[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-women-cabinet-ministers-of-the-republic-of-ireland\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-women-cabinet-ministers-of-the-republic-of-ireland\/","headline":"List of women cabinet ministers of the Republic of Ireland","name":"List of women cabinet ministers of the Republic of Ireland","description":"List of women who served in the Government of Ireland The Government of Ireland is the cabinet that exercises executive","datePublished":"2022-11-18","dateModified":"2022-11-18","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/20111203191857_M%C3%A1ire_Geoghegan-Quinn_International_Year_of_Chemistry_%28cropped%29.jpg\/170px-20111203191857_M%C3%A1ire_Geoghegan-Quinn_International_Year_of_Chemistry_%28cropped%29.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/7\/7c\/20111203191857_M%C3%A1ire_Geoghegan-Quinn_International_Year_of_Chemistry_%28cropped%29.jpg\/170px-20111203191857_M%C3%A1ire_Geoghegan-Quinn_International_Year_of_Chemistry_%28cropped%29.jpg","height":"227","width":"170"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-women-cabinet-ministers-of-the-republic-of-ireland\/","wordCount":20748,"articleBody":"List of women who served in the Government of Ireland  The Government of Ireland is the cabinet that exercises executive authority in the Republic of Ireland. Its ministers are collectively responsible for the Departments of State administered by the members of the Government.[1]As of 2021[update], twenty-two women have served as cabinet ministers in governments of the Republic of Ireland and its predecessors the Irish Free State (1922\u20131937) and the Irish Republic (1919\u20131922).[2] After a 58-year gap between the first and second women ministers, there has been at least one woman in all cabinets since December 1982. No woman has ever been Taoiseach (prime minister), but four women have served as T\u00e1naiste (deputy prime minister).Other women have served outside the cabinet as junior ministers, known until 1978 as Parliamentary Secretaries, and since then as Ministers of State.[a] For example, five of the twenty Ministers of State appointed by the government of Miche\u00e1l Martin in June 2020 were women, with two regularly attending cabinet.The 32nd Government of Ireland was formed in June 2020 by Taoiseach Miche\u00e1l Martin. As of 2022[update] it includes four women as ministers in the cabinet: Norma Foley, Heather Humphreys, Catherine Martin and Helen McEntee.[8] No more than four women have served in cabinet at any one time. Criticism of the imbalance is defended by pointing to male dominance of the Oireachtas (parliament) from which ministers are appointed.[9]Table of ContentsConstitution[edit]History[edit]Calls for gender balance[edit]List of women ministers[edit]Timeline[edit]Number of women ministers in each Cabinet[edit]References[edit]Bibliography[edit]Constitution[edit]The 1937 Constitution of Ireland requires the government to consist of between seven and fifteen members,[10] including the Taoiseach (prime minister). The Taoiseach is elected by D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas),[11] and chooses the other ministers[11] including the T\u00e1naiste (deputy prime minister).[12]  Mary Harney, the first woman T\u00e1naiste, and first woman to serve as an independent cabinet minister.Since the formation of the 12th Government of Ireland in 1966,[13] all Irish cabinets have been formed with the constitutional maximum of fifteen ministers. The total sometimes falls below this number for brief periods following the resignation of individual ministers or the withdrawal of a party from a coalition. For example, six ministers resigned in January 2011 from the 28th Government of Ireland, and were not replaced until March, when the 29th Government was formed after the general election in February.[14][15][16]Only three ministerial offices are specifically identified in the constitution: Taoiseach, T\u00e1naiste and Minister for Finance.[17] No woman has ever been appointed as Taoiseach[18] or Minister for Finance.[19] However, four women have served as T\u00e1naiste. The first woman T\u00e1naiste was Mary Harney (1997\u20132006), who in 1993 had become the first woman to lead a political party in the D\u00e1il. Harney was followed by Mary Coughlan (2008\u20132011),Joan Burton (2014\u20132016), and Frances Fitzgerald (2016\u20132017).Each minister must be a member of the Oireachtas (the national parliament),[17] whose eligibility criteria for membership are defined as being “without distinction of sex”.[21] Up to two members of the Government may be members of Seanad \u00c9ireann, the upper house of the Oireachtas,[22] but the only three senators ever appointed as ministers were men. All women in Irish cabinets have been Teachta\u00ed D\u00e1la (TDs), i.e. members of D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann.History[edit]  The first woman cabinet minister in Ireland was Constance Markievicz, who in April 1919 became Minister for Labour in the Second Ministry of the revolutionary First D\u00e1il.[25] She was only[27] the second woman minister in the national government of any country, after Alexandra Kollontai’s appointment in 1917 as People’s Commissar in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.When the Second D\u00e1il assembled in August 1921, Markievicz continued as Minister for Labour,[29] but her post was no longer at cabinet level in the Government of the Second D\u00e1il. Markievicz and other ministers opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty resigned from the Government on 9 January 1922.[29]Only two women were returned to the Third D\u00e1il in the general election in June 1922, down from six at the 1921 election, when 4.7% of TDs were women. The 1920s and 1930s were a conservative period in Ireland, in which women’s rights were reversed, and no women were members of the Executive Council of the 1922\u20131937 Irish Free State. From the 1930s to the 1960s most women TDs were widows or other relatives of deceased TDs, and the 4.7% ratio achieved in 1921 was not equalled again until the 1981 general election returned 11 women, who comprised 6.6% of the 22nd D\u00e1il.  Niamh Bhreathnach, the first woman to be appointed as minister at the start of her first D\u00e1il termMore than 58 years elapsed between Markievicz leaving office and the appointment in December 1979 of M\u00e1ire Geoghegan-Quinn as the second woman in cabinet. In 1977, Geoghegan-Quinn had become the first woman since Markievicz to serve as a junior minister in the Irish government, when Jack Lynch appointed her as Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister for Industry and Commerce.[36] Two years later, aged 29, she was “flabbergasted”[27] to become Minister for the Gaeltacht in the first cabinet of Taoiseach Charles Haughey.[36]Since then, the only all-male Irish government was the March\u2013December 1982 second government of Charles Haughey.[37] All cabinets since December 1982 have included at least one woman. The first time two women served as ministers simultaneously was in January 1993, when Taoiseach Albert Reynolds included both M\u00e1ire Geoghegan-Quinn and Niamh Bhreathnach in his cabinet.[38] Bhreathnach was the first woman to be appointed as minister at the start of her first D\u00e1il term, and the only one until Katherine Zappone became Minister for Children and Youth Affairs in May 2016.Political scientists Yvonne Galligan and Fiona Buckley note that women have been grossly under-represented in Irish politics, with men making up 91% of all cabinet appointments between 1919 and June 2017. They also found that women in the Irish cabinet are twice as likely to hold a social portfolio (48%) than an economic portfolio (24%). By contrast, only 17% of men held social portfolios, and 52% held an economic or foreign affairs portfolio.All but two of the women who have served as ministers since 1919 are still alive. The first Irish woman minister, Constance Markievicz, died in 1927,[40] and the third, Eileen Desmond, died in 2005.[41] Ireland’s oldest living woman former minister is 85-year-old[42]Mary O’Rourke.Calls for gender balance[edit]  The highest number of women ever in an Irish cabinet is four, a number first reached in 2004\u20132007, and again in each from 2014 to the present. However, this amounts to only 27% of the 15 ministers, and has been criticised by the National Women’s Council of Ireland as “way off a gender-balanced Cabinet”.[43]In 2014, then Taoiseach Enda Kenny pledged that if re-elected he would appoint a cabinet “50:50 on merit, of men and women”.[44] When Kenny formed the 30th Government in May 2016 with four women ministers out of fifteen, he was criticised by women campaigners for the lack of increase.[45] Minister Regina Doherty defended Kenny, saying he had “probably done the best that he can do”.[43]TheJournal.ie noted that the “proportion of senior ministers who are women is 27%, higher than the 22% of TDs”.[45] In June 2017, Kenny’s successor Leo Varadkar also appointed four women to his cabinet. He too was criticised for not including more women,[43] but replied that “your ministerial team generally reflects the composition of the D\u00e1il”.[9] Varadkar promised “to make sure we have many more women in our next parliamentary party so that I can promote many more women”.[9]In February 2018, Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht Josepha Madigan launched a programme of commemoration of the centenary of women’s enfranchisement. The Representation of the People Act 1918 gave limited voting rights for women. The right to stand for election was granted later in 1918, by the Parliament (Qualification of Women) Act.[46] Madigan said the Irish State “failed women for far too long,”[48] and that it was time to “redouble our efforts” to provide equal opportunities.[46] Former T\u00e1naiste Joan Burton called for the next government to consist of an equal number of men and women.[46]List of women ministers[edit]Numerical order represents the order of first appointment to the cabinet.Age represents age on appointment to that office.#NamePortraitOfficePartyAppointedLeft officeAgeTaoiseachGov’t1Constance Markievicz(1868\u20131927)[40]Minister for Labour[25]Sinn F\u00e9in1 April 1919[25]26 August 1921[25]51\u00c9amon de Valera[b]2nd DM2M\u00e1ire Geoghegan-Quinn(born 1950)[52]Minister for the Gaeltacht[36]Fianna F\u00e1il11 December 1979[36]30 June 1981[36]29Charles Haughey16thMinister for Tourism, Transport and Communications[53]11 February 1992[53]12 January 1993[53]42Albert Reynolds22ndMinister for Justice[38]4 January 1993[38]15 December 1994[38]4223rdMinister for Equality and Law Reform[38]18 November 1994[38]15 December 1994[38]443Eileen Desmond(1932\u20132005)[41]\u2013Minister for Health[54]Labour30 June 1981[54]9 March 1982[54]48Garret FitzGerald17thMinister for Social Welfare[54]4Gemma Hussey(born 1938)[55]\u2013Minister for Education[56]Fine Gael14 December 1982[56]14 February 1986[56]44Garret FitzGerald18thMinister for Social Welfare[56]14 February 1986[56]10 March 1987[56]47Minister for Labour[56]20 January 1987[56]10 March 1987[56]485Mary O’Rourke(born 1937)[42]\u2013Minister for Education[57][53]Fianna F\u00e1il10 March 1987[57][53]11 November 1991[57][53]49Charles Haughey20th21stMinister for Health[53]11 November 1991[53]11 February 1992[53]54Minister for Public Enterprise[58]26 June 1997[58]6 June 2002[58]60Bertie Ahern25th6Niamh Bhreathnach(1945\u20132023)[59]Minister for Education[38]Labour12 January 1993[38]17 November 1994[38]47Albert Reynolds22rd15 December 1994[38]26 June 1997[38]49John Bruton24th7Nora Owen(born 1945)[60]\u2013Minister for Justice[38]Fine Gael15 December 1994[38]26 June 1997498=Mary Harney(born 1953)[61]T\u00e1naiste[58][62]Progressive Democrats(until 2009)[c]26 June 1997[58][62]13 September 2006[58][62]44Bertie Ahern25th26thMinister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment[58][62]26 June 1997[58][62]13 September 2004[58][62]25th26thMinister for Health and Children[62][15]29 September 2004[62][15]19 January 2011[62][15]5127thBrian Cowen28thIndependent(2009\u20132011)[c]8=S\u00edle de Valera(born 1954)[64]\u2013Minister for Arts, Heritage, Gaeltacht and the Islands[58]Fianna F\u00e1il26 June 1997[58]6 June 2002[58]42Bertie Ahern25th10Mary Coughlan(born 1965)[65]Minister for Social and Family Affairs[62]Fianna F\u00e1il17 June 2002[62]29 September 2004[62]37Bertie Ahern26thMinister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food[62][15]29 September 2004[62][15]7 May 2008[62][15]3927thT\u00e1naiste[15]7 May 2008[15]9 March 2011[15]42Brian Cowen28thMinister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment[15]7 May 2008[15]23 March 2010[15]42Minister for Education and Skills[15]23 March 2010[15]9 March 2011[15]44Minister for Health and Children[15]20 January 2011[15]9 March 2011[15]5111Mary Hanafin(born 1959)[66]Minister for Education and Science[62][15]Fianna F\u00e1il29 September 2004[62][15]7 May 2008[62][15]45Bertie Ahern26th27thMinister for Social and Family Affairs[15]7 May 2008[15]23 March 2010[15]48Brian Cowen28thMinister for Tourism, Culture and Sport[15]23 March 2010[15]9 March 2011[15]50Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Innovation[15]20 January 2011[15]9 March 2011[15]5112=Joan Burton(born 1949)[67]Minister for Social Protection[68]Labour9 March 2011[68]6 May 2016[68]62Enda Kenny29thT\u00e1naiste[68]4 July 2014[68]6 May 2016[68]6512=Frances Fitzgerald(born 1950)[69]Minister for Children and Youth Affairs[68]Fine Gael9 March 2011[68]7 May 2014[68]60Enda Kenny29thMinister for Justice[68]8 May 2014[68]14 June 20176330thT\u00e1naiste6 May 201628 November 201765Leo Varadkar31stMinister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation14 June 201728 November 20176614=Jan O’Sullivan(born 1950)[70]Minister for Education and Skills[68]Labour11 July 2014[68]6 May 2016[68]53Enda Kenny29th14=Heather Humphreys(born 1963)[71]Minister for Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht[68]Fine Gael11 July 2014[68]6 May 201651Enda Kenny29thMinister for Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs6 May 201614 June 20175230thMinister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht14 June 201730 November 201754Leo Varadkar31stMinister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation30 November 201727 June 202054Minister for Rural and Community Development27 June 202017 December 202257Miche\u00e1l Martin32ndMinister for Social ProtectionMinister for Justice27 April 20211 November 202158Minister for Justice25 November 202217 December 202259Minister for Rural and Community Development17 December 2022Incumbent59Leo Varadkar33rdMinister for Social Protection16=Mary Mitchell O’Connor(born 1959)[72]Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and InnovationFine Gael6 May 201614 June 201756Enda Kenny30th16=Katherine Zappone(born 1953)[73]Minister for Children and Youth AffairsIndependent6 May 201627 June 202062Enda Kenny30thLeo Varadkar31st18Regina Doherty(born 1971)[74]Minister for Employment Affairs and Social ProtectionFine Gael14 June 201727 June 202046Leo Varadkar31st19Josepha Madigan(born 1969)[75]Minister for Culture, Heritage and the GaeltachtFine Gael30 November 201727 June 202048Leo Varadkar31st20=Norma Foley(born 1970)[76]Minister for EducationFianna F\u00e1il27 June 202017 December 202250Miche\u00e1l Martin32nd17 December 2022Incumbent53Leo Varadkar33rd20=Catherine Martin(born 1972)[77]Minister for Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and MediaGreen27 June 202017 December 202247Miche\u00e1l Martin32nd17 December 2022Incumbent50Leo Varadkar33rd20=Helen McEntee(born 1986)[78]Minister for JusticeFine Gael27 June 202027 April 202134Miche\u00e1l Martin32ndMinister without portfolio27 April 20211 November 2021Minister for Justice1 November 202125 November 202235Minister without portfolio25 November 2022Incumbent36Leo Varadkar33rdTimeline[edit]Number of women ministers in each Cabinet[edit]References[edit]^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 4.2^ McQuinn, Cormac (3 December 2017). “‘I think what’s putting women off politics is this hostile environment’“. Irish Independent. Dublin. ISSN\u00a00021-1222. Archived from the original on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018. The 47-year-old mother-of-two is only the 19th woman to be appointed as a senior minister in the history of the State^ “Role of Minister of State (Chief Whip)”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 18 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.^ “Appointment of Taoiseach and Nomination of Members of Government”. D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann Debate Vol. 908 No. 3. Oireachtas. 6 May 2016. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.^ “Five new Ministers of State appointed”. RT\u00c9 News. 20 June 2017. OCLC\u00a0891147862. Archived from the original on 22 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.^ “List of Ministers and Ministers of State”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 3 November 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2018.^ a b c Downing, John; O’Connor, Niall; Collins, Sarah (24 June 2017). “Leo: ‘Diversity is not just about picking women’“. Irish Independent. Dublin. ISSN\u00a00021-1222. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 1^ a b Constitution of Ireland, Article 13, Section 1^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 6^ “History of Government \u2013 Eighteenth D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “The worst week for the worst Taoiseach in the State’s history”. Irish Independent. Dublin. 23 January 2011. ISSN\u00a00021-1222. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2018.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae “History of Government \u2013 Thirtieth D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “Election date set after day of political drama”. RT\u00c9 News. 20 January 2011. OCLC\u00a0891147862. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2018.^ a b Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 7^ a b “Former Taoisigh”. Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 4 March 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.^ “Former Finance Ministers”. Government of Ireland. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 16, Section 1 and Article 16, Section 2^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28, Section 2, Subsection 2.^ a b c d “History of Government \u2013 First D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b Siggins, Ger (13 December 2015). “Flashback 1979: M\u00e1ire Geoghegan-Quinn becomes first Irish female minister”. Sunday Independent. Dublin. ISSN\u00a00021-1222. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.^ a b “History of Government \u2013 Second D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b c d e “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-First D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Third D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Seventh D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b “Countess Constance Georgina de Markievicz”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b “Eileen Desmond”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b “Mary O’Rourke”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b c Gallagher, P\u00e1raic (15 June 2017). “Criticisms leveled at Leo Varadkar’s new Cabinet”. Newstalk. Dublin. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 24 January 2014.^ Collins, Stephen (19 December 2014). “Enda Kenny pledges to appoint women to half of cabinet posts”. The Irish Times. Dublin. ISSN\u00a01393-3515. Archived from the original on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.^ a b MacGuil, Dan (7 May 2016). “Despite a pledge by Enda Kenny, no increase in the number of female ministers”. TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2014.^ a b c McEnroe, Juno (7 February 2018). “TDs call for gender equality in cabinet”. Irish Examiner. Cork. ISSN\u00a01393-9564. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.^ McGreevy, Ronan (7 February 2018). “Minister says conservative Irish State let women down for ‘far too long’“. The Irish Times. Dublin. ISSN\u00a01393-3515. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2018.^ Coogan, Tim Pat (2015) [1993]. De Valera: Long Fellow, Long Shadow (2nd\u00a0ed.). London: Arrow Books. p.\u00a0132. ISBN\u00a09781784753276. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2020 \u2013 via Google Books.^ Constitution of Ireland, Article 28^ “M\u00e1ire Geoghegan-Quinn”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b c d e f g h i “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Sixth D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b c d “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Second D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “Gemma Hussey”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b c d e f g h i “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Fourth D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b c “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Fifth D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l “History of Government \u2013 Twenty-Eight D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “Niamh Bhreathnach”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Nora Owen”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b c “Mary Harney”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r “History of Government \u2013 Twenty Ninth D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “History of Government \u2013 Thirtieth D\u00e1il – Twenty Eighth Government”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.^ “S\u00edle de Valera”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Mary Coughlan”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Mary Hanafin”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Joan Burton”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 25 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p “History of Government \u2013 Thirty-First D\u00e1il”. Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 4 November 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2018.^ “Frances Fitzgerald”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Jan O’Sullivan”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Heather Humphreys”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Mary Mitchell O’Connor”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Katherine Zappone”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 24 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Regina Doherty”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 23 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.^ “Josepha Madigan”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2020.^ “Norma Foley”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 24 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.^ “Catherine Martin”. Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.^ Kelly, Fiach; O’Halloran, Marie (27 June 2020). “Sweeping changes as new Cabinet unveiled”. The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.^ Mansergh, Nicholas (1991). The Unresolved Question: The Anglo-Irish Settlement and Its Undoing, 1912\u201372. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p.\u00a0208. ISBN\u00a0978-0300050691. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 25 September 2020 \u2013 via Google Books.Bibliography[edit]Coakley, John; Gallagher, Michael, eds. (2017). Politics in the Republic of Ireland (6th\u00a0ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-1138119451.Coleman, Marie (2013). The Irish Revolution, 1916\u20131923. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN\u00a09781408279106 \u2013 via Google Books.Galligan, Yvonne; Buckley, Fiona (2017). “Chapter 9: Women in Politics”.  In Coakley, John; Gallagher, Michael (eds.). Politics in the Republic of Ireland (6th\u00a0ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN\u00a0978-1138119451.McNamara, Maedhbh; Mooney, Paschal (2000). Women in Parliament: Ireland 1918\u20132000. Dublin: Wolfhound Press. ISBN\u00a00-86327-759-4.McNamara, Maedhbh (2020). A Women’s Place is in the Cabinet: Women Ministers in Irish Government 1919 – 2019. Drogheda: Sea Dog Books. ISBN\u00a0978-1-913275-06-8.Political postsMinistriesAgriculture, Food and the MarineChildren, Equality, Disability, Integration and YouthDefenceEducationEnterprise, Trade and EmploymentEnvironment, Climate and CommunicationsFinanceForeign AffairsFurther and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and ScienceHealthHousing, Local Government and HeritageJusticePublic Expenditure, National Development Plan Delivery and ReformRural and Community DevelopmentSocial ProtectionTourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and MediaTransportFormer ministriesOther"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/list-of-women-cabinet-ministers-of-the-republic-of-ireland\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"List of women cabinet ministers of the Republic of Ireland"}}]}]