[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-sukhoi-su-25-operators\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-sukhoi-su-25-operators\/","headline":"List of Sukhoi Su-25 operators","name":"List of Sukhoi Su-25 operators","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Military operators of the Su-25: \u00a0\u00a0Current operator \u00a0\u00a0Former operator This list is of all operators","datePublished":"2022-06-12","dateModified":"2022-06-12","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/World_operators_of_the_Su-25.png\/220px-World_operators_of_the_Su-25.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/9\/9d\/World_operators_of_the_Su-25.png\/220px-World_operators_of_the_Su-25.png","height":"96","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-sukhoi-su-25-operators\/","wordCount":12822,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia  Military operators of the Su-25:\u00a0\u00a0Current operator\u00a0\u00a0Former operatorThis list is of all operators of the Sukhoi Su-25.Table of ContentsCurrent operators[edit]Possible  operators[edit]Former operators[edit]Evaluation-only operators[edit]Unrecognised operators[edit]References[edit]Notes[edit]Bibliography[edit]Current operators[edit]  Belarusian Air Force Su-25      Czechoslovak Air Force Sukhoi Su-25K at Royal International Air Tattoo 1992  Kazakhstan Air Force Su-25  Macedonian Air Force Sukhoi Su-25    Russian Air Force Su-25SM  Sudanese Air Force Sukhoi Su-25s    \u00a0AngolaNational Air Force of Angola. An agreement was reached at the beginning of 1988 between the Soviet Union and Angola that arranged for the delivery of a squadron of Su-25s. The Angolan export agreement comprised 12 single-seat Su-25Ks and two Su-25UBK trainers. Later, these aircraft were augmented by further deliveries comprising at least three two-seater aircraft.[1] As of 2021, 12 aircraft were reportedly still operational.[2]\u00a0ArmeniaArmenian Air Force. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, Armenia had no Su-25s in its inventory. In 1992-1993, six Su-25Ks and two Su-25UBKs were delivered clandestinely from Russia as military aid.[3] A new Su-25K was also stolen from the Georgian Air Force on 15 November 1993 by Georgian Captain Sergey Zhitnikov and flown to Armenia.[4] Armenia operated five Su-25s, nine Su-25Ks and one Su-25UBK as of January 2009.[5] According to a report by Russia-based think-tank, the Center for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies, Armenia shot down at least four of its own Su-25s during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war.[6] As of 2021, a total of 13 aircraft were reportedly still operational.[2]\u00a0AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Air Force. Like Armenia, Azerbaijan did not inherit any Su-25s after the collapse of the USSR, but a single aircraft was obtained in April 1992 when a pilot defected from the Russian Air Force base at Sital-Chai. Following the incident, Azerbaijan acquired at least five Su-25s through unofficial channels, and one more aircraft has been obtained as the result of yet another defection, this time from the Georgian Air Force. Other aircraft are believed to have been acquired later, as a 2001 inventory of Azerbaijani aircraft revealed that the Azerbaijan Air Force had three Su-25s in its inventory, after the reported loss of four aircraft in combat operations relating to the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region.[1] As of 2021, 11 aircraft were reportedly operational.[7]\u00a0BelarusBelarus Air Force. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, Belarus was the second member state of the CIS, after Russia, to have a significant number of Su-25s. Seventy Su-25s and six Su-25UBs were reported to be operational and were mostly concentrated at Lida air base by 2004.[8] As of 2021, 67 Su-25s were reportedly in use.[7] In 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a plan to make Belarusian jets nuclear capable.[9]\u00a0BulgariaBulgarian Air Force. Bulgaria was the second Warsaw Pact country to obtain the Su-25, acquiring its first examples of both Su-25Ks and Su-25UBKs in 1985. The aircraft were intended to replace the obsolete Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F which had been the backbone of the Bulgarian Air Force fighter-bomber fleet for many years. Twenty Su-25Ks and three Su-25UBKs were commissioned and were operational at Bezmer Air Base by 2004.[8][10][11][12] As of 2021 only 14 are in active service. Eight of them were modernized in Belarus, and it is expected that all of them will be modernized at some point.[13] In mid-2022 reports began appearing that some of Bulgaria’s Sukhoi Su-25s had been purchased by other states that acted as intermediaries, and delivered to the Ukrainian Air Force.[14] In a June 9, 2022, Facebook post, three aircraft were shown in Bulgarian markings, side numbers 002, 240, and 095.[15]\u00a0ChadThe Chadian Air Force took delivery of six aircraft (four Su-25s and two Su-25UBs) from Ukraine between 2008 and 2010. Four additional aircraft were delivered from Ukraine in 2013.[16]\u00a0Democratic Republic of the Congo\u00a0Equatorial GuineaIn 2005, four Su-25s including two Su-25UB combat trainers were delivered to the Equatorial Guinea Air Corps. They were still operational as of 2021.[23]\u00a0EthiopiaEthiopian Air Force. A pair of Su-25Ts and two Su-25UB combat trainers were ordered by Ethiopia in 1999, and delivered in January 2000. All four were former Russian Air Force aircraft. They were overhauled before delivery, and received the designations Su-25TK and Su-25UBK respectively. These aircraft were used in combat during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, and one was written off in an accident. After only one year in service, they were withdrawn and placed into storage. Around 2010, a decision was made to reactivate the three remaining aircraft, and they were shown in 2013 after being overhauled locally.[24]\u00a0GeorgiaGeorgian Air Force. Georgia, home to Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing which produced scores of single-seat Su-25s during the Soviet era, was left with virtually no aircraft following the break-up of the Soviet Union. Only a small number of single-seat Su-25s were actually brought into the inventory of the newly formed Georgian Air Force (now army air force), these aircraft having been left in the factory at the time of Georgian independence. Georgia had nine Su-25s of different variants, with eight of them being Su-25KM “Scorpion“s (an upgraded variant of the Su-25 designed in collaboration with Israel) as of 2004.[25] The current Su-25 fleet is undergoing a refurbishment and modernisation process by Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing, and as of 2021 four Su-25s were completely restored and fitted with state-of-the-art electronics.[26][27][28] That year, 10 aircraft were cited as operational.[29]\u00a0Gambia\u00a0IranIslamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force. On 21 January 1991, seven Iraqi Su-25s were flown to Iran in an effort to find a temporary safe haven from Operation Desert Storm attacks on major Iraqi airfields. These aircraft were considered by Iran to be a gift from its former adversary, and were seized by the Iranian military. However, as a result of a lack of spare parts, documentation, and pilot training, these aircraft were not flown by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force. Iran has added at least six new examples to its inventory and has since likely restored ex-Iraqi Su-25s to flight status as well.[32] Reports indicate that all of the IRGCAF aircraft have been sell to Iraq in July 2014, to increase the latter’s CAS and COIN capabilities.[33]\u00a0IraqIraqi Air Force. During the course of the early phase of the Iran\u2013Iraq War, Iraq approached the Soviet Union with a request to purchase a wide variety of military equipment. As a result, Iraq became the first non-Warsaw Pact country to obtain Su-25Ks and Su-25UBK combat trainers. It is believed that Iraq received a total of 73 examples, of which four were Su-25UBKs. In January 1998, the Iraqi Air Force still possessed 12 Su-25s, and at least three Su-25Ks were seen in a demonstration over Baghdad in December 2002. However, the remaining Su-25s were phased out immediately after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.[8] In 2014, the IQAF signed a deal with Russia and Belarus for the purchase of new examples, with the first five arriving on 28 June 2014.[34] Reports indicate that a further seven were delivered from Iran on 1 July 2014, all of which were ex-Iraqi examples from the 1991 Gulf War.[33]\u00a0KazakhstanKazakh Air Defense Forces \u2013 received 12 single-seat Su-25s and two Su-25UB trainers in December 1995 as compensatory payment for the return of the Tu-95MS strategic bombers which had been rapidly flown out of the republic at the time of the collapse of the USSR. The Kazakh Su-25s are located at Chimkent air base in the south of the country.[8] 14 aircraft were reportedly still operational as of 2021.[35]\u00a0Niger\u00a0North Korea\u00a0PeruPeruvian Air Force. Peru received 18 Su-25s in late 1998 from Belarus, which refurbished them prior to delivery. Their acquisition came at a time of tensions with neighboring Ecuador, in the aftermath of the 1995 Cenepa War. The shipment comprised 10 single-seat and eight dual-seat Su-25UB aircraft. The aircraft were all built just before the collapse of the Soviet Union and thus represented the final versions of the Soviet Su-25. It is believed that between 1998 and December 2005, at least 25 light aircraft transporting cocaine have been shot down by the Peruvian Su-25s.[38] As of February 2013, 18 Su-25s were in service, with only four aircraft operational.[39] A project aiming to overhaul and return to service a total of six single-seat and four two-seat Su-25s is ongoing, with the first overhauled aircraft having been delivered in 2018. As of July 2022, the delivery of the fifth aircraft was expected in the near future.[40]\u00a0RussiaRussian Air Force \u2013 Russia’s reduced fleet of Su-25s is operated by assault aviation (\u0448\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, literally ground-attack aviation) regiments. The major variants used are the single-seat Su-25, the twin-seat Su-25UB, and the Su-25BM target-towing version. In addition, the Russian Air Force received a small number of the Su-25T anti-tank variant, which has been tested under combat conditions in Chechnya. Overall, 286 Su-25s were in service with the Russian Air Force as of 2008.[41] A modernisation programme of single-seat Su-25s to the Su-25SM variant is underway.[38] The first modernised Su-25SM was delivered in August 2001.[42] By March 2013, over 60 Su-25SMs were scheduled to be delivered.[citation needed] The modernisation programme is to conclude in 2020 with over 80 examples upgraded.[citation needed] As of 2021, 192 Su-25s were operational with the Russian Aerospace Forces, and four with the Naval Aviation.[43]18th Guards Assault Aviation Regiment, 11th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, Eastern Military District368th Assault Aviation Regiment, 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, Southern Military District899th Assault Aviation Regiment, 16th Air Army, Moscow Military District (disbanded 2009)960th Assault Aviation Regiment, Primorsko-Akhtarsk, 4th Air and Air Defence Forces Army, Southern Military District999th Aviation Base, Kant, Kyrgyzstan\u00a0Sudan\u00a0TurkmenistanTurkmen Air Force \u2013 Following the downfall of the Soviet Union, the newly independent Republic of Turkmenistan was given 46 Su-25s which had been disassembled for storage in Turkmenistan at that time. In accordance with an agreement between Georgia and Turkmenistan in 1999, the Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing corporation refurbished 45 of these aircraft for use by the Turkmenistan Air Force as payment for the delivery of natural gas. The refurbished aircraft were relocated at Ak-Tepe air base, and a total of 18 operational Su-25s were known to be based there by 2004.[38] 20 aircraft were operational as of 2021.[46]\u00a0UkraineUkrainian Air Force. Ukraine obtained 92 Su-25s of different variants following the country’s independence in the wake of the break-up of the USSR. As of 2004, the Ukrainian Air Force operated approximately 60 Su-25s, Su-25UBs and Su-25UTGs, with the 299th Independent Assault Regiment (299 OShAP) based at Kulbakino Air Base, Mykolaiv Oblast, and the 456th Assault Regiment (456 ShAP) at Chortkiv Air Base. Up to 30 Su-25s were reportedly stored at the 4070th Reserve Base. Evidently, the three Su-25s sold to Macedonia came from this reserve pool.[38] Ukraine’s two carrier-capable Su-25UTGs were retired in 2007: one was given to Russia in exchange for a standard Su-25UB, while the other was sold to China.[47] Some of the Ukrainian Air Force’s aircraft have been modernized: the modernized single-seaters are designated Su-25M1, and the two-seat trainers Su-25UBM1. The first three upgraded aircraft were delivered in 2010. At the outbreak of the war in Donbas, the Ukrainian Air Force had a fleet of around 70 Su-25s, but only about 15 were considered flyable. During the first two months of the conflict, between six and ten more Su-25s were made airworthy.[48] In 2022,14 Su-25 have reportedly been received indirectly from a third party with the aircraft originating from the Bulgarian Air force.[49] As of 2022, 31 aircraft were operational.[46][50]\u00a0UzbekistanUntil 1990, a Soviet Air Force pilot training centre equipped with around 20 Su-25, Su-25UB, and Su-25BM variants was located at Chirchik air base in Uzbekistan. In 1991, a small number of Su-25s were also located at Dzhizak air base, but after 1991, all Su-25s in Uzbekistan were concentrated at Chirchik, operated by the 59th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (59 APIB) of the Soviet Air Force. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, all the Su-25s on the territory of the now-independent republic became the property of the new government.[38] 20 aircraft were operational as of 2021.[51]Possible  operators[edit]\u00a0MaliFormer operators[edit]  Czech Republic Su-24K in 1994.\u00a0Czechoslovakia\u00a0Czech RepublicCzech Air Force. After the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic inherited twenty-four Su-25Ks and one Su-25UBK. In December 2000, the Czech Su-25s were retired from service.[55] 12 of the withdrawn Su-25s were sold to Georgia in the early 2000s.[56]\u00a0Ivory Coast\u00a0IranIslamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Air Force. On 21 January 1991, seven Iraqi Su-25s were flown to Iran in an effort to find a temporary safe haven from Operation Desert Storm attacks on major Iraqi airfields. These aircraft were considered by Iran to be a gift from its former adversary, and were seized by the Iranian military. However, as a result of a lack of spare parts, documentation, and pilot training, these aircraft were not flown by the Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force. Iran has added at least six new examples to its inventory and has since likely restored ex-Iraqi Su-25s to flight status as well.[32] Reports indicate that all of the IRGCAF aircraft have been sell to Iraq in July 2014, to increase the latter’s for  CAS and COIN for fighting against ISIS capabilities.[33]\u00a0North MacedoniaNorth Macedonia Air Brigade. The Republic of Macedonia purchased three single-seat Su-25s and one Su-25UB following incursions and attacks by Albanian insurgents. The aircraft were supplied by Ukraine after having been withdrawn from Ukrainian Air Force service.[59] The aircraft were retired in 2004. In 2023 all four Su-25s returned to Ukraine after they were donated by North Macedonia.[60]\u00a0SlovakiaThe Slovak Air Force received 12 Su-25Ks and one Su-25UBK following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. The aircraft were based at the Slovak 33rd Air Base in Malacky-Kuchyna.[8] 10 Su-25Ks and one Su-25UBK were sold to Armenia in 2004.[61]\u00a0Soviet UnionEvaluation-only operators[edit]\u00a0ChinaBought one carrier-capable Su-25UTG from Ukraine in 2007.[47]Unrecognised operators[edit]\u00a0Novorossiya – 1 plane in Luhansk state aviation museumReferences[edit]Notes[edit]^ a b Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 89\u201392.^ a b Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a012^ Mladenov 2015, pp.\u00a061, 95^ “History of the Air Forces of Georgia”. Geo-army.ge. Retrieved 12 September 2013.^ “World Military Aircraft Inventory”. Aerospace Source Book 2009. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 26 January 2009.^ “CAST publishes a new book “Storm over the Caucasus”“. cast.ru. Retrieved 2021-10-07.^ a b Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a013^ a b c d e f Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 93\u201396.^ “Russia promises Belarus Iskander-M nuclear-capable missiles”. BBC. 25 June 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2022.^ “Restore the airworthiness of the Su-25 and Bell-206”. Retrieved 19 February 2014.^ “Repair airbase Bezmer. Su25 in airbase Graf Ignatievo to 2015 when Su25 return in airbase Bezmer”.^ “Weapons and military equipment”.^ “World Air Forces 2022”. Flightglobal Insight. 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2021.^ “Answering the Call: Heavy Weaponry supplied to Ukraine by Bulgaria”.^ “\u041f\u0420\u0418\u041a\u041b\u042e\u0427\u0418 \u0422\u0410\u041a\u0422\u0418\u0427\u0415\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0422\u041e \u0423\u0427\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 \u041d\u0410 \u0412\u0412\u0421 \u201e\u0412\u042a\u0417\u0414\u0423\u0428\u0415\u041d \u0421\u0422\u0420\u0410\u0416 2022”“. Bulgarian Air Force. 8 June 2022.^ Delalande, Arnaud (21 September 2017). “Tough times for Chadian Air Force”. Key Aero.^ Tom Cooper, “Great Lakes Conflagration: The Second Congo War, 1998-2003,” Helion, 2013, p44.^ a b Mladenov 2015, p.\u00a084^ ““Congolese fighter jet crashes during display.”“. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008. Retrieved 20 March 2012. Reuters, 30 June 2007. Retrieved: 17 June 2008.^ Guk, Aleksandr (February 2013). “Congolese air arm re-equips”. Combat Aircraft Monthly.^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a016^ Parken, Oliver (2023-01-26). “Watch This Congolese Su-25 Get Popped By A Surface-To-Air Missile”. The Drive. Retrieved 2023-01-31.^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, pp.\u00a017\u201318^ Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (26 August 2021). “Tankovy Busters: Su-25TK Attack Aircraft In Ethiopian Service”. Oryx.^ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 97.^ “The first modernized Su-25 successfully conducted a test flight”.^ “The second modernized Su-25 successfully conducted a test flight”.^ “Modernization of aviation is in the active phase”.^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a019^ “World Military Aircraft Inventory”, 2007 Aerospace Source Book. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 15 January 2007.^ “Directory: World Air Forces”. Flight International, 11\u201317 November 2008.^ a b ““Iran bolsters Su-25 fleet”“. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 10 February 2013.{{cite web}}:  CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 September 2006.^ a b c Jonathan Marcus (2 Jul 2014), ‘Iranian attack jets deployed’ to help Iraq fight Isis, BBC News, retrieved 2 July 2014^ Russian fighter jets arrive in Iraq for fight against rebels, Haaretz, 29 Jun 2014, retrieved 29 Jun 2014^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a022^ Delalande, Arnaud (15 March 2018). “Niger’s desert warriors”. Key Aero.^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a025^ a b c d e f Gordon and Dawes 2004, pp. 100\u2013102.^ Spain offers Eurofighters to Peru \u2013 Flightglobal.com, 4 February 2013^ Mej\u00eda, Lewis (15 July 2022). “El proyecto de modernizaci\u00f3n del Su-25 ‘Frogfoot’ de la Fuerza A\u00e9rea del Per\u00fa”. Pucar\u00e1 Defensa.^ “Russian Military Analysis on Su-25”. warfare.ru. Retrieved: 18 June 2007.^ “Force report: Russian Air Force.” Air Forces Monthly, July 2007, pp. 78\u201386.^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a028^ ““\u0421\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0435\u0440” \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438, \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0435 \u0438\u2026 \u0412\u0441\u0451”. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430-\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430”. BBC News \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0421\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430.^ Mladenov 2015, p.\u00a086^ a b Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a032^ a b Mladenov 2013, p.\u00a032^ Mladenov 2015, p.\u00a087^ Oryx. “Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine”. Oryx. Retrieved 2022-08-27.^ Oryx. “Answering The Call: Heavy Weaponry Supplied To Ukraine”. Oryx. Retrieved 2022-08-27.^ Hoyle Flight International 2021, p.\u00a034^ Lagneau, Laurent (10 August 2022). “Des Su-25 \u00ab\u00a0Frogfoot\u00a0\u00bb font aussi partie des avions livr\u00e9s par la Russie au Mali. Avec des pilotes russes aux commandes?”. opex360.com.^ Martin, Guy (10 August 2022). “Mali commissions new aircraft”. defenceWeb.^ “Military airplane crashes at airport in northern Mali city of Gao”. Reuters. 4 October 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.\u00a0^ “Czech Su-25s.”, Scramble (magazine). Retrieved 26 July 2011. Archived 10 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine^ “Former Soviet states”. keymilitary.com. 20 December 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2023.^ “Nine French soldiers killed in Cote d’Ivoire.” People’s Daily Online, 8 November 2004.^ “France attacks Ivorian airbase.” BBC News, 6 November 2004.^ Gordon and Dawes 2004, p. 99.^ “Macedo\u0144skie Su-25 dostarczone Ukrainie”. defence24.pl (in Polish). 24 March 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.^ Mladenov 2013, p.\u00a030^ ““Novorossiya Air Force” strikes Ukraine for first time”. politicalhotwire.com. Retrieved 2018-05-27.Bibliography[edit]Gordon, Yefim and Alan Dawes. Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot: Close Air Support Aircraft. London: Airlife, 2004. ISBN\u00a01-84037-353-9.Hoyle, Craig (2021). “World Air Forces 2022”. Flight International. Retrieved 12 December 2021.Mladenov, Alexander (2013). Sukhoi Su-25 Frogfoot. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN\u00a0978-1-78200-359-5.Mladenov, Alexander (2015). Su-25 ‘Frogfoot’ Units in Combat. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 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