolia after 1071 CE,[18] where it displaced alongside other Turkic clans. Later, it became involved in the army of Sultan Kayqubad I and fought against the Khwarazmians, Mongols and Byzantines, who were raiding Seljuk lands. According to several sources, the Kay\u0131 warriors were known for filling first lines in battles, and their fighting skills and bravery were among the major factors the Seljuks were victorious in many battles. This fact prompted Sultan Kayqubad to appoint Ertu\u011frul, the clan’s Emir, as a Moqaddam (Lieutenant), and to reward the Kay\u0131s some fertile lands near Ankara, where they settled and remained in the service of the Sultan for several years.[19][20]Later, Ertu\u011frul was granted dominion over the town of S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct in northwestern Anatolia on the Byzantine frontier.[21] He also obtained the title of U\u00e7 beyli\u011fi or U\u00e7 bey (literally: marcher-lord). Granting this title was in line with the traditions of the Seljuk Sultanate, which is rewarding any clan chieftain who rises to power and is joined by a number of smaller clans, the title of marcher-lord. However, Ertu\u011frul had far-reaching political ambitions. He sought to expand beyond the lands rewarded to him. Thus, he started raiding the Byzantine possessions in the name of the Sultan successfully conquering several towns and villages, and slowly expanding his dominion during the half of the century he spent as a Seljuk governor. In 680 AH \/ 1281 CE, Ertu\u011frul died at nearly 90 years of age.[22]Lineage  Osman’s genealogy according to different Ottoman historians  Although the exact date of Osman’s birth is unspecified, some sources indicate that he was born on 8 Safar 656 AH \/ 13 February 1258 CE, the exact same day the Mongol hordes invaded Baghdad, killing its inhabitants and ravaging its landmarks.[23] Other sources, such as the 16th-century Ottoman historian Kemalpa\u015faz\u00e2de, say that Osman was most likely born around the middle of the 13th century, possibly in 1254\/5 CE.[24] Information related to the early life of Osman is limited. However, the few available sources agree that he was born in the town of S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, which his father Ertu\u011frul took as the capital of his emirate.[25] The reason for the lack of information available about this stage of Osman’s life is due to the fact that the oldest-known source about this time period was written about a hundred years after Osman’s death.Among these sources are: Destan-\u0131 Tevarih-i Al-i Osman (The Oral history of the Ottomans), written in the 14th century by the Ottoman poet and court physician T\u00e2cedd\u00een \u0130br\u00e2h\u00eem bin H\u0131z\u00eer\u00a0[tr] better known as Ahmed\u00ee (1334\u20131413 CE), Behcet\u00fc’t Tev\u00e2r\u00eeh\u00a0[tr] (The Joy of histories) by \u015e\u00fckrullah (d. 1464 CE), and Tevarih-i \u00c2l-i Osman\u00a0[tr] (History of the Ottomans) by Dervi\u015f Ahmed \u00c2\u015f\u0131k\u00ee, known as \u00c2\u015f\u0131kpa\u015faz\u00e2de (1400\u20131484 CE). Additionally, these remaining sources are not the originals, but rather copies, or copies of the copies that were rewritten over the years, leading to a probable loss or altering in the information.[26] In fact, it is accepted that Ottoman, European, and Byzantine sources are not very reliable when considering the origins of Osman and his clan. On one hand, the oldest known records originally written by the Ottomans all date back to the period that followed the conquest of Constantinople (1453 CE). On the other hand, none of the Byzantine historians did refer in their writings to the origin of the Ottomans. As for European historians, these Turkic Muslim peoples were outside of their interest. However, that changed after a century of this period, when the Ottomans began to pose a threat to Europe.[27] The Ottoman historian Kemalpa\u015faz\u00e2de mentioned that Osman was Ertu\u011frul’s youngest son and that he was raised in the traditional nomadic Turkic ways: he learned wrestling, swordsmanship, horse riding, arrow shooting, and falconry, from an early age. He quickly mastered the previously mentioned skills, outperforming all his brothers. He was also taught the principles of Islam, and was influenced by the teachings of Sufi sheikhs, mostly his mentor Sheikh Edebali, and this was reflected in his personality and lifestyle.[25]  In terms of proportions, the most popular and classic narration is that Osman is the grandson of S\u00fcleyman \u015eah, who died drowning while crossing the Euphrates River on horseback. The Turkish historian Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna\u00a0[tr] considers that Osman’s grandfather, and Ertu\u011frul’s father, is called G\u00fcnd\u00fcz Alp, saying that it is more likely that S\u00fcleyman \u015eah is a name stuck in Anatolian popular memory, and it actually refers to S\u00fcleyman bin Qutulmish who founded the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm. \u00d6ztuna adds that it is possible that Ottoman historians tried forming a connection between the Ottomans and the Seljuks, especially since the Ottomans appeared on the stage of history claiming to be the legitimate successors of the Seljuks. Based on this, Osman’s assumed lineage is as follows: Osman bin Ertu\u011frul bin G\u00fcnd\u00fcz Alp bin Kaya Alp bin G\u00f6kalp bin Sarquk Alp bin Kay\u0131 Alp.[18] Other researchers agree that the connection between Ertu\u011frul, Osman, and the Seljuks may have been largely invented by court chroniclers a century later, and the true origins of the Ottomans thus remain obscure.[28] On the other hand, some Ottoman sources indicate further lineage to Osman and the Oghuz Turks, which is closer to myth than reality, saying that these people are descendants of Japheth, son of Noah, and that Osman’s genealogical tree contains 52 ancestors or more and ends with the Prophet Noah himself. This lineage includes G\u00f6kalp and Oghuz Han (who is said to be the father of G\u00f6kalp), and all the Oghuz Turkic peoples, including the Seljuks.[27] In this claim, one can notice the features of some of what Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna pointed out in his hypothesis, that the Ottomans were always trying to connect or relate themselves to the Seljuks, and to appear as their heirs.Origin of the Ottoman Empire  The exact date of Osman’s birth is unknown, and very little is known about his early life and origins due to the scarcity of sources and the many myths and legends which came to be told about him by the Ottomans in later centuries.[1][29] He was most likely born around the middle of the thirteenth century, possibly in 1254\/5, the date given by the sixteenth-century Ottoman historian Kemalpa\u015fazade.[2] According to Ottoman tradition, Osman’s father Ertu\u011frul led the Turkic Kay\u0131 tribe west from Central Asia into Anatolia, fleeing the Mongol onslaught. He then pledged allegiance to the Sultan of the Anatolian Seljuks, who granted him dominion over the town of S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct on the Byzantine frontier.[30] This connection between Ertu\u011frul and the Seljuks, however, was largely invented by court chroniclers a century later, and the true origins of the Ottomans thus remain obscure.[31] According to the Karamanid historian Shikari, Osman was a lowborn Y\u00f6r\u00fck and shepherd.[32]Nothing is known for certain about Osman’s early activities, except that he controlled the region around the town of S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct and from there launched raids against the neighboring Byzantine Empire. The first datable event in Osman’s life is the Battle of Bapheus in 1301 or 1302, in which he defeated a Byzantine force sent to counter him.[33]Osman appears to have followed the strategy of increasing his territories at the expense of the Byzantines while avoiding conflict with his more powerful Turkish neighbors.[30] His first advances were through the passes which lead from the barren areas of northern Phrygia near modern Eski\u015fehir into the more fertile plains of Bithynia; according to Stanford Shaw, these conquests were achieved against the local Byzantine nobles, “some of whom were defeated in battle, others being absorbed peacefully by purchase contracts, marriage contracts, and the like.”[34]Ascendance to leadership  Osman as the Kay\u0131 Emir, or BeyOsman became Emir, or Bey, upon his father’s death around 680 AH \/ 1281 CE.[21] According to some historians, Osman’s accession to power wasn’t peaceful as he had to fight his relatives before he got hold of his clan’s leadership. One of Osman’s major rivals was his uncle D\u00fcndar Bey, who might have plotted to kill his nephew or rebelled against him when the latter decided to attack a small Greek island. D\u00fcndar Bey saw that Osman’s ambition as a threat that might put the whole clan in danger. However, Osman had to pull out his sword to kill his uncle for disobeying.[35]In the Vilayetname, a book containing the narrations about Haji Bektash Veli, Osman’s younger uncle, was the one who became Bey after Ertu\u011frul’s death. During that time, Osman and several other warriors started organizing raids on Byzantine lands adjacent to S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, such as Yarhisar, Bilecik, \u0130neg\u00f6l, and \u0130znik. As a result, the Byzantine Tekfur (governor) of Bursa was provoked, and he sent envoys to the Seljuk Sultan Al\u00e2eddin Kayqubad III, complaining about these constant assaults. Thus, the Sultan ordered G\u00fcnd\u00fcz Alp to bring forth his young nephew to stand before him, and so Osman was arrested and sent to Konya. According to this narration, Sultan Kayqubad admired Osman’s courage and deeds, and didn’t wish to punish him, instead, Osman was sent to \u1e24\u0101j\u012b Bakt\u0101\u0161 Wal\u012b to consider his matter. Osman was warmly received by the Sufi mystic, who then ordered his release saying: “I have been waiting for someone like him for years”. After that, \u1e24\u0101j\u012b Bakt\u0101\u0161 Wal\u012b wrapped Osman’s head with the same Turban associated with Sufi sheikhs, and sent him back to Konya with a message to the sultan, asking that Osman to become the Kay\u0131 Emir. Thus, Osman became the clan’s leader.[36]Importance of the Osmanic Beylik location  Area of the Ottoman Beylik during the reign of Osman IFrom a military point of view, the location of Osman’s Beylik had a significant impact on his success as a conquering warrior. His capital S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct was located on a hill in a well-defended position, mediating the main road from Constantinople to Konya. The importance of this site emerged due to the political fragmentation of Anatolia that gave small states greater importance than they originally had.[37] Being an Emir to a beylik bordering Byzantine lands, Osman had the opportunity to direct all his efforts towards war and Jihad following the footsteps of the Seljuks with intentions to conquer all Byzantine territories, and absorb them into the Islamic Caliphate. Encouraged by the weakness of the ancient Empire and its ongoing wars in Europe, Osman had the chance to expand towards western Anatolia crossing the Dardanelles to southeastern Europe.[37] Commenting on these actions, some historians argue that Osman’s strategy of increasing his territories at the expense of the Byzantines was due to his intention to avoid conflicts with his more powerful Turkic neighbours.[21]Politically, Osman showed great skills forming and applying new administrative systems in his beylik. During his reign, the Ottomans made great strides towards transitioning from the Nomadic tribe system to settling down in permanent settlements. This helped them consolidate their position and rapidly develop into a major power. Moreover, the beylik’s location in northwestern Anatolia, next to Christendom, imposed a military policy on the Ottomans, which gave them better chances to grow and expand compared to the beyliaks of the interior.[37] Osman’s beylik was also relatively far from both the Mongol invasions and the influence of the powerful Turkoman beyliks in southern and southwestern Anatolia. Add to that, its proximity to the Silk Road linking Byzantine lands in the west to areas controlled by the Mongols in the east, gave it prominent strategic and economic characteristics. Also, the Osmanic beylik was the only Islamic base facing the yet unconquered Byzantine regions, which made it a magnet to many Turkomen farmers, warriors, and Dervishes fleeing the Mongols, and aspiring to conquer new lands for economic and religious reasons.[38]Osman’s DreamOsman I had a close relationship with a local religious leader of dervishes named Sheikh Edebali, whose daughter he married. A story emerged among later Ottoman writers to explain the relationship between the two men, in which Osman had a dream while staying in the Sheikh’s house.[39] The story appears in the late-fifteenth-century chronicle of A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade as follows:He saw that a moon arose from the holy man’s breast and came to sink in his own breast. A tree then sprouted from his navel and its shade compassed the world. Beneath this shade there were mountains, and streams flowed forth from the foot of each mountain. Some people drank from these running waters, others watered gardens, while yet others caused fountains to flow. When Osman awoke he told the story to the holy man, who said ‘Osman, my son, congratulations, for God has given the imperial office to you and your descendants and my daughter Malhun shall be your wife.[40]The dream became an important foundational myth for the empire, imbuing the House of Osman with God-given authority over the earth and providing its fifteenth-century audience with an explanation for Ottoman success.[41] The dream story may also have served as a form of compact: just as God promised to provide Osman and his descendants with sovereignty, it was also implicit that it was the duty of Osman to provide his subjects with prosperity.[42]Political relations at the beginning of Osman’s reign  A map of independent Turkic beyliks in Anatolia during the 14th century, showing the neighbouring Ottoman and Germiyanid beyliksAccording to the Bektashi narration, whose accuracy cannot be confirmed since it was only mentioned in Bektashi sources, plus the fact that it did not enjoy much support from the majority of researchers, \u1e24\u0101j\u012b Bakt\u0101\u0161 Wal\u012b was one of the Waf\u0101’\u012byyah tariqah dervishes, a Murid of B\u0101b\u0101 Eliy\u0101s al-Khor\u0101s\u0101n\u012b.[43] Once B\u0101b\u0101 Eliy\u0101s died, both \u1e24\u0101j\u012b Bakt\u0101\u0161 Wal\u012b and Sheikh Edebali became among his 60 successors, and grandmasters of the Ahyan R\u00fbm brotherhood of warriors and farmers, who enjoyed great influence among the people. When Osman married Sheikh Edebali’s daughter, he secured his control over the brotherhood, and soon became their new grandmaster. As a result of this marriage, all the Ahyan sheikhs became under Ottoman control. This has a major impact on the establishment and development of the Osmanic beylik after Osman’s death during the reign of his son Orhan.[36] Some argue that Osman’s marriage to sheikh Edebali’s daughter was his first brilliant political undertake.[44] On the other hand, Turkish historian Professor Cemal Kafadar considers that the intermarriage between the Osmanic and Edebali’s houses, explains the hostilities that later rose between the Ottomans and the Germiyanids, since the Germiyanid Turkoman house was rewarded lands and titles by the Seljuks because of their services in subjugating the B\u0101b\u0101’\u012b revolt in 1240 CE, and because Sheikh Edebali was considered by his followers a leader and successor to B\u0101b\u0101 Ish\u0101q, they all became the focus of attention of the Germiyanids.[45]Kafadar adds that early in Osman reign, the young Emir showed political ingenuity forming relations with his neighbours. Osman’s alliances transcended tribal, ethnic, and religious lines. and he may have followed his instinct and the requirements of his political aspirations, not mistaking the future results of the family connections he created and secured for his son after him. Osman reconstituted the political culture of the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm in line with the needs of his beylik. He was more creative than his Turkomen neighbours in combining Turkic, Islamic, and Byzantine traditions.Additionally, the Emir also cooperated with the Byzantine Tekfurs of the neighbouring cities and villages. He forged an agreement, so his clan, whenever they move between grazing areas in the summer, leave their belongings in the Byzantine fortress of Bilecik, and upon their return, they give its governor a token of appreciation, in the form of cheese and butter made from sheep milk and preserved in animal skins, or a good carpet made from wool. This agreement reflects the coexistence between herders, farmers and urban dwellers, during Osman’s reign.[45] Osman’s friendship with K\u00f6se Mihal, governor of Chirmenkia (modern Harmank\u00f6y), was the culmination of this coexistence between Muslims and Byzantines. As for his relations with other peoples, such as the Mongols, most of whom moved to the borders of western Anatolia, and the Germiyanid Turkomen, it was hostile. That is because the Turks, in general, despised the Mongols, and the Germiyanids were probably of non-Oghuz origin.[45] Osman allied with the Ahyan R\u00fbm brotherhood, they formed organized groups, members in each of which worked in a single trade. The brotherhood took the responsibility to preserve justice, prevent injustice, stop oppression, follow sharia law, dictate good morals, and carry out military duties if the need arises, to defend their rights and the rights of Muslims.[46][47]  Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan (on horseback), higher ruler of Anatolia during the early years of Osman’s reign. All Turkoman Beys, or Emirs, were subordinate to him despite the inherent hostility between Turks and Mongols.The Emir also allied with newly arrived Turkomen clans to Anatolia. In general, the nomads have always had a strong militarized spirit compared to people installed in the cities. Thus, the clans were more active and effective than their city-dwelling kin. Soon enough, they become the beating heart of the Seljuk border provinces in total, and the Osmanic beylik in particular. Osman also enticed many Turkomen from the region of Paphlagonia to join his forces.[37] These Turkomen were fine warriors, eager for jihad and conquest, each of them followed a Tariqah (an order of Sufism) and was supervised by a sheikh who taught them the meaning of jihad alongside many Islamic principles. However, another section of these Turkomen did not have close ties to Islam for various reasons, thus Osman entrusted them to several sheikhs and dervishes to be given proper Islamic education and be satiated with the values that glorify conquests aiming to spread the word of Islam. In fact, these sheikhs and dervishes were very enthusiastic about promoting the Turuq of the Khorasani Walis, and Osman’s request gave them this chance.[48]As for the ruling hierarchy, Osman was firstly subordinate to the Chobanid Emir in Kastamonu, followed by the Seljuk Sultan through the Germiyanid Bey in K\u00fctahya, who was in turn subordinate to the Mongol Ilkhan in Tabriz. During this period, the Seljuk Sultans had lost their power over their local Emirs, and the Mongol Ilkhan practised his authority in Anatolia through his appointed Generals, where he requested that every local governor, including Osman, sends him soldiers whenever he requests so.[49] As for the hierarchy of name delivering in khu\u1e6dbah, Imams used to pray for the guidance of the: Abbasid caliph in Egypt first, the Mongol Ilkhan in Tabriz, Seljuk Sultan in Konya, and finally the local Bey or Emir.[49]Expansion of the beylikUntil the end of thirteenth century, Osman I’s conquests include the areas of Bilecik (Belokomis), Yeni\u015fehir (Melangeia), \u0130neg\u00f6l (Angelokomis) and Yarhisar\u00a0[tr] (K\u00f6pr\u00fchisar), and Byzantine castles in these areas.[50][51][52]According to Shaw, Osman’s first real conquests followed the collapse of Seljuk authority when he was able to occupy the fortresses of Kulucahisar and Eski\u015fehir. Then he captured the first significant city in his territories, Yeni\u015fehir, which became the Ottoman capital.[34]In 1302, after soundly defeating a Byzantine force near Nicaea, Osman began settling his forces closer to Byzantine controlled areas.[53]Alarmed by Osman’s growing influence, the Byzantines gradually fled the Anatolian countryside. Byzantine leadership attempted to contain Ottoman expansion, but their efforts were poorly organized and ineffectual. Meanwhile, Osman spent the remainder of his reign expanding his control in two directions, north along the course of the Sakarya River and southwest towards the Sea of Marmara, achieving his objectives by 1308.[34]Osman’s last campaign was against the city of Bursa.[54] Although Osman did not physically participate in the battle, the victory at Bursa proved to be extremely vital for the Ottomans as the city served as a staging ground against the Byzantines in Constantinople, and as a newly adorned capital for Osman’s son, Orhan. Ottoman tradition holds that Osman died just after the capture of Bursa, but some scholars have argued that his death should be placed in 1324, the year of Orhan’s accession.[55]Conquest of Karacahisar  Illustration of Osman rallying his warriors into battleAfter establishing his beylik, Osman had to fight on two fronts: one against the Byzantine, and the other against the Turkomen beyliks that opposed his rule, especially the Germiyanids. Osman focused on expanding at the expense of the Byzantines, and since that time, the primary Ottoman goal became the conquest of the remaining Byzantine lands.[56] Some accounts indicate that the first battle Osman launched against the Byzantines was aimed to revenge a defeat that he suffered in the spring of 683 or 684 AH \/ 1284 or 1285 CE, where the Byzantines, led by the Tekfur of Bursa, ambushed him and his men. It is in doubt that Osman knew about this ambush from one of his spies. Nevertheless, he chose to clash with the Byzantines and he was defeated and forced to withdraw with casualties, including his nephew Koca Saruhan bey, son of Savc\u0131 Bey.[25][57] Based on this, around 685 AH \/ 1286 CE, Osman went forward to Kulacahisar at the head of a military force of three hundred fighters, it was a fortress located two leagues away from \u0130neg\u00f6l, within the scope of mount Uluda\u011f. The Emir attacked the fort at night and managed to conquer it, extending his beylik northwards toward Lake \u0130znik’s proximity. The Ottoman victory at Kulacahisar triggered the fort’s governor, who refused to be a subordinate subject to a Muslim ruler, especially a border Emir, so he allied himself with Karacahisar’s governor, and both men agreed to fight the Muslims aiming at retaking all Byzantine lands that were lost recently. Thus, the Ottomans and the Byzantines met again in battle, somewhere between Bilecik and \u0130neg\u00f6l, where fierce fighting took place in which Osman’s brother Savc\u0131 Bey and the Byzantine commander Pilatos were killed. The Battle ended with an Ottoman victory. Then, the Ottomans entered Karacahisar where they, reportedly for the first time, converted the town’s church into a mosque. Osman appointed a Qadi (magistrate) and a Suba\u015f\u0131 (chief of police) for the newly conquered city. Historians differed in determining the date of this conquest, yet none made it prior to 685 AH \/ 1286 CE, or exceeding 691 AH \/ 1291 CE. Osman made his new city a staging base of his military campaigns against the Byzantines, and ordered that his name be delivered at the Friday khu\u1e6dbah, which was the first manifestation of his sovereignty and authority.[21][56]  A mehter war drum, similar to the one sent to Osman from the Seljuk SultanOsman’s latest victory was his greatest up to that date. Seljuk Sultan Al\u00e2eddin Kayqubad III expressed his deep appreciation for Osman’s accomplishments in the name of the Seljuks and Islam, giving him the title of \u1e24a\u1e0drat \u02bbUthm\u0101n gh\u0101z\u012b marzub\u0101n ‘\u00c2li J\u00e2h \u02bbUthm\u0101n Sh\u0101h (the honourable conqueror and border guardian Osman Sh\u0101h).[58] The Sultan also bestowed upon Osman the governance of all the land he did conquered as well as the towns of Eski\u015fehir and \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc. Moreover, The Seljuk Sultan issued a decree exempting Osman from all types of taxes. Osman also received several gifts from the Sultan reflecting the new high stature to the Seljuk court. These gifts included: a golden war banner, a mehter (war drum), a tu\u011f (a pole with circularly arranged horse tail hairs), a tassel, a gilded sword, a loose saddle, and one hundred thousand dirhams.[49][59] The decree also included the recognition of Osman’s right to be mentioned in the Friday khu\u1e6dbah in all areas subject to him, and was permitted to mint coins in his name.[60] Thus, Osman became a Sultan, but lacking only the title.[61]It is narrated that when drums were beaten announcing Sultan’s Kayqubad’s arrival, Osman stood up in glorification, and remained so till the music halted. Since that day, Ottoman soldiers enacted standing in glorification for their Sultan whenever drums were beaten.[62][63]Conquest of Bilecik, Yarhisar, and \u0130neg\u00f6lSoon after the conquest of Karacahisar, Osman marched with his soldiers north towards Sakarya River. Upon his arrival there, he raided and looted the forts of G\u00f6yn\u00fck and Yenice Tarakl\u0131. Many argue that during this time, Osman received a message from his Byzantine friend K\u00f6se Mihal, warning him of a secret conspiracy that is being prepared to by tekfurs of Bilecik and Yarhisar. The two were aiming at killing Osman after inviting him to attend their children’s wedding. Osman was disappointed in being betrayed by Bilecik’s tekfur. That is because he considered the relationship with Bilecik to be built on trust and good faith, especially that his clan was used to leave their belongings in this fortress whenever they moved between grazing areas, as previously mentioned. Osman devised a plan to escape the trap and take over the fortress. He sent forty of his soldiers carrying some of the clan’s belongings to be kept in Bilecik, while most of its inhabitants were outside attending the wedding. Once his men entered the fort, they quickly overpowered its small garrison, and it fell to the Ottomans. Then, Osman went the feast followed by some Byzantine knights who were easily ambushed by his men later. A short battle took place in which Osman was victorious, and most of the Byzantines were killed. After that, Osman rode towards Yarhisar and took it by surprise; A large part of the fort’s garrison was killed, while the rest were taken prisoners. The tekfur’s daughter Holophira, was also captured in this action, she soon became Osman’s daughter in law, having married his son Orhan sometime later, and her name was changed to Nil\u00fcfer Hatun.[64][65] Afterwards, Osman and several of his men took over all towns and villages surrounding \u0130neg\u00f6l, before laying siege on the fort itself and taking it with ease. Osman ordered the execution of \u0130neg\u00f6l’s tekfur since he was known for persecuting his Muslim neighbours, then placed a new garrison for the town, and distributed the loot among his men.[64]Fall of the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm, and the Osmanic Beylik’s independence  The declining Sultanate of R\u00fbm, vassal of the Mongols, and the emerging beyliks, c.\u00a01300Osman aspired, after his multiple victories, to expand on two axes, aiming to isolate the Byzantine cities he was looking to conquer. First, he blocked the road leading to \u0130znik from the eastern side. Then, he advanced from the west towards Lopadion and Evrenos. After that Osman turned around Mount Uluda\u011f from both north and south, avoiding the fortified city of Bursa, connecting with his Muslim neighbours in the southeast. During that time, the Byzantine Empire was preoccupied with ongoing clashes with its powerful enemies in Anatolia, such as the Germiyanids and the coastal beyliks, not to mention suppressing unrest and discord in Constantinople and the Balkans. The Empire was unable to face Osman’s threats, thus, he felt free to expand at the Byzantines expense exploiting the current situation.[56][66] At the same time, the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm was seeing its final days. The Sultanate grip was slowly weakened over its Turkoman Beyliks. Sultan Al\u00e2eddin Kayqubad III became deeply unpopular after he purged the Seljuk administration of his predecessor’s men with extreme violence. This prompted the Mongol Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan to call upon Kayqubad to appear before him, and once the latter did in 1302, he was executed and replaced with his predecessor Ghiy\u0101th ad-D\u012bn Mas’\u016bd bin Kayk\u0101w\u016bs in order to keep the peace in Anatolia.[67] According to another account, Mongol and Tatar hordes raided Asia Minor in 699 AH \/ 1300 CE, and killed Sultan Kayqubad in his capital Konya. It was also said that Kayk\u0101w\u016bs himself killed his rival, coveting his own return on the throne. Another story suggests that Kayqubad escaped and sought refuge in the Byzantine court where he remained until his death.[61] In all cases, Kayk\u0101w\u016bs’s rule was short-lived, lasting between 4 and 6 years at most, and when he died in 1308 CE, the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm was no more to be mentioned in the historical records,[67] giving the way for the Turkoman beyliks to emerg as independent states.  Osman, an independent Emir, on his TakhtThe demise of the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm gave Osman autonomy over his dominion, he soon dubbed himself Padi\u015fah \u0100l-\u0131\u02bfOsm\u0101n (sovereign of the house of Osman). After that, Osman set his sights towards conquering the last of the Byzantine cities, towns, and fortresses in Anatolia. According to one account, after Sultan Al\u00e2eddin Kayqubad III was killed by the Mongols, vizirs and notable leaders met and decided that since the late Sultan had no offspring, one of the local Emirs should take his place, and they found Osman perfect fitting the candidacy. Thus, the leaders offered the Emir the position, and Osman accepted becoming a Sultan since that date. It is likely that Kayqubad’s and Kayk\u0101w\u016bs’s deaths led to the Sultanate of R\u00fbm falling into chaos, and promoted many of its regular soldiers to join the armies of local Emirs, including Osman. This gave the latter a great momentum and important military experiences enriching his army for the upcoming conquests.[68]Battle of Bapheus  A section of the remaining Byzantine fortifications in NicaeaSoon after Osman secured his independence and established control over all fortresses he conquered, he sent messages to all remaining Byzantine tekfurs in Anatolia asking them to choose between accepting Islam, Ottoman sovereignty and paying jizyah, or war. Some of these tekfurs ended up accepting Islam, including Osman’s old friend K\u00f6se Mihal, who became the Turkic leader’s companion, and would play a considerable part in the upcoming expansions of the Osmanic beylik. His descendants became known in Ottoman history as Mihalo\u011fullar\u0131 (children of Michael, plural of Mihalo\u011flu).[69][70] Other governors acknowledged Osman’s sovereignty, while the rest kept their loyalty to the Byzantine Emperor. Thus, Osman started harassing their fortresses such as Bursa and Nicaea which was besieged in 1301 CE.[71] The Ottoman raids also threatened the port city of Nicomedia with famine, as the Ottomans roamed the countryside prohibiting peasants from harvesting wheat. This provoked Bursa’s tekfur among others to unite their efforts in order to eliminate this new emerging Islamic power.[72]In the spring of 1302 CE, Emperor Michael IX launched a campaign that reached south to Magnesia. The Ottomans, awed by his large army, avoided an open battle. The Emperor sought to confront The Ottomans, but he was dissuaded by his generals. Encouraged by that, The Ottomans resumed their raids, virtually isolating the Emperor at Magnesia. Soon, the imperial army started dissolving without engaging in a single battle, that is because the local troops left to defend their homes which were continuously raided by the Ottomans, and the Alan mercenaries left as well, aiming to rejoin with their families in Thrace. The Byzantine emperor was forced to withdraw by the sea, followed by a wave of refugees.[73][74][75] To counter the threat to Nicomedia, Michael’s father, Andronikos II, sent a Byzantine force of some 2,000 men (half of whom were recently hired Alan mercenaries), under the megas hetaireiarches, Giorgios Mouzalon, to cross the Bosporus and relieve the city.[73][74]The Byzantine response was a warning for the Islamic border villages and towns. However, when the locals noticed Osman’s leadership and military strength, as well as his devotion to Islam, they rallied to support and stand with him in order to consolidate a new Islamic state that would unite them and form an impenetrable wall against the Byzantines.[60] Several Byzantine deserters joined Osman as well, some of which were liberated prisoners of war who chose to align with him, reportedly due to his good treatment during their custody. Many Islamic warrior brotherhoods also joined the Ottomans. For example, the Gazi R\u00fbm’s (Raiders of the Romans), they were stationed on the borders of the Byzantine Empire and repelled its attacks on Muslim lands since the Abbasid era, gaining great experiences and knowledge in Byzantine strategies and tactics. Another example is the \u1e24ajjian R\u00fbm’s (pilgrims of [the land of] the Romans), a brotherhood of Muslim clergy concerned with teaching local villagers and recent converts the basics and different aspects of Islam, and had a side objective of assisting the Mujahideen in combat.[76][77]The Byzantine and Ottoman armies eventually met on 1 \u1e0e\u016b al-\u1e24ijjah 701 AH \/ 27 July 1302 CE at the plain of Bapheus located between Nicomedia and Nicaea. The Ottoman army consisted of light cavalry under Osman himself, and they numbered around 5,000, while the Byzantines numbered around 2,000 men. The Muslim cavalry charged toward the Byzantines fast, whose Alan contingent did not participate in the battle. As a result of the attack, the Byzantine line was broken, forcing Giorgios Mouzalon to withdraw into Nicomedia under the cover of the Alan force.[73][74][75][78]Bapheus was the first major victory for the nascent Osmanic Beylik, and of major significance for its future expansion: the Byzantines effectively lost control of the countryside of Bithynia, withdrawing to their forts, which became isolated and fell one by one eventually. The Byzantine defeat also sparked a mass exodus of the Christian population from the area into the European parts of the empire, further altering the region’s demographic balance.[78] Coupled with the defeat at Magnesia, the Ottomans were able to reach the coasts of the Aegean Sea, threatening Byzantium with a final loss for their territory in Asia Minor.[75] According to Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, the battle allowed the Ottomans to achieve the characteristics and qualities of a true state.[79]Byzantine-Mongol convergence attempt    Mongol offensives in the Levant, 1299\u20131300. The decisive Mamluk victory at Marj al-Saffar played a major role in folding any Byzantine-Mongol allience.After the victory in Bapheus, Osman divided the conquered lands among his kin and army leaders establishing Islamic hegemony and ending the Byzantine era in his new areas. He gave Eski\u015fehir to his brother G\u00fcnd\u00fcz bey, Karacahisar to his son Orhan, Yarhisar to Hasan Alp, and \u0130neg\u00f6l to Turgut Alp.[25] By that time, Emperor Andronikos II felt the pressure of the Ottoman expansion. The Emperor watched in fear how the demographic changes were rapidly taking place in Anatolia, and he decided to stop it. Yet, being recently defeated, Andronikos II couldn’t face the Ottomans in an open battle. To add insult to injury for the Byzantine, conflicts were taking place in the Balkans. Thus, Andronikos II had no choice but to try making an alliance with the Mongols in Persia, who were controlling central and eastern Anatolia. To achieve that, the Emperor sent a letter to Ilkhan Mahmud Ghazan offering him a family rapprochement through marriage and establishing an alliance between both Empires.[80]At that time, The Mongols were passing through a period of high tension with the Mamluks in Egypt and Syria, this did overwhelm the relations with the Byzantines, especially that Ghazan was preparing for another campaign to Damascus and Palestine after his first invasion in 699 AH \/ 1299 CE, in which many civilians were massacred and where the Mamluk army suffered a massive defeat at the Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar near \u1e24im\u1e63. The Mamluks themselves were preparing for the upcoming war with the Mongols aiming to wash away the shame of their previous defeat. As a result, On 2 Rama\u1e0d\u0101n 702 AH \/ 20 April 1303 CE, the Mongols and Mamluks engaged in a fierce battle on the outskirts of Damascus, known as the Battle of Shaqhab or Battle of Marj al-Saffar, in which the Mamluks won a decisive victory.[81] This devastating defeat had a heavy toll on Ghazan and seems to have contributed to deteriorating his health further more, until he died in Qazvin on Sunday 11 Shaww\u0101l 703 AH \/ 17 May 1304 CE.[82] This eliminated any hope of a Byzantine-Mongol alliance, and allowed the Ottomans to continue on with their conquests.Byzantine-Catalan alliance  Roger de Flor being received by the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II PalaiologosAfter Ghazan’s death, the Byzantine Emperor was forced to seek other solutions to the problem of Ottoman expansion. Thus, he hired a company of Catalan mercenaries led by Roger de Flor. The mercenaries had become unemployed after the signing of the Peace of Caltabellotta between the Crown of Aragon and the French dynasty of the Angevins in 1302 CE. The company arrived at Constantinople in January 1303 CE, where they were received by the Emperor himself, then, the mercenaries were housed in the district of Blachernae. The Emperor arranged the wedding of Roger de Flor to his niece, the 15-year-old princess Maria Asanina, daughter of the Tsar of Bulgaria Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiologina. De Flor was named Megas doux (Great Dux, i.e., Commander of the Imperial forces), and was promised a four months payment for him and his men.[83][84]The Catalans soon crossed to Asia Minor and fought against the Karasids and Germiyanids winning a fast victory. Afterward, they resolved to attack the maritime provinces of the Ottomans and moved to the town of Philadelphia which was besieged by Yakup I of Germiyan, who suffered a defeat at the hands of the Catalans and was forced to lift his siege and retreat. This victory proved that Byzantium had been able to gather sufficient military forces and material capabilities, it would have been able to eliminate the emerging Turkic power, but it had neither. It was not long before the Catalans abandoned fighting the Muslims and turned their attention towards the Byzantines themselves. The reason for that was that the local population of Magnesia beheaded the Catalan garrison and stole its treasure, which infuriated Roger de Flor and made him march towards that city intending on revenge. The Byzantines were horrified by the mercenaries’ attacks, and became preoccupied in defending themselves.[84] Roger de Flor was soon killed by order of the emperor’s son Michael IX, who saw the indiscipline of the Catalan mercenaries as a growing danger,[85] as did the people of Constantinople, who rose up against the Catalans and killed many of them. Once the news reached the main Catalan force in Gallipoli, they went on a killing spree of their own, killing all the local Byzantines.[86] Soon after this the Byzantines and the Catalans were at war with each other, giving way to Osman to move on with his conquests.Conquest of Yeni\u015fehir and Its SurroundingsAfter securing his northern borders by reaching the Black and Marmara seas, Osman turned his attention towards the southern borders of his beylik. Thus, he attacked the Byzantine towns, villages, and fortresses surrounding the city of Yeni\u015fehir preparing to conquer it. Osman sent a large campaign to the fortress of Y\u0101vandhisar and annexed it. Then, he attacked Yeni\u015fehir, took it with ease, and made it his temporary capital after fortifying and strengthening its defenses.[87] Soon after that Osman started sending more campaigns against the remaining Byzantine cities conquering several fortresses including Lefke, Akhisar, Ko\u00e7hisar, Yenicehisar, Marmarac\u0131k, and K\u00f6pr\u00fchisar. In fact, conquering the aforementioned forts aimed at imposing a security belt around Yeni\u015fehir, thus Osman surrounded it with a series of front forts to ward off any invasions.[80]Conquest of Bursa  Gate of Bursa’s Byzantine castle, which witnessed the long Ottoman siegeWith Yeni\u015fehir in hands, Osman focused his efforts on isolated large cities starting with Bursa, unaware that this will be his last campaign.[88] He gave the orders to start building two forts overseeing and surrounding the city, then, when the construction was completed, Osman provided the forts with large garrisons. This allowed his men to tighten the blockade and prevent any provisions reaching Bursa.[89] The Ottoman siege lasted between six and nine years, this was due to the fact that the Ottomans had no Siege engines and they had never captured a large fortified city before.[90]During the long siege, Osman and some of his military commanders conquered the smaller Byzantine fortresses on the vicinity of the beylik, in which Several tekfurs acknowledged Osman’s sovereignty, and became among his subjects, some of them accepting Islam in the process. Soon after that, Osman started suffering from Gout, and couldn’t accompany his men in any more campaigns or witness the Siege of Bursa, so he entrusted his son Orhan to complete this major task, while he retired in his capital. Orhan’s continued the siege without any fighting, but he continued isolating Bursa from its surrounding forts, conquering Mudanya to cut off the city’s connection to the sea. He also captured the city of Praenetos on the southern coast of \u0130zmit, changing its name to Karam\u00fcrsel, after the Muslim leader who took it “Karam\u00fcrsel Bey”. The last fort to fall was Beyce, which was considered Bursa’s key as it overlooked it, and it was renamed Orhaneli.[89][61]Orhan tightened the blockade around Bursa till its garrison fell into despair. Soon, the Byzantine emperor realized that the fall of the city into Muslim hands was inevitable, thus, he made a difficult decision ordering his governor to evacuate the city. Orhan entered Bursa on 2 Jum\u0101d\u0101 al-\u02be\u016al\u0101 726 AH \/ 6 April 1326 CE, its people were not subjected to any harm after they recognized Ottoman sovereignty and pledged to pay jizyah.[91] Saroz, the garrison’s leader, surrendered to Orhan and pledged allegiance to his father Osman. He also converted to Islam and was given the title of “Bey” out of respect to his courage and patience during the long siege.[92] According to some sources, Osman died just before the fall of the city,[90] while others suggest that he lived long enough to hear about the victory on his death-bed.[93][94][95]Family  16th-century miniature of Osman IDue to the scarcity of sources about his life, very little is known about Osman’s family relations. According to certain fifteenth-century Ottoman writers, Osman was descended from the Kay\u0131 branch of the Oghuz Turks, a claim which later became part of the official Ottoman genealogy and was eventually enshrined in the Turkish Nationalist historical tradition with the writings of M. F. K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc.[96] However, the claim to Kay\u0131 lineage does not appear in the earliest extant Ottoman genealogies. Thus many scholars of the early Ottomans regard it as a later fabrication meant to shore up dynastic legitimacy with regard to the empire’s Turkish rivals in Anatolia.[12] Yaz\u0131c\u0131o\u011flu Ali, in the early 15th century, constructed a genealogy for Osman, tracing it back to Oghuz Khagan, the mythical ancestor of the Western Turks, through the eldest grandson of his eldest son, thereby lending legitimacy to the Ottoman sultans’ claim of primacy among Turkish monarchs.[97]It is very difficult for historians to determine what is factual and what is legendary about the many stories the Ottomans told about Osman and his exploits, and the Ottoman sources do not always agree with each other.[98] According to one story, Osman had an uncle named D\u00fcndar with whom he had a quarrel early in his career. Osman wished to attack the local Christian lord of Bilecik, while D\u00fcndar opposed it, arguing that they already had enough enemies. Interpreting this as a challenge to his leadership position, Osman shot and killed his uncle with an arrow.[99] This story first appears in Ne\u015fri’s work but is missing in earlier Ottoman historical works. If it was true, it means that it was likely covered up in order to avoid tarnishing the reputation of the Ottoman dynasty’s founder with the murder of a family member. It may also indicate an important change in the relationship of the Ottomans with their neighbors, shifting from relatively peaceful accommodation to a more aggressive policy of conquest.[100]ConsortsOsman I had two know consorts:[101][102]Malhun Hatun. Daughter of \u00d6mer Abd\u00fclaziz Bey. According to tradition, she was the mother of Orhan I. Occasionally, she and Rabia Bala are considered to be the same person.Rabia Bala Hatun. Also called Rabia Bala Malhun Hatun, therefore some historians believe that she and Malhun were the same person. She was the daughter of Sheikh Edebali and the mother of Alaeddin Ali Pasha. She spent the last years of her life with her father and died in Bilecik in 1324. She was buried next to her father\u2019s tomb.SonsOsman I had at least eight sons:[103][104][105][106]F\u00fclan Bey. He was sent to the court of G\u0131y\u00e2s\u00fcdd\u00een III Keyhusrev, Seljuk sultan, to be raised in his house when Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee signed peace with him. He had issue and his descendants were still alive at the time of the reign of Bayezid I.Orhan I Gazi (1281-1362) – probably with Malhun Hatun. Second Ottoman ruler.Alaeddin Ali Pasha (c.\u00a0? – 1331) – with Rabia Bala Hatun. Governor of Bilecik and founder of several mosques in Bursa. He had at least one son, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Bey, and his descendants were still alive in 16th century.Savci Bey. He had at least one son, S\u00fcleyman Bey, who married his cousin Hatice Hatun, daughter of Orhan I. Buried in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, in the T\u00fcrbe of Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee.Melik Bey. He had at least one daughter, Melek Hatun. Buried in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, in the T\u00fcrbe of Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee.\u00c7oban Bey. He built a mosque in Bursa. Buried in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, in the T\u00fcrbe of Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee.Hamid Bey. Buried in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, in the T\u00fcrbe of Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee.Pazarli Bey. General of his half-brother Orhan I. He had at least two sons, \u0130lyas Bey and Murad Bey, and at least one daughter. Buried in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, in the T\u00fcrbe of Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee.DaughtersOsman I had at least a daughter:[101][106]Fatma Hatun. Buried in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct, in the T\u00fcrbe of Ertu\u011frul Gaz\u00ee.PersonalityOttoman historiography depicts Osman as a semi-holy person.[107]It is known that among the Turkoman tribes, the tribe or part of it was named after its leader. The fact that the Kayi tribe became known by the name of Osman, suggests that the tribe became powerful because of his excellent leadership.[108] Orientalist R. Rakhmanaliev writes that the historical role of Osman was that of a tribal leader, who enjoyed enormous success in uniting his people around him.[109]The activities and personality of Osman as the founder of the state and dynasty are highly appreciated by historians of both the past and the present. The state and the dynasty of rulers are named after him. The population of the state was called Ottomans (Osmanlilar) until the beginning of the 20th century, that is until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Historian F. Uspensky notes that Osman relied not only on force, but also cunningness.[110] Historian and writer Lord Kinross writes that Osman was a wise, patient ruler, whom people sincerely respected and were ready to serve him faithfully. He had a natural sense of superiority, but he never sought to assert himself with the help of power, and therefore he was respected not only by those who were equal in position, but also those who exceeded his abilities on the battlefield or on wisdom. Osman did not arouse feelings of rivalry in his people\u2014only loyalty.[111]Herbert Gibbons believed that Osman was “great enough to exploit masterful people”.[112]According to Cemal Kafadar, Osman for the Ottomans was the same as Romulus for the Romans.[113]Death  The territorial extent of the Ottoman Beylik upon the death of Osman I  According to the sources that say Osman lived to hear of the fall of Bursa, Orhan rushed back to S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct to inform his father of his great victory. Once he reached it, he was immediately summoned to Osman, who was on his death-bed. Soon after Osman heard the news, he died from natural causes. However, Osman managed to name Orhan to be his successor, although the latter was not Osman’s first-born. Yet the dead Emir believed that Orhan was better fit to rule than his elder half-brother Al\u00e2eddin, who was more passive and pious than Orhan.[92] As for the exact cause of Osman’s death, it is well known that he suffered from gout for several years, which seemingly caused his eventual death. This is confirmed by what A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade mentioned in Tevarih-i \u00c2l-i Osman when he talked about the late period of Osman’s life, saying: “Osman had a bad foot from which he experienced severe pain”. It is noted that A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade used a similar expression when he talked about the death of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror: “The cause of his death was the issue in his feet”. It is now known that gout is a genetic disease in the Ottoman dynasty, and many sultans suffered from it.[114]The exact date of Osman’s death is debatable. It is said that he died on 21 Rama\u1e0d\u0101n 726 AH \/ 21 August 1326 CE at 70 years old. The 15th-century Ottoman historian Rouhi \u00c7elebi, who wrote down the history of the Ottoman Empire until 1481 CE, indicates that Osman died in 1320. However, Uru\u00e7 adilo\u011flu, another Ottoman historian who lived during the time of Sultans Mehmed the Conqueror and Bayezid II up until 1502 CE, says that Osman died in 1327 CE. Contemporary Turkish historian Necdet Sakao\u011flu\u00a0[tr] states that, despite the absence of documents mentioning Osman’s name after the year 1320 CE, there are documents confirming Orhan’s ascension to the throne in 1324 CE. Based on this, Osman’s death might have occurred in the previous year.[25][114] It is also certain that Osman’s death was three or four months after the death of his father-in-law, Sheikh Edebali, and two months after the death of his wife, Rabia Bala Hatun, because it is known that Osman buried the two in Bilecik.[115]Once Osman died, Orhan ordered the transfer of his body to Bursa, his new capital. Thus, Osman’s body was laid there to rest.[116] His grave is located today in the neighbourhood of Tophane. The reason behind the transferring Osman’s body was due to a will Osman did tell his son about during the early years of besieging Bursa: “My Son, when I die, bury me under that silver dome in Bursa”. However, Osman’s current tomb dates back to the time of Sultan \u02bbAbd\u00fc’l-\u02bbAz\u012bz (1861\u20131876 CE), because the first tomb was completely destroyed in a severe earthquake that struck the region in 1855 CE, it was rebuilt by the aforementioned Sultan. Sultan Abd\u00fc’l-\u1e24am\u012bd II (1876\u20131909 CE) also constructed a shrine in S\u00f6\u011f\u00fct where Osman was buried for a while before he was moved to Bursa.[114]According to some sources, Osman left a written will to his son Orhan instructing him to move on with conquests and jihad against the Byzantines, that he abides by the teachings of Islam, accompany the \u02bfUlam\u0101\u02be, amend his parish, and dedicates himself to spread the word of Islam.[117][118]LegacyOsman is considered the founder of the Ottoman dynasty who started an imperial line that would expand to include 35 sultans – rulers of one of the largest and most powerful empires in world history. The Ottoman Empire lasted until 1918 CE, when it disintegrated after defeat alongside other Central Powers in World War I. Osman is often referred to as the first in the line of Ottoman Sultans, although he himself never carried this title in his life, and was instead called “Bey” or “Emir”. One endowment written in Persian and dating back to 1324 CE, indicates that Osman was given the titles Mu\u1e25iuddin (Reviver of the faith) and Fakhruddin (Pride of the faith).[49]Osman’s descendants are distributed today in several American, European and Arab countries after the royal Ottoman family was expelled from Turkey in 1924 CE shortly after the declaration of the Republic, by Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk.[119] Eventually, several family members returned to Turkey, after the Turkish government allowed the females to return in 1951 CE.[119] However, male descendants had to wait until 1973 CE to be able to enter Turkey again.[120] Other members remained in the countries where their ancestors had sought refuge, such as England, France, the United States, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, among others. Osman’s descendants are known today as the Osmano\u011flu (son of Osman) family.The Sword of OsmanThe Sword of Osman (Turkish: Taklid-i Seyf) was an important sword of state used during the coronation ceremony of the Ottoman Sultans[121] starting with Sultan Murad II.[122] The practice started when Osman was girt with the sword of Islam by his father-in-law Sheik Edebali.[123] The girding of the sword of Osman was a vital ceremony which took place within two weeks of a sultan’s accession to the throne. It was held at the tomb complex at Ey\u00fcp, on the Golden Horn waterway in the capital Constantinople. The fact that the emblem by which a sultan was enthroned consisted of a sword was highly symbolic: it showed that the office with which he was invested was first and foremost that of a warrior. The Sword of Osman was girded on to the new sultan by the Sharif of Konya, a Mevlevi dervish, who was summoned to Constantinople for that purpose.[124][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed]In popular cultureOsman has been portrayed in the Turkish television seriesKurulu\u015f “Osmanc\u0131k”\u00a0[tr] (1988), adapted from a novel by the same name,[125]Dirili\u015f: Ertu\u011frul (2014\u20132019)[126] and Kurulu\u015f: Osman (2019\u2013present).[127]See alsoReferences This article was adapted from the following source under a CC BY-SA 3.0 license (2021) (reviewer reports):Bassem Fleifel (30 January 2021). “Osman I, father of kings” (PDF). WikiJournal of Humanities. 4 (1): 1. doi:10.15347\/WJH\/2021.001. ISSN\u00a02639-5347. OCLC\u00a08897038424. Wikidata\u00a0Q99519061.^ a b c Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). “Osman I”.  In \u00c1goston, G\u00e1bor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p.\u00a0444. Reliable information regarding Osman is scarce. His birth date is unknown and his symbolic significance as the father of the dynasty has encouraged the development of mythic tales regarding the ruler’s life and origins; however, historians agree that before 1300, Osman was simply one among a number of Turkoman tribal leaders operating in the Sakarya region.^ a b Murphey, Rhoads (2008). Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400\u20131800. London: Continuum. p.\u00a024. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84725-220-3. A reasonable, plausible and, among its peers, probably most reliable account of the early career of Osman by the paragon of Ottoman historians, Kemal Pa\u015fa-zade (1468-1534), identifies the hijri year 652 (21 February 1254 to 9 February 1255) as the date of Osman’s birth.^ a b Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.\u00a016. By the time of Osman’s death (1323 or 1324)…^ Akg\u00fcnd\u00fcz, Ahmed; \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, Said (2011). Ottoman History \u2013 Misperceptions and Truths. IUR Press. p.\u00a035. ISBN\u00a0978-90-90-26108-9. Retrieved 28 December 2019.^ Lowry, Heath W. (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. p.\u00a0153. ISBN\u00a0978-0-7914-8726-6.^ “Osman I”. Encyclopedia Britannica. Osman I, also called Osman Gazi, (born c. 1258\u2014died 1324 or 1326), ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state.^ The Ottoman Empire, 1700\u20131999, Donald Quataert, page 4, 2005^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.\u00a0xii. There is still not one authentic written document known from the time of \u02bfOsm\u0101n, and there are not many from the fourteenth century altogether.^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.\u00a093.^ Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300\u20131923. Basic Books. p.\u00a06. ISBN\u00a0978-0-465-02396-7. Modern historians attempt to sift historical fact from the myths contained in the later stories in which the Ottoman chroniclers accounted for the origins of the dynasty[.]^ Imber, Colin (1991).  Zachariadou, Elizabeth (ed.). The Ottoman Emirate (1300\u20131389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press. p.\u00a075. Almost all the traditional tales about Osman Gazi are fictitious. The best thing a modern historian can do is to admit frankly that the earliest history of the Ottomans is a black hole. Any attempt to fill this hole will result simply in more fables.^ a b c Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.\u00a0122. That they hailed from the Kay\u0131 branch of the O\u011fuz confederacy seems to be a creative “rediscovery” in the genealogical concoction of the fifteenth century. It is missing not only in Ahmedi but also, and more importantly, in the Yah\u015fi Fakih-A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015fazade narrative, which gives its own version of an elaborate genealogical family tree going back to Noah. If there was a particularly significant claim to Kay\u0131 lineage, it is hard to imagine that Yah\u015fi Fakih would not have heard of it. Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. SUNY Press. p.\u00a078. ISBN\u00a00-7914-5636-6. Based on these charters, all of which were drawn up between 1324 and 1360 (almost one hundred fifty years prior to the emergence of the Ottoman dynastic myth identifying them as members of the Kay\u0131 branch of the Oguz federation of Turkish tribes), we may posit that…Rudi Paul Lindner (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Indiana University Press. p.\u00a010. In fact, no matter how one were to try, the sources simply do not allow the recovery of a family tree linking the antecedents of Osman to the Kay\u0131 of the O\u011fuz tribe.^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.\u00a0124.^ Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k (1988\u20132016). “OSMAN I \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 (\u00f6. 724\/1324) Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin ve h\u00e2nedan\u0131n\u0131n kurucusu (1302\u20131324).”. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.^ Ahmet Ya\u015far Ocak, (2000), Osmanli Devleti’nin kurulu\u015fu: efsaneler ve ger\u00e7ekler, p. 45 (in Turkish)^ Kenje Kara, Daniel Prior, (2004), Archivum Ottomanicum, Volume 22, p. 140^ H\u014dca Efendi, Sa\u02bfd al-D\u012bn b. \u1e24asan (1863). T\u00e2c\u00fc’t-Tev\u00e2rih [The Crown of Histories] (in Ottoman Turkish). Istanbul: Matbaa-i \u00c2mire. pp.\u00a013\u201315.^ a b \u00d6ztuna, Y\u0131lmaz (1988). Maws\u016b\u02bbat t\u0101r\u012bkh al-Imbar\u0101\u1e6d\u016br\u012byah al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012byah al-siy\u0101s\u012b wa-al-\u02bbaskar\u012b wa-al-\u1e25a\u1e0d\u0101r\u012b [Encyclopedia of the political, military and cultural history of the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic). Vol.\u00a0I. Translated by Salman, Adnan Mahmud (1st\u00a0ed.). Istanbul: Faisal Finance Institution. pp.\u00a083\u201384.^ Far\u012bd, Mu\u1e25ammad (2006). T\u0101r\u012bkh al-Dawlah al-\u02bbAl\u012byah al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012byah [History of the Exalted Ottoman State] (in Arabic) (10th\u00a0ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’is. pp.\u00a0115\u2013116. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019.^ al-Qaramani, Ahmed bin Yusuf bin Ahmed (1985). T\u0101r\u012bkh sal\u0101\u1e6d\u012bn \u0100l \u02bbUthm\u0101n [History of the Ottoman Sultans] (in Arabic) (1st\u00a0ed.). Damascus: D\u0101r al-ba\u1e63\u0101\u02bcir. pp.\u00a09\u201310.^ a b c d Shaw, Stanford (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (illustrated, reprinted\u00a0ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a013\u201314. ISBN\u00a09780521291637.^ \u1e6caqq\u016bsh, Mu\u1e25ammad Suhayl (2013). T\u0101r\u012bkh al-\u02bbuthm\u0101n\u012by\u012bn min qiy\u0101m al-Dawlah il\u00e1 al-inqil\u0101b \u02bbal\u00e1 al-khil\u0101fah [History of the Ottomans: from the rise of the Empire to the coup against the caliphate] (in Arabic) (3rd\u00a0ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’is. p.\u00a092. ISBN\u00a09789953184432. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.^ Arma\u011fan, Mustafa (2014). al-t\u0101r\u012bkh al-sirr\u012b lil-Imbar\u0101\u1e6d\u016br\u012byah al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012byah; Jaw\u0101nib ghayr Ma\u02bbr\u016bfa min \u1e25ay\u0101t Sal\u0101\u1e6d\u012bn Ban\u012b \u02bbUthm\u0101n [The Secret History of the Ottoman Empire: Unrecognized Aspects of the Life of the Ottoman Sultans] (in Arabic). Translated by Hamza, Mustafa (1st\u00a0ed.). Beirut: al-D\u0101r al-\u02bbArab\u012byah lil-\u02bbUl\u016bm N\u0101shir\u016bn. p.\u00a011. ISBN\u00a09786140111226.^ Murphey, Rhoads (2008). Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400\u20131800. London: Continuum. p.\u00a024. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84725-220-3.^ a b c d e Sakao\u011flu, Necdet (1999). Ya\u015famlar\u0131 ve Yap\u0131tlar\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131lar Ansiklopedisi, C.2 [Encyclopedia of the Lives and Works of the Ottomans] (in Turkish). Yap\u0131 Kredi K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. pp.\u00a0392\u2013395. ISBN\u00a09789750800719.^ Zachariadou, Elizabeth A. (1997). Osmanl\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, 1300\u20131389 [Ottoman Beylik, 1300 – 1389] (in Turkish). \u0130stanbul: T\u00fcrkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakf\u0131. p.\u00a0150. ISBN\u00a09789753330671.^ a b \u1e24all\u0101q, \u1e24ass\u0101n (2000). T\u0101r\u012bkh al-shu\u02bb\u016bb al-Isl\u0101m\u012byah al-\u1e25ad\u012bth wa-al-mu\u02bb\u1ea1\u1e63ir [Modern and Contemporary History of the Muslim peoples] (in Arabic) (1st\u00a0ed.). Beirut: Dar al-nah\u1e0dah al-\u02bbArab\u012byah. pp.\u00a016\u201317. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2019.^ Fleet, Kate. “The rise of the Ottomans”. The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol.\u00a02: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0313. ISBN\u00a09780521839570. The origins of the Ottomans are obscure. According to legend, largely invented later as part of the process of legitimising Ottoman rule and providing the Ottomans with a suitably august past, it was the Saljuq ruler \u02bfAl\u0101\u02be al-D\u012bn who bestowed rule on the Ottomans.^ Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300\u20131923. Basic Books. p.\u00a012. Beyond the likelihood that the first Ottoman sultan was a historical figure, a Turcoman Muslim marcher-lord of the Byzantine frontier in north-west Anatolia whose father may have been called Ertu\u011frul, there is little other biographical information about Osman.^ a b Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 ISBN\u00a09780521291637, p. 13^ Fleet, Kate (2010). “The rise of the Ottomans”.  In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 2: The Western Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0313. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-83957-0. The origins of the Ottomans are obscure. According to legend, largely invented later as part of the process of legitimising Ottoman rule and providing the Ottomans with a suitably august past, it was the Saljuq ruler \u02bfAl\u0101\u02be al-D\u012bn who bestowed rule on the Ottomans.^ Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, R\u0131za (12 September 2018). Alevili\u011fin Do\u011fu\u015fu: K\u0131z\u0131lba\u015f Sufili\u011finin Toplumsal ve Siyasal Temelleri 1300-1501. p.\u00a0121. ISBN\u00a09789750525018. Retrieved 20 March 2023. \u015eikar\u00ee daha da ileriye giderek Osman’\u0131 Sel\u00e7uklunun bir \u00e7oban\u0131 olarak ifade eder. (…) \u015eikar\u00ee genellikle Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 soylu kan\u0131ndan olmamak, sad\u0131k olmamak, s\u00f6zlerini tutmamak gibi \u015feylerle su\u00e7lar. (…) “[Karamano\u011flu] Osman’\u0131 bir ged\u0101 iken \u015fah eyledi. [Osman] Asl\u0131 cinsi yok bir y\u00fcr\u00fcko\u011flu iken bey old\u0131.^ Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300\u20131650: The Structure of Power (2\u00a0ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p.\u00a08.Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. p.\u00a0129. Of [military undertakings] we know nothing with certainty until the Battle of Bapheus, Osman’s triumphant confrontation with a Byzantine force in 1301 (or 1302), which is the first datable incident in his life.^ a b c Shaw, Ottoman Empire, p. 14^ Sakao\u011flu, Necdet (2008). Bu m\u00fclk\u00fcn kad\u0131n sultanlar\u0131: V\u00e2lide sultanlar, h\u00e2tunlar, hasekiler, kad\u0131nefendiler, sultanefendiler [The Queen Women of the Sultanate: V\u00e2lide sultans, wives, hasekis, women’s children, sultan’s children] (in Turkish). Istanbul: O\u011flak Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k. p.\u00a026. ISBN\u00a0978-9-753-29623-6.^ a b Ibr\u0101h\u012bm, A\u1e25mad Ma\u1e25m\u016bd (2016). “\u1e93uh\u016br al-Bikt\u0101sh\u012byah wa-al-ishr\u0101f \u02bbal\u00e1 al-Inkishariyya”. al-Isl\u0101m al-muw\u0101z\u012b f\u012b Turkiy\u0101: al-Bikt\u0101sh\u012byah wa-jadal al-ta\u02bcs\u012bs [Parallel Islam in Turkey: Bektashi Order and Janissary Supervision] (PDF) (in Arabic) (1st\u00a0ed.). Dubai: Al-Mesbar Studies and Research Center. p.\u00a04. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.^ a b c d \u1e6caqq\u016bsh, Mu\u1e25ammad Suhayl (2013). T\u0101r\u012bkh al-\u02bbuthm\u0101n\u012by\u012bn min qiy\u0101m al-Dawlah il\u00e1 al-inqil\u0101b \u02bbal\u00e1 al-khil\u0101fah [History of the Ottomans: from the rise of the Empire to the coup against the caliphate] (in Arabic) (3rd\u00a0ed.). Beirut: Dar al-Nafa’is. pp.\u00a025\u201328. ISBN\u00a09789953184432. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 28 April 2019.^ Collins, Paul (1993). al-Uthm\u0101n\u012by\u016bn f\u012b \u016ar\u016bbb\u0101 [The Ottomans in Europe] (in Arabic). Translated by al-Shaykh, \u02bbAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101n. Cairo: General Egyptian Book Organization. p.\u00a026. Retrieved 30 March 2020.^ Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). “Osman I”.  In \u00c1goston, G\u00e1bor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. p.\u00a0445. Apart from these chronicles, there are later sources that begin to establish Osman as a mythic figure. From the 16th century onward a number of dynastic myths are used by Ottoman and Western authors, endowing the founder of the dynasty with more exalted origins. Among these is recounted the famous “dream of Osman” which is supposed to have taken place while he was a guest in the house of a sheikh, Edebali. […] This highly symbolic narrative should be understood, however, as an example of eschatological mythology required by the subsequent success of the Ottoman emirate to surround the founder of the dynasty with supernatural vision, providential success, and an illustrious genealogy.Imber, Colin (1987). “The Ottoman Dynastic Myth”. Turcica. 19: 7\u201327. doi:10.2143\/TURC.19.0.2014268. The attraction of A\u015f\u0131kpasazade’s story was not only that it furnished an episode proving that God had bestowed rulership on the Ottomans, but also that it provided, side by side with the physical descent from Oguz Khan, a spiritual descent. […] Hence the physical union of Osman with a saint’s daughter gave the dynasty a spiritual legitimacy and became, after the 1480s, an integral feature of dynastic mythology.^ Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300\u20131923. Basic Books. p.\u00a02., citing Lindner, Rudi P. (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p.\u00a037. ISBN\u00a00-933070-12-8.^ Finkel, Caroline (13 February 2006). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300\u20131923. Basic Books. p.\u00a02. ISBN\u00a0978-0-465-02396-7. First communicated in this form in the later fifteenth century, a century and a half after Osman’s death in about 1323, this dream became one of the most resilient founding myths of the empire^ Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. pp.\u00a0132\u20133.^ G\u00fcl, Mehmet Zahir (2014). al-Ta\u1e25awwul\u0101t al-fikr\u012byah f\u012b al-\u02bb\u0101lam al-Isl\u0101m\u012b: a\u02bbl\u0101m, wa-kutub wa-\u1e25arak\u0101t wa-afk\u0101r, min al-qarn al-\u02bb\u0101shir il\u00e1 al-th\u0101n\u012b \u02bbashar al-Hijr\u012b [Intellectual transformations in the Islamic world: people, books, movements and ideas, from the tenth to the twelfth century AH] (in Arabic) (1st\u00a0ed.). Herndon, Virginia: International Institute of Islamic Thought. p.\u00a0378. ISBN\u00a09781565646216. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2018.^ Mantran, Robert (1986). “A Turkish or Mongolian Islam”.  In Fossier, Robert (ed.). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250\u20131520. Vol.\u00a03. trans. Hanbury-Tenison, Sarah. Cambridge, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press. p.\u00a0298. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-26646-8.^ a b c Kafadar, Cemal (1999). Translated by al-\u1e24arith, \u02bbAbd al-La\u1e6d\u012bf. “Takawwun al-dawla al-Uthm\u0101n\u012bya” [Formation of the Ottoman Empire]. Al-Ijtih\u0101d (in Arabic). Beirut: D\u0101r al-Ijtih\u0101d lil-Ab\u1e25\u0101th wa-al-Tarjamah wa-al-Nashr. 16 (41\u201342): 65\u201366. Archived from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2015.^ al-D\u016br\u012b, \u02bbAbd al-\u02bbAz\u012bz (12 May 1952). “al-a\u1e63n\u0101f wa-al-\u1e25iraf al-Isl\u0101m\u012byah”. 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SUNY Press. p.\u00a073.^ a b “Ertu\u011frul Gazi ve Halime Sultan T\u00fcrbesi”. 3 June 2016.^ Ihsanoglu, E. History of the Ottoman state, society and civilization: in 2 volumes; translated from Turkish by Feonova, ed. by M.S. Meyer; Eastern Literature, 2006. V.1. p. 6; ISBN\u00a05-02-018511-6.^ Ihsanoglu, E. History of the Ottoman state, society and civilization: in 2 volumes; Translation from Turkish by V.B.Feonova, ed. by M.S.Meyer; Eastern Literature, 2006. V. 1; p. 6; ISBN\u00a05-02-018511-6.^ R.Rakhmanaliev. Empire of the Turks. Great civilization. Turkic peoples in World History since the 10th century B.C. to the 20th century. Ripol Classic, 2008. ISBN\u00a05386008471, 9785386008475.^ Uspensky, F. History of the Byzantine Empire: XI-XV centuries. Eastern question. Moscow, Mysl’, 1996. ISBN\u00a0524400882X, 9785244008821.^ Kinross, Lord. The Ottoman Centuries. The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Harper Collins, 1979.^ Gibbons, Herbert Adams. The Foundation of the Ottoman Empire: A History of the Osmanlis Up To the Death of Bayezid I 1300\u20131403. \u2014 Routledge, 2013. p. 27. ISBN\u00a01135029822, 9781135029821.^ Kafadar, Cemal. Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. University of California Press, 1995. p. 1. ISBN\u00a00520206002, 9780520206007^ a b c Arma\u011fan, Mustafa (2014). al-t\u0101r\u012bkh al-sirr\u012b lil-Imbar\u0101\u1e6d\u016br\u012byah al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012byah; Jaw\u0101nib ghayr Ma\u02bbr\u016bfa min \u1e25ay\u0101t Sal\u0101\u1e6d\u012bn Ban\u012b \u02bbUthm\u0101n [The Secret History of the Ottoman Empire: Unrecognized Aspects of the Life of the Ottoman Sultans] (in Arabic). Translated by Hamza, Mustafa (1st\u00a0ed.). Beirut: al-D\u0101r al-\u02bbArab\u012byah lil-\u02bbUl\u016bm N\u0101shir\u016bn. pp.\u00a011\u201317. ISBN\u00a09786140111226.^ “Osman Gazi ikinci e\u015fi Bala Hatun kimdir t\u00fcrbesi nerede?” [Who is Osman Gazi’s second wife Bala Hatun; where is her tomb?]. InternetHaber (in Turkish). 2 June 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2021.^ Sarhank, Isma\u02bb\u012bl (1988). T\u0101r\u012bkh al-Dawlah al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012byah [History of the Ottoman Empire] (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar al-Fikr al-\u1e24ad\u012bth. p.\u00a014.^ Ab\u016b Ghunaymah, Ziy\u0101d (1983). Jaw\u0101nib Mu\u1e0d\u012b\u02bcah f\u012b t\u0101r\u012bkh al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012by\u012bn al-Atr\u0101k [Luminous aspects of the history of the Ottoman Turks] (in Arabic) (1st\u00a0ed.). Amman: Dar al-Furq\u0101n li al-nashr wa al-tawz\u012b\u02bb. pp.\u00a021\u201322.^ \u1e24arb, Mu\u1e25ammad (1994). al-Uthm\u0101n\u012by\u016bn fi al-T\u0101r\u012bkh wa al-\u1e24a\u1e0d\u0101rah [The Ottomans in history and civilization] (in Arabic). Cairo: Egyptian Center for Ottoman Studies and Turkish World Researches. p.\u00a012. Retrieved 22 April 2020.^ a b Brookes, Douglas (2008). The concubine, the princess, and the teacher: voices from the Ottoman harem. University of Texas Press. pp.\u00a0278, 285. ISBN\u00a09780292783355. Retrieved 14 April 2011.^ Opfell, Olga (2001). Royalty who wait: the 21 heads of formerly regnant houses of Europe. McFarland. pp.\u00a0146, 151. ISBN\u00a09780786450572. Retrieved 14 April 2011.^ Frederick William Hasluck, [First published 1929], “XLVI. The Girding of the Sultan”, in Margaret Hasluck, Christianity and Islam Under the Sultans II, pp. 604\u2013622. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4067-5887-0^ Topba\u015f, Osman Nuri (2016). al-\u02bbUthm\u0101n\u012by\u016bn: rij\u0101luhum al-\u02bbi\u1e93\u0101m wa mu\u02bcassas\u0101tihim al-sh\u0101mikhah [The Ottomans: their great men and their majestic institutions] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Mu\u1e25ammad, \u1e24arb (1st\u00a0ed.). Istanbul: Dar al-arqam. p.\u00a095. ISBN\u00a09789944835251. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2019.^ Frank R. C. Bagley, The Last Great Muslim Empires (Leid Brill, 1969), p. 2 ISBN\u00a0978-90-04-02104-4^ “Girding on the Sword of Osman” (PDF). The New York Times. 18 September 1876. p.\u00a02. ISSN\u00a00362-4331. Retrieved 19 April 2009.^ KUTAY, U\u011eUR (10 February 2020). “Osmanc\u0131k’tan ve Osman’a”. BirG\u00fcn (in Turkish). Retrieved 12 June 2020.^ “Dirili\u015f Ertu\u011frul’un Osman’\u0131 Emre \u00dc\u00e7tepe kimdir? Ka\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda ve nereli?”. www.sozcu.com.tr. Retrieved 27 February 2021.^ “Kurulu\u015f Osman oyuncular\u0131 isimleri: Kurulu\u015f Osman dizisinde kim kimdir?”. www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 29 November 2020.Further readingLindner, Rudi P. (1983). Nomads and Ottomans in Medieval Anatolia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN\u00a00-933070-12-8.Imber, Colin (1987). “The Ottoman Dynastic Myth”. Turcica. 19: 7\u201327. doi:10.2143\/TURC.19.0.2014268.Zachariadou, Elizabeth, ed. (1991). The Ottoman Emirate (1300-1389). Rethymnon: Crete University Press.Kafadar, Cemal (1995). Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN\u00a0978-0-520-20600-7.Lowry, Heath (2003). The Nature of the Early Ottoman State. Albany: SUNY Press. ISBN\u00a00-7914-5636-6.Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman’s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic Books. ISBN\u00a0978-0-465-02396-7.\u0130nalcik, Hal\u00eel (2007). OSMAN I – An article published in 33rd volume of Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam (in Turkish). Vol.\u00a033. Istanbul: TDV \u0130sl\u00e2m Ansiklopedisi. pp.\u00a0443\u2013453. ISBN\u00a0978-975-38-94-55-5.Murphey, Rhoads (2008). Exploring Ottoman Sovereignty: Tradition, Image, and Practice in the Ottoman Imperial Household, 1400-1800. London: Continuum. ISBN\u00a0978-1-84725-220-3.Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power (2\u00a0ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a0978-0-230-57451-9.Kermeli, Eugenia (2009). “Osman I”.  In \u00c1goston, G\u00e1bor; Masters, Bruce (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. New York: Facts on File. pp.\u00a0444\u20136. ISBN\u00a0978-0-8160-6259-1.Fleet, Kate (2010). “The rise of the Ottomans”.  In Fierro, Maribel (ed.). The New Cambridge History of Islam. Vol.\u00a02. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a0313\u2013331. ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-83957-0.External links Media related to Osman I at Wikimedia Commons     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/osman-i-wikipedia-3\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Osman I – Wikipedia"}}]}]