[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/petras-avizonis-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/petras-avizonis-wikipedia\/","headline":"Petras Avi\u017eonis – Wikipedia","name":"Petras Avi\u017eonis – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Lithuanian ophthalmologist and politician (1875\u20131939) after-content-x4 Petras Avi\u017eonis (17 April 1875 \u2013 17 October 1939) was a Lithuanian ophthalmologist,","datePublished":"2019-11-21","dateModified":"2019-11-21","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/petras-avizonis-wikipedia\/","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":5820,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Lithuanian ophthalmologist and politician (1875\u20131939)       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Petras Avi\u017eonis (17 April 1875 \u2013 17 October 1939) was a Lithuanian ophthalmologist, rector of the University of Lithuania (1925\u20131926) and a political figure.Avi\u017eonis studied biology at the Saint Petersburg University but transferred to the Dorpat University to study medicine in 1897. As a student, he was active participant in the Lithuanian National Revival, collaborating with Povilas Vi\u0161inskis, Gabriel\u0117 Petkevi\u010dait\u0117-Bit\u0117, Julija \u017dymantien\u0117 (\u017demait\u0117). In 1897, he wrote a small Lithuanian grammar. In summer 1900, he worked with linguist Jonas Jablonskis to write a more substantial grammar, which became highly influential in creating the standard Lithuanian language. Avi\u017eonis served as an army doctor with the Imperial Russian Army in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I. He became interested in ophthalmology and completed his PhD in 1914. He particularly focused on treating and preventing trachoma. In independent Lithuania, he taught ophthalmology from 1920 to his death, organized ophthalmology section at the University of Lithuania, opened and headed a modern eye clinic, organized professional societies for doctors. Avi\u017eonis contributed to numerous Lithuanian periodicals, published separate brochures on medical and societal topics, and authored over one hundred academic articles. He attended international conferences and was elected to the board of the International Organization Against Trachoma in 1938. His main work, the 844-page guide to eye diseases, was unsurpassed for over fifty years.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsBiography[edit]Early life and education[edit]In Russian Empire[edit]In independent Lithuania[edit]References[edit]Biography[edit]Early life and education[edit]Avi\u017eonis was born on 17 April\u00a0[O.S. 5 April]\u00a01875 in Pasvalys.[1] His family owned about 16 hectares (40 acres) of land and had eight children (three sons and five daughters).[2] His parents, active book smugglers who helped Jurgis Bielinis hide the books,[3] wanted him to become a priest and sent him to a private four-year German school in Mitau (present-day Jelgava) in 1884.[1] After the graduation, he refused to attend a priest seminary and instead continued his education at the Mitau Gymnasium which was attended by many other Lithuanian students, later prominent figures in Lithuanian politics and culture. These students organized an illegal student organization, which Avi\u017eonis reorganized into the Infant Society in 1890. The society promoted the Lithuanian national consciousness and helped distribute banned Lithuanian books.[1] Upon graduation in 1894, Avi\u017eonis worked as a tutor for a year to save up money for university studies. He also received financial aid from \u017dibur\u0117lis society. He chose biology at the Saint Petersburg University. Due to strict Russification policies, as a Lithuanian and non-Eastern Orthodox, Avi\u017eonis could only work in Lithuania if he became a priest, a doctor, or an attorney. Therefore, he transferred to the Dorpat University to study medicine in 1897 and graduated in 1900.[1]In Saint Petersburg, he became active among Lithuanian students, began contributing to Lithuanian periodicals Varpas and \u016akininkas, and helped Povilas Vi\u0161inskis edit the first works of writer Julija \u017dymantien\u0117 (\u017demait\u0117). In 1898, he published his first booklet, a popular explanation of some basic topics in earth science. In June 1898, Avi\u017eonis, Vi\u0161inkis, Gabriel\u0117 Petkevi\u010dait\u0117-Bit\u0117, Jadvyga Ju\u0161kyt\u0117 and her sister Marija visited Vincas Kudirka, the publisher of Varpas living in Naumiestis in Suvalkija.[4] They also visited Tadeusz Dowgird, archaeologist and artist, Petras Kriau\u010di\u016bnas, teacher and book smuggler, and Kazimieras Jaunius, priest and linguist. In August 1899, Avi\u017eonis helped organizing the first Lithuanian-language theater performance, comedy America in the Bathhouse (Amerika pirtyje), in Palanga. After the performance, Liudas Vaineikis took Vi\u0161inskis and Avi\u017eonis to Tilsit in East Prussia, the major publishing center of the illegal Lithuanian press. On their way back, they visited Juozas Tumas-Vai\u017egantas in Kuliai and Sofija P\u0161ibiliauskien\u0117 near Try\u0161kiai.He continued to correspond with linguist Jonas Jablonskis, former teacher at Mitau, and with his encouragement wrote a small Lithuanian grammar based on the German-language writings of Friedrich Kurschat and on works by Kazimieras Jaunius.[9] It was the first work that used the Lithuanian alphabet as it is used today.[9] When the book could not be printed, Antanas Smetona and Vladas Sirutavi\u010dius\u00a0[lt] made about 100 copies using a mimeograph in 1898.[10] This grammar was insufficient for Lithuanian needs and in summer 1900 Jablonskis and Avi\u017eonis wrote a more substantial grammar, which became highly influential in creating the standard Lithuanian language. It was published in 1901 under the pen name Petras Kriau\u0161aitis (Petras is Avi\u017eonis’ first name and Kriau\u0161aitis is Jablonskis’ pen name).[11]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4In Russian Empire[edit]Upon graduation, he worked as a doctor in Ariogala. At the time, he did not specialize and treated all kinds of ailments.[1] In 1901, he married Sofija Gruzdyt\u0117, who studied midwifery and massage in Dorpat, contributed to Lithuanian press, and published a translation of Tolstoy’s The Restoration of Hell in 1908.[12] She was sister-in-law of Vladas Putvinskis\u00a0[lt].[1] In October 1902, he participated in a meeting of Varpas publishers and contributors in Dabikin\u0117 Manor. The meeting was organized by Povilas Vi\u0161inskis and attended by Jonas Bili\u016bnas, Kazys Grinius, Jurgis \u0160aulys, Jonas Vilei\u0161is, Antanas Smetona, and others. They discussed political ideas and established the Lithuanian Democratic Party. In 1903, the couple moved to \u017dagar\u0117 where he organized a cooperative, a charitable society, and a shelter for the poor.[1] In 1904, Avi\u017eonis assisted Jonas Jablonskis in preparing for publication the second volume of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian dictionary, compiled by Antanas Ju\u0161ka.[14] During the Russo-Japanese War, he was drafted to serve as doctor in the Imperial Russian Army and was taken captive by the Japanese. In 1910, he moved to \u0160iauliai.[1]Avi\u017eonis became interested in ophthalmology after taking part in an expedition of Russian ophthalmologists to Zarasai.[1] He continued his medical education specializing in ophthalmology by attending courses on anthropometry by Fedir Vovk, taking classes at the Imperial Clinical Institute of Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna\u00a0[ru], and practicing at the eye clinics of professors Vladimir Dolganov\u00a0[ru] and Alexander Lutkevich\u00a0[ru].[1] He defended his PhD thesis on eye ailments in Gruzd\u017eiai and Lygumai area at the Dorpat University in 1914.[15] His thesis concluded that blindness in some 60% of cases resulted from trachoma and dedicated his efforts in eradicating the infectious disease.[1]At the same time, Avi\u017eonis continued to be active in Lithuanian cultural life. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, his political views shifted towards social democracy.[1] Using more than 50 pen names, he contributed numerous articles, often on medical topics, to Lithuanian press, including democratic Vilniaus \u017einios (1905\u20131909), Lietuvos \u016bkininkas (1905\u20131909), Lietuvos \u017einios, and social democratic Darbinink\u0173 balsas (1902), Naujoji Gadyn\u0117 (1906), Skardas (1907), and others.[15] He also published several booklets: Socialists and Masons (1906), Alcoholism Our Curse (1907), Workers and Society (1908), Earth and Human (1910). Some of the medical articles, published in Sveikata supplement of Lietuvos \u016bkininkas, were republished as separate brochures.[15] He was a member of the Lithuanian Scientific Society and contributed to its journal Lietuvi\u0173 tauta.[16] He participated in the cultural Varpas Society in \u0160iauliai. The society organized music and theater performances, lectures, Lithuanian evenings, etc.[1]At the outbreak of World War I, Avi\u017eonis was again drafted to serve as doctor in the Imperial Russian Army. From December 1914 to June 1916, he worked as a senior doctor in a Red Cross sanitary train and a medical platoon. He then became director of the ophthalmology section of the Central Prison Hospital attached to the Butyrka prison and doctor at the Red Cross Hospital in Moscow.[1] After the February Revolution in 1917, he joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks).[17] He attended the Lithuanian Petrograd Seimas in June 1917.[18]In independent Lithuania[edit]In June 1918, Avi\u017eonis returned to Lithuania taking up residence in \u0160iauliai. As a member of the Lithuanian Communist Party,[17] he was invited by Vincas Mickevi\u010dius-Kapsukas to become Commissar of Health in the short-lived Lithuanian\u2013Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919. Kapsukas also delegated Avi\u017eonis to purchase textbooks for the planned university in Vilnius. This episode almost led to his arrest in 1920 when he was accused of being a Bolshevik collaborator.[1]In independent Lithuania, Avi\u017eonis focused his efforts on medicine and departed from politics.[1] He moved to Kaunas and organized the Medical Society of Kaunas in May 1919.[14][19] This and other local medical societies organized the Union of Lithuanian Doctors in 1923. Its statute was drafted by Avi\u017eonis.[19] From 1920, Avi\u017eonis lectured at the Higher Courses, the predecessor of the University of Lithuania established in 1922. At the new university, he was the dean of the Faculty of Medicine (1923\u20131924), university prorector (1924\u20131925), and rector (1925\u20131926).[14] He continued to teach ophthalmology and history of medicine until his death in 1939.[1] In 1930, he established an eye clinic and organized the construction of a modern building. It was a 50-bed hospital that in 1930\u20131938 treated almost 5,000 inpatients and 217,000 outpatients.[20] The clinic was merged with the Red Cross Hospital in September 1939, just a month prior to his death.[1]Avi\u017eonis was a member of the German (from 1923) and French (from 1930) Societies of Ophthalmology. He attended international conferences and was elected to the board of the International Organization Against Trachoma in 1938.[15] In 1932, he founded the Society of Lithuanian Eye Doctors and chaired it until 1939. He published 134 academic articles on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various eye diseases in Lithuanian (95 articles in Medicina),[9] Latvian, German, French,[1] contributed articles to the Lithuanian Encyclopedia, edited medical journals Medicina (Lithuanian), Archiv Oftalmologii (Russian), Ophthalmologica (German).[15] His main work \u2013 the 844-page guide to eye diseases \u2013 was published posthumously in 1940. It remained the only comprehensive Lithuanian-language guide to eye diseases for over half a century.[21] When writing in Lithuanian, Avi\u017eonis had to translate or create numerous medical terms \u2013 about 250 in total,[21] including some fundamental terms like tinklain\u0117 (retina), akiduob\u0117 (orbit), l\u0119\u0161iukas (lens).[22] He was interested in linguistics and assisted Kazimieras B\u016bga and Juozas Bal\u010dikonis in their efforts of compiling the Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian.[22]Avi\u017eonis died on 17 October 1939. His funeral was a large public event, attended by many dignitaries.[1] His body was cremated and his ashes stored in a copper urn made by Petras Rim\u0161a. Due to World War II, the urn remained unburied until November 1984. The ashes were buried with a public ceremony in the Petra\u0161i\u016bnai Cemetery.[2]References[edit]^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Gaigalait\u0117, Aldona (1998). “Petras Avi\u017eonis” (PDF). \u017diemgala (in Lithuanian) (1). ISSN\u00a01648-7230.^ a b Kazlauskas, Albinas (2008-11-13). Profesorius, medicinos daktaras Petras Avi\u017eonis (1875\u20131939). Paminklai Lietuvos knygne\u0161iams ir daraktoriams (in Lithuanian). ISBN\u00a0978-9955-800-95-8. Retrieved 27 April 2018.^ Bir\u017ei\u0161ka, Vaclovas;  et\u00a0al., eds. (1953). “Avi\u017eonis, Jonas”. Lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol.\u00a0I. Lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedijos leidykla. p.\u00a0503. OCLC\u00a014547758.^ Sprindis, Adolfas (1978). Povilas Vi\u0161inskis (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Vaga. pp.\u00a0160, 162. OCLC\u00a04874806.^ a b c Briaukien\u0117, Birut\u0117 (2017-05-23). “Oftalmologas Petras Avi\u017eonis ir jo lietuvi\u0161ki medicinos terminai”. Lietuvos oftalmologija (in Lithuanian). 1. ISSN\u00a01648-5289.^ Merkelis, Aleksandras (1964). Antanas Smetona: jo visuomenin\u0117, kult\u016brin\u0117 ir politin\u0117 veikla (in Lithuanian). New York: Amerikos lietuvi\u0173 tautin\u0117s s\u0105junga. p.\u00a044. OCLC\u00a0494741879.^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by Alfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. p.\u00a019. ISBN\u00a09789004302037.^ Bir\u017ei\u0161ka, Vaclovas;  et\u00a0al., eds. (1953). “Avi\u017eonien\u0117-Gruzdyt\u0117 Sofija”. Lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol.\u00a0I. Lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedijos leidykla. p.\u00a0503. OCLC\u00a014547758.^ a b c “Avi\u017eonis, Petras”. Visuotin\u0117 lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedij\u0173 leidybos centras. 2002-08-14. Retrieved 27 April 2018.^ a b c d e Bir\u017ei\u0161ka, Vaclovas;  et\u00a0al., eds. (1953). “Avi\u017eonis Petras”. Lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol.\u00a0I. Lietuvi\u0173 enciklopedijos leidykla. p.\u00a0504. OCLC\u00a014547758.^ \u010cep\u0117nas, Pranas (1977). Nauj\u0173j\u0173 laik\u0173 Lietuvos istorija. Vol.\u00a0I. Chicago: Dr. Kazio Griniaus Fondas. p.\u00a0470. OCLC\u00a03220435.^ a b Zinkus, Jonas;  et\u00a0al., eds. (1985\u20131988). “Avi\u017eonis, Petras”. Taryb\u0173 Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Vol.\u00a0I. Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedij\u0173 redakcija. p.\u00a0153. OCLC\u00a020017802.^ Grigaravi\u010dius, Algirdas (2013). “Politin\u0117 lietuvi\u0173 veikla Rusijoje 1917 metais”. Darbai ir dienos (in Lithuanian). 60: 63. doi:10.7220\/2335-8769.60.2. ISSN\u00a01392-0588. S2CID\u00a0158762379.^ a b Labanauskas, Liutauras (2004). “Tauta laukia ir m\u016bs\u0173, medik\u0173, tvirto \u017eod\u017eio bei darb\u0173”. Medicina (in Lithuanian). 40 (11): 1029. ISSN\u00a01010-660X.^ Lignugarien\u0117, Asta; Petrauskien\u0117, Jadvyga; Kaselien\u0117, Snieguol\u0117 (2007). “Lietuvos universiteto (Vytauto Did\u017eiojo universiteto) Medicinos fakulteto Aki\u0173 klinikos veikla 1922\u20131938 metais” (PDF). Medicina (in Lithuanian). 43 (10): 758, 761\u2013762. ISSN\u00a01010-660X.^ a b Briaukien\u0117, Birut\u0117 (2005). “Pirmajam lietuvi\u0161kam “Aki\u0173 lig\u0173 vadovui” \u2013 65 metai” (PDF). Medicina (in Lithuanian). 41 (7): 621\u2013623. ISSN\u00a01010-660X.^ a b Lignugarien\u0117, Asta; Minevi\u010dius, Rolandas (2004). “Prof. P. Avi\u017eonio ir gyd. J. Staugai\u010dio rinkiniai Lietuvos medicinos ir farmacijos istorijos muziejuje”. Lietuvos muziej\u0173 rinkiniai (in Lithuanian). 4. ISSN\u00a01822-0657.     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