[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/serbian-ottoman-wars-1876-1878-wikipedia-3\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/serbian-ottoman-wars-1876-1878-wikipedia-3\/","headline":"Serbian\u2013Ottoman Wars (1876\u20131878) – Wikipedia","name":"Serbian\u2013Ottoman Wars (1876\u20131878) – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Serbia from 1876 to 1878 after-content-x4 The Serbian\u2013Ottoman Wars","datePublished":"2014-09-26","dateModified":"2014-09-26","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Serbian_military_camp.jpg\/200px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Serbian_military_camp.jpg\/200px-Serbian_military_camp.jpg","height":"146","width":"200"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/serbian-ottoman-wars-1876-1878-wikipedia-3\/","wordCount":7915,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Two conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Principality of Serbia from 1876 to 1878       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Serbian\u2013Ottoman Wars (Serbian: \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438, romanized:\u00a0Srpsko-osmanski ratovi), also known as the Serbian\u2013Turkish Wars or Serbian Wars for Independence (\u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442, Srpski ratovi za nezavisnost), were two consequent wars (1876\u20131877 and 1877\u20131878), fought between the Principality of Serbia and the Ottoman Empire. In conjunction with the Principality of Montenegro, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 30 June 1876. By the intervention of major European powers, ceasefire was concluded in autumn, and the Constantinople Conference was organized. Peace was signed on 28 February 1877 on the basis of status quo ante bellum. After a brief period of formal peace, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 11 December 1877. Renewed hostilities lasted until February 1878. Final outcome of wars was decided by the Congress of Berlin (1878). Serbia gained international recognition as an independent state, and its territory was expanded.[6]At the beginning of the conflict, the Serbian army was poorly trained and ill-equipped, unlike the troops of the Ottoman Empire. The offensive objectives the Serbian army sought to accomplish were overly ambitious for such a force, and they suffered a number of defeats that resulted from poor planning and chronically being spread too thin. This allowed Ottoman forces to repel the initial attacks of the Serbian army and drive them back. During the autumn of 1876, the Ottoman Empire continued their successful offensive which culminated in a victory on the heights above \u0110unis. During the second conflict, between 13 December 1877 and 5 February 1878, Serbian troops regrouped with help from Imperial Russia, who fought their own Russo-Turkish War. The Serbs formed five corps and attacked Ottoman troops to the south, taking the cities of Ni\u0161, Pirot, Leskovac and Vranje one after another. The war coincided with the Bulgarian uprising, the Montenegrin\u2013Ottoman War and the Russo-Turkish War, which together are known as the Great Eastern Crisis of the Ottoman Empire.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsBackground and the opposing forces[edit]Operations[edit]First War (1876\u20131877)[edit]Second War (1877\u20131878)[edit]Aftermath[edit]Gallery[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Sources[edit]Other languages[edit]External links[edit]Background and the opposing forces[edit]In 1875, a revolt of Serbs broke out in Herzegovina, a province of the Ottoman Empire, which soon spread to other regions of the Vilayet of Bosnia, and in the spring of 1876 an uprising of Christian population also broke out in Bulgaria. Although the Ottoman Empire quickly suppressed the revolt in Bulgaria, the fighting in Herzegovina and Bosnia continued to drag on. In the same time, political instability in Turkish capital culminated on 30 May (1876) when sultan Abd\u00fclaziz was deposed and replaced with Murad V. Taking advantage of the opportunity, the two semi-independent principalities of Serbia and Montenegro opted for independence and declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 18 June 1876.[10]  Serbian military camp during the war in 1876.The main Serbian army under Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Chernyayev, a Russian general, concentrated at the Southern fortress of Aleksinac. It consisted of three Serbian divisions and a variety of volunteer formations totaling about 45,000 men. In the northeast, Milojko Le\u0161janin based at Zaje\u010dar commanded an infantry division (6,000) with cavalry support and the Bulgarian Legion (2,000). In the west there were two weak divisions (3,500 each), one in the southwest at U\u017eice commanded by Franti\u0161ek Zach and one in the northwest at \u0160abac commanded by Ranko Alimpi\u0107. The main rifle was the Peabody M.1870 which had a performance similar to the M1867 Russian Krnka. Whilst the Peabody was the best weapon available to Serbian troops many had to make do with the erratic M.1867 Serbian Green conversion and other breechloaders, and even muzzleloaders (about 39,000 Russian musket model 1845\/63 and 7,000 Belgian rifle model 1849\/56). Officers were armed with Francotte Revolver m\/1871. Artillery batteries contained a variety of mostly bronze guns almost all inferior to the Ottoman Krupps. There were very few cavalry squadrons reflecting the nature of the terrain and those which existed were poorly equipped. At that time Serbia was accepting all volunteers; there were many volunteers from different countries, including Russians, Bulgarians, Italian followers of Giuseppe Garibaldi and Prussian officers, and also Englishmen, Frenchmen, Greeks, Romanians and Poles. The biggest detachments were those of the Russians and Bulgarians. During the war of 1876\u20131877, on the initiative of Garibaldi, a detachment was created consisting of several hundreds of Italian volunteers. Russian volunteer detachments formally independent of the Russian state stood up in defense of Serbia. The biggest number of Russian volunteers fought in the Timok-Morava Army, their number reaching around 2,200, out of which there were 650 officers and 300 medical personnel.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The main Ottoman army was based at Sofia under Abdul Kerim with 50,000 men plus irregulars (bashi-bazouk) and Circassians. There was a garrison at the border fortress of Ni\u0161 commanded by Mehmed Ali with 8,000 men. At Vidin, Osman Nuri had 23,000 men. In the west, in the Sanjak of Bosnia, there were small garrisons at Bijeljina and Zvornik with a larger force (12,000 mostly Egyptians) organized in three infantry regiments under the command of Hosni Rashid Pasha (Egyptian Army) and Dervish Pasha[who?] and Mehmed Ali[who?]. Substantial numbers of Redif troops were called up for this war mostly armed with former British Sniders. The superior Peabody\u2013Martini was becoming more widely available and was certainly used by the Egyptian troops. Krupp breechloaders are most frequently mentioned although there must have been significant numbers of bronze guns. Ottoman troops performed well during the war albeit badly officered and inadequately supplied.Operations[edit]First War (1876\u20131877)[edit]  Chief of General Staff of the Ottoman army Abdul Kerim  Serbian ambulance in 1876.The first phase, known as the First Serbian\u2013Ottoman War (\u041f\u0440\u0432\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442\/Prvi srpsko-turski rat), took place between 30 June 1876 and 28 February 1877. The Serbian government declared war on the Ottoman Empire on the symbolic Vidovdan (June 27), the day of the Battle of Kosovo (1389). (Although, the battle took place on June 15 in the 14th century and it did not need transition to the Gregorian Calendar. Even in the case of such transition, the correct date had to be June 23, as the difference in the 14th century should be 8 days.) The initial Serbian military plan was to defend Ni\u0161 and attack Sofia with the main army under Chernyayev. Other armies would simultaneously launch diversionary attacks, but these were repulsed in the west. In the north-east, general Milojko Le\u0161janin was defeated near Kior after failing to hold the Ottoman advance over the Timok river. Although he withdrew to the fortress at Saicar, the Ottoman army captured it on 7 August 1876. The Serbian army’s main advance in the south appeared to initially meet with success when it moved quickly down the Ni\u0161ava valley and captured the important heights at Babina Glava, north of Pirot. They were forced to withdraw, however, when the Ottomans responded by sending two columns under Suleiman and Hafiz to flank the Serbian position.[citation needed] General Ranko Alimpi\u0107 crossed the Drina in July 1876 but was unsuccessful in capturing Bijeljina.[11]The Ottoman commander Abdul Kerim decided against marching over the difficult mountain terrain between the Timok and Morava rivers and instead concentrated 40,000 troops at Ni\u0161 and advanced up the easier country of the Morava valley towards Aleksinac. Chernyayev had less than 30,000 men, and unlike the Ottoman commander he stretched them thinly across both sides of the Morava river and into the mountains. Consequently, when contact was made between the two forces, the Serbian troops were overwhelmed by massed Ottoman firepower. A bayonet charge shortly followed and routed the Serbian troops from the field. Thanks to Abdul Kerim’s indecisiveness and the arrival of Horvatovi\u0107’s fresh forces, a new Serbian defensive line was created at Djunis.Following this string of setbacks and defeats, Serbia petitioned the European powers to mediate a diplomatic solution to the war. A joint ultimatum from the European powers forced the Ottoman Empire into accepting a one-month truce with Serbia, during which peace negotiations were held. The Ottoman Empire’s peace conditions were deemed by the European powers as too harsh, however, and were rejected.When the truce expired, the war continued and the new Serbian commander, Horvatovi\u0107, attacked the Ottoman positions along a broad front from Djunis to Aleksinac on 28 September 1876, but the Ottoman troops repulsed the attacks. The Ottoman forces reorganized and regrouped, and on 19 October 1876 the army of Adyl Pasha launched a surprise attack on the Serbian right which forced the Serbians back to Deligrad.On 31 October 1876, with the situation becoming dire and Serbian forces about to collapse, Russia mobilized its army and threatened to declare war on the Ottoman Empire if they did not sign a truce with Serbia and renew the peace negotiations within forty-eight hours. These negotiations lasted until 15 January 1877 and effectively ended the fighting between Serbia and the Ottoman Empire until Serbia, having gained financial backing from Russia, again declared war against the Ottoman Empire in 1877.Second War (1877\u20131878)[edit]The second phase, known as the Second Serbian\u2013Ottoman War (\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442\/Drugi srpsko-turski rat), took place between 13 December 1877 and 5 February 1878. It ended in Serbian victory.  Battle of Vranje took place between 26 and 31 January 1878 and it represented final stage of the Second war.By early 1878, the Royal Serbian Army had captured most of the South Morava basin, reaching as far as Pre\u0161evo and Vitina.[12] On 31 January they took Vranje.Aftermath[edit]Many children were orphaned as a result of the Serbo-Turkish Wars. The situation in Serbia was very serious, described by some as \u201cchildren in huge groups reaching towns\u201d. At that time Serbia had underdeveloped social care system. Being aware of all that, 50 most prominent citizens of Belgrade decided to establish the \u201cSociety for the bringing up and protection of children\u201d, in the Kasina Hotel on Terazije Square, in 1879. In this facility the first vocational school in Serbia was established.[13]During and after the Serbian\u2013Ottoman War of 1876\u20131878, between 30,000 and 70,000 Ottoman loyalists, mostly Albanians, has fled before the Serbian army from the former Sanjak of Ni\u0219 to the Turkish Vilayet of Kosovo.[14][15][16][17][18][19]Gallery[edit]King Milan Obrenovi\u0107 goes to war, 1876Painting of Djura Jaksic dedicated to Serbo-Turkish warSerbian military camp, 1876Serbian soldiers marching, 1876Ottoman reconnaissance in Deligrad, 1876War correspondents in Serbian camp, 1876Supreme Command of the Serbian Army 1876\u20131877Serbian soldiers attacking the Ottoman army at Mramor, 1877\u0110or\u0111e Vlajkovi\u0107 crosses the Drina with volunteer squads, 1877Memorial to the fallen in the Second Serbo-Turkish War in PirotSee also[edit]References[edit]^ a b c \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430 \u0413\u0430\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0438\u045b, \u0412\u043e\u0458\u043d\u0430 \u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0458\u0430 9, \u0412\u043e\u0458\u043d\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434, \u0411\u0435\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434 (1975), \u0441\u0442\u0440. 116-122^ Jovanovi\u0107, Slobodan (1990). Sabrana dela Slobodana Jovanovi\u0107a: Vlada Milana Obrenovi\u0107a II. Radovan Samard\u017ei\u0107, \u017divorad Stojkovi\u0107. Beograd: BIGZ. p.\u00a091. ISBN\u00a086-13-00435-0. OCLC\u00a022963111.^ a b Jovanovi\u0107, Slobodan (1990). Sabrana dela Slobodana Jovanovi\u0107a: Vlada Milana Obrenovi\u0107a II. Radovan Samard\u017ei\u0107, \u017divorad Stojkovi\u0107. Beograd: BIGZ. pp.\u00a0186\u2013187. ISBN\u00a086-13-00435-0. OCLC\u00a022963111.^ Todorovi\u0107, Pera (1988). Dnevnik jednoga dobrovoljca. Miodrag Rackovi\u0107. Beograd: Nolit. pp.\u00a060\u201381, 113. ISBN\u00a086-19-01613-X. OCLC\u00a031085371.^ Jovanovi\u0107, Slobodan (1990). Sabrana dela Slobodana Jovanovi\u0107a: Vlada Milana Obrenovi\u0107a II. Radovan Samard\u017ei\u0107, \u017divorad Stojkovi\u0107. Beograd: BIGZ. p.\u00a061. ISBN\u00a086-13-00435-0. OCLC\u00a022963111.^ William L. Langer, European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890 (2nd ed. 1950) pp 121-66^ Nevill Forbes, et al. The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey (1915) summary histories by scholars online free^ Kanitz, Felix Philipp (1904).  Jovanovi\u0107, Bogoljub (ed.). Das k\u00f6nigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk: 2. bd. Land und bev\u00f6lkerung. Das k\u00f6nigreich Serbien und das Serbenvolk. Vol.\u00a01. B. Meyer. pp.\u00a0361, 401\u2013403.^ Vrhovna komanda 1878, p.\u00a0123\u2013126. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVrhovna_komanda1878 (help)^ \u201cSociety for the bringing up and protection of children\u201d^ Pllana, Emin (1985). “Les raisons de la mani\u00e8re de l’exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878\u20131878) [The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Ni\u0161 to Vilayet of Kosovo (1878\u20131878)] “. Studia Albanica. 1: 189\u2013190.^ Rizaj, Sk\u00ebnder (1981). “N\u00ebnte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare t\u00eb Prizrenit (1878\u20131880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878\u20131880)]”. Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike). 10: 198.^ \u015eim\u015fir, Bilal N, (1968). Rumeli\u2019den T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7leri. Emigrations turques des Balkans [Turkish emigrations from the Balkans]. Vol I. Belgeler-Documents. p. 737.^ Batakovi\u0107, Du\u0161an (1992). The Kosovo Chronicles. Plato.^ Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Scarecrow Press. p.\u00a0XXXII. ISBN\u00a09780333666128.^ Stefanovi\u0107, Djordje (2005). “Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804\u20131939.” European History Quarterly. 35. (3): 470.Sources[edit]\u0106irkovi\u0107, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN\u00a09781405142915.Forbes, Nevill, et al. The Balkans: a history of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey (1915) summary histories by scholars online freeHarris, David. A diplomatic history of the Balkan crisis of 1875-1878: the first year (1969).Kovic, Milos. Disraeli and the Eastern Question (Oxford UP, 2010).Langer, William L.  European Alliances and Alignments, 1871-1890 (2nd ed. 1950) pp 121\u201366.Macfie, Alexander Lyon. The Eastern Question 1774-1923 (2nd ed. 2014).Millman, Richard. Britain and the Eastern question, 1875-1878 (Oxford UP, 1979).Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (1999). A History of the Balkans 1804\u20131945. London, New York: Longman. ISBN\u00a09780582045859.Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN\u00a09781850654773.Other languages[edit]Batakovi\u0107, Du\u0161an T., ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L\u2019Age d\u2019Homme. ISBN\u00a09782825119587.Beli\u0107, Vladimir J. (1937). Ratovi srpskog naroda u XIX i XX veku (1788\u20131918). Izdava\u010dko i knji\u017earsko preduze\u0107e Geca Kon A. D.\u0110or\u0111evi\u0107, Vladan (1907). \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e-\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0420\u0430\u0442, \u0423\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0418 \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0448\u043a\u0435 \u0418\u0437 1876, 1877 \u0418 1878 \u0413\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435.Gruji\u0107, Sava (1902). Operacije Timo\u010dko-Moravske vojske: Srpsko-Turski rat 1876\u201377 god\u00a0: bele\u0161ke i uspomene. \u0160tamp. radionica vojnoga ministarstva.Jagodi\u0107, Milo\u0161 (2004). \u041d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u0459\u0430\u0432\u0430\u045a\u0435 \u041a\u043d\u0435\u0436\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0421\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0435\u00a0: 1861\u20131880. Istorijski institut. ISBN\u00a0978-86-7743-046-7.Lazarevi\u0107, Milutin D. \u041d\u0430\u0448\u0438 \u0420\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u0417\u0430 \u041e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0452\u0435\u045a\u0435 \u0418 \u0423\u0458\u0435\u0434\u0438\u045a\u0435\u045a\u0435.Petrovi\u0107, Mita (1996). Ratne bele\u0161ke sa Javora i Toplice, 1876, 1877 i 1878: Doga\u0107aji sa Javora 1876. Narodni muzej \u2013 \u010ca\u010dak.Petrovi\u0107, Mita; Todorovi\u0107, Dragoje (1979). Ratne bele\u0161ke sa Javora i Toplice, 1876, 1877 i 1878: Borbe u Toplici 1877\u20131878. \u010ca\u010dak: Narodni muzej.\u0160alipurovi\u0107, Vukoman (1968). Ustanak u zapadnom delu Stare Srbije: 1875\u20131878. Vesti.Stojan\u010devi\u0107, Vladimir (1998). Srpski narod u Staroj Srbiji u Velikoj isto\u010dnoj krizi 1876\u20131878. Slu\u017ebeni list SRJ.Stojan\u010devi\u0107, Vladimir (2001). \u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u043e \u2013 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442 1877 \u2013 1878. \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0452\u0435\u045a\u0435 J\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0435 \u0421\u0440\u0431\u0438\u0458\u0435\u00a0: \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c 120-\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0448\u045a\u0438\u0446\u0435\u00a0: \u0437\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433 \u0441\u043a\u0443\u043f\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0433 17. \u0438 18. \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043c\u0431\u0440\u0430 1997. \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435. \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0458\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0459\u0435\u045a\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438j\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430. ISBN\u00a0978-86-7025-312-4.Terzi\u0107, Slavenko (1997). Ibarska vojska u srpsko-turskim ratovima od 1876. do 1878. godine: nau\u010dni skup povodom obele\u017eavanja 120-godi\u0161njice Javorskog rata\u00a0: septembar 1996. Narodni muzej.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki41\/serbian-ottoman-wars-1876-1878-wikipedia-3\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Serbian\u2013Ottoman Wars (1876\u20131878) – Wikipedia"}}]}]