[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-low-temperature-technology-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-low-temperature-technology-wikipedia\/","headline":"Timeline of low-temperature technology – Wikipedia","name":"Timeline of low-temperature technology – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia after-content-x4 Aspect of history The following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic","datePublished":"2022-12-11","dateModified":"2022-12-11","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/bba598fb9ea212852e9cfe571d5dbbf1892c285d","url":"https:\/\/wikimedia.org\/api\/rest_v1\/media\/math\/render\/svg\/bba598fb9ea212852e9cfe571d5dbbf1892c285d","height":"","width":""},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-low-temperature-technology-wikipedia\/","wordCount":5753,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Aspect of historyThe following is a timeline of low-temperature technology and cryogenic technology (refrigeration down to close to absolute zero, i.e. \u2013273.15\u00a0\u00b0C, \u2013459.67\u00a0\u00b0F or 0 K).[1] It also lists important milestones in thermometry, thermodynamics, statistical physics and calorimetry, that were crucial in development of low temperature systems.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsPrior to the 19th century[edit]19th century[edit]20th century[edit]21st century[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Prior to the 19th century[edit]c.\u20091700 BC \u2013 Zimri-Lim, ruler of Mari in Syria commanded the construction of one of the first ice houses near the Euphrates.[2]c.\u2009500 BC \u2013 The yakhchal (meaning “ice pit” in Persian) is an ancient Persian type of refrigerator. The structure was formed from a mortar resistant to heat transmission, in the shape of a dome. Snow and ice was stored beneath the ground, effectively allowing access to ice even in hot months and allowing for prolonged food preservation. Often a badgir was coupled with the yakhchal in order to slow the heat loss. Modern refrigerators are still called yakhchal in Persian.c.\u200960 AD – Hero of Alexandria knew of the principle that certain substances, notably air, expand and contract and described a demonstration in which a closed tube partially filled with air had its end in a container of water.[3] The expansion and contraction of the air caused the position of the water\/air interface to move along the tube. This was the first established principle of gas behaviour vs temperature, and principle of first thermometers later on. The idea could predate him even more (Empedocles of Agrigentum in his 460 B.C. book On Nature).1396 AD – Ice storage warehouses called “Dong-bing-go-tango” (meaning “east ice storage warehouse” in Korean) and Seo-bing-go (“west ice storage warehouse”) were built in Han-Yang (currently Seoul, Korea). The buildings housed ice that was collected from the frozen Han River in January (by lunar calendar). The warehouse was well-insulated, providing the royal families with ice into the summer months.[citation needed] These warehouses were closed in 1898 AD but the buildings are still intact in Seoul.1593 \u2013 Galileo Galilei builds a first modern thermoscope. But it is possible the invention was by Santorio Santorio or independently around same time by Cornelis Drebbel. The principle of operation was known in Ancient Greece.c.\u20091611-1613 \u2013 Francesco Sagredo or Santorio Santorio, put a numerical scale on a thermoscope.1617 \u2013 Giuseppe Biancani publishes first clear diagram of thermoscope1638 \u2013 Robert Fludd describes thermometer with a scale, using air thermometer principle with column of air and liquid water.1650 \u2013 Otto von Guericke designed and built the world’s first vacuum pump and created the world’s first ever vacuum known as the Magdeburg hemispheres  to disprove Aristotle’s long-held supposition that ‘Nature abhors a vacuum’.1656 \u2013 Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke built an air pump on this design.1662 \u2013 Boyle’s law (gas law relating pressure and volume) is demonstrated using a vacuum pump1665 \u2013 Boyle theorizes a minimum temperature in New Experiments and Observations touching Cold.1679 \u2013 Denis Papin \u2013 safety valve1702 \u2013 Guillaume Amontons first calculates absolute zero to be \u2212240\u00a0\u00b0C using an air thermometer of his own invention (1702), theorizing at this point the gas would reach zero volume and zero pressure.1714 \u2013 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented the first reliable thermometer, using mercury instead of alcohol and water mixtures1724 \u2013 Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit proposes a Fahrenheit scale, which had finer scale and greater reproducibility than competitors.1730 \u2013 Ren\u00e9 Antoine Ferchault de R\u00e9aumur invented an alcohol thermometer and temperature scale ultimately proved to be less reliable than Fahrenheit’s mercury thermometer.1742 \u2013 Anders Celsius proposed a scale with zero at the boiling point and 100 degrees at the freezing point of water. It was later changed to be the other way around, on the input from Swedish academy of science.1755 – William Cullen used a pump to create a partial vacuum over a container of diethyl ether, which then boiled, absorbing heat from the surrounding air.[4]1756 \u2013 The first documented public demonstration of artificial refrigeration by William Cullen[5]1782 \u2013 Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace invent the ice-calorimeter1784 \u2013 Gaspard Monge liquefied the first gas producing liquid sulfur dioxide.1787 \u2013 Charles’s law (Gas law, relating volume and temperature)19th century[edit]1802 \u2013 John Dalton wrote “the reducibility of all elastic fluids of whatever kind, into liquids”1802 \u2013 Gay-Lussac’s law (Gas law, relating temperature and pressure).1803 \u2013 Domestic ice box1803 \u2013 Thomas Moore of Baltimore, Md. received a patent on refrigeration.[6]1805 \u2013 Oliver Evans designed the first closed circuit refrigeration machine based on the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.1809 \u2013 Jacob Perkins patented the first refrigerating machine1810 \u2013 John Leslie freezes water to ice by using an airpump.1811 \u2013 Avogadro’s law a gas law1823 \u2013 Michael Faraday liquified ammonia to cause cooling1824 \u2013 Sadi Carnot \u2013 the Carnot Cycle1834 \u2013 Ideal gas law by \u00c9mile Clapeyron1834 \u2013 \u00c9mile Clapeyron characterizes phase transitions between two phases in form of Clausius\u2013Clapeyron relation.1834 \u2013 Jacob Perkins obtained the first patent for a vapor-compression refrigeration system.1834 \u2013 Jean-Charles Peltier discovers the Peltier effect1844 \u2013 Charles Piazzi Smyth proposes comfort cooling[7]c.1850 \u2013 Michael Faraday makes a hypothesis that freezing substances increases their dielectric constant.1851 \u2013 John Gorrie patented his mechanical refrigeration machine in the US to make ice to cool the air[8][9]1852 \u2013 James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin discover Joule\u2013Thomson effect1856 \u2013 James Harrison patented an ether liquid-vapour compression refrigeration system and developed the first practical ice-making and refrigeration room for use in the brewing and meat-packing industries of Geelong, Victoria, Australia.1856 \u2013 August Kr\u00f6nig simplistic foundation of kinetic theory of gases.1857 \u2013 Rudolf Clausius creates a sophisticated theory of gases based including all degrees of freedom, as well derives Clausius\u2013Clapeyron relation from basic principles.1857 \u2013 Carl Wilhelm Siemens, the Siemens cycle1858 \u2013 Julius Pl\u00fccker observed for the first time some pumping effect due to electrical discharge.1859 \u2013 James Clerk Maxwell determines distribution of velocities and kinetic energies in a gas, and explains emergent property of temperature and heat, and creates a first law of statistical mechanics.1859 \u2013 Ferdinand Carr\u00e9 \u2013 The first gas absorption refrigeration system using gaseous ammonia dissolved in water (referred to as “aqua ammonia”)1862 \u2013 Alexander Carnegie Kirk invents the Air cycle machine1864 \u2013 Charles Tellier patented a refrigeration system using dimethyl ether1867 – Thaddeus S. C. Lowe patented a refrigeration system using carbon dioxide, and in 1869 made ice making machine using dry carbon dioxide. The same year Lowe bought a steamship and put a compressor based refrigeration device on it for transport of frozen meat.1867 \u2014 French immigrant  Eugene Dominic Nicolle dissolved ammonia in water to reach a temperature of -20\u00baC in a sealed room. Together with another new Australian, industrialist  Sir Thomas Mort \u2014 who in 1867 built the first freezerworks using this idea in  Balmain \u2014 and with the help of NSW politician, Augustus Morris, overcame the public’s mistrust of frozen food by revealing the fact to an audience of the influential (after their state meal) on 2 September, 1875.[10]1869 \u2013 Charles Tellier installed a cold storage plant in France.1869 \u2013 Thomas Andrews discovers existence of a critical point in fluids.1871 \u2013 Carl von Linde built his first ammonia compression machine.c.a. 1873 \u2013 Van der Waals publishes and proposes a real gas model named later a Van der Waals equation.1875 – Raoul Pictet develops a refrigeration machine using sulphur dioxide to combat high-pressure problems of ammonia in when used in tropical climates (mainly for the purpose of shipping meat).1876 \u2013 Carl von Linde patented equipment to liquefy air using the Joule Thomson expansion process and regenerative cooling[11]1877 \u2013 Raoul Pictet and Louis Paul Cailletet, working separately, develop two methods to liquefy oxygen.1879 \u2013 Bell-Coleman machine1882 \u2013 William Soltau Davidson fitted a compression refrigeration unit to the New Zealand vessel Dunedin1883 \u2013 Zygmunt Wr\u00f3blewski condenses experimentally useful quantities of liquid oxygen1885 \u2013 Zygmunt Wr\u00f3blewski published hydrogen’s critical temperature as 33 K; critical pressure, 13.3 atmospheres; and boiling point, 23 K.1888 \u2013 Loftus Perkins develops the “Arktos” cold chamber for preserving food, using an early ammonia absorption system.1892 \u2013 James Dewar invents the vacuum-insulated, silver-plated glass Dewar flask1895 \u2013 Carl von Linde files for patent protection of the Hampson\u2013Linde cycle for liquefaction of atmospheric air or other gases (approved in 1903).1898 \u2013 James Dewar condenses liquid hydrogen by using regenerative cooling and his invention, the vacuum flask.20th century[edit]1905 \u2013 Carl von Linde obtains pure liquid oxygen and nitrogen.1906 \u2013 Willis Carrier patents the basis for modern air conditioning.1908 \u2013 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes liquifies helium.1911 \u2013 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on metallic low-temperature phenomenon characterised by no electrical resistance, calling it superconductivity.1915 \u2013 Wolfgang Gaede \u2013 the Diffusion pump1920 \u2013 Edmund Copeland and Harry Edwards use iso-butane in small refrigerators.1922 \u2013 Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters invent the 3 fluids absorption chiller, exclusively driven by heat.1924 \u2013 Fernand Holweck \u2013 the Holweck pump1926 \u2013 Albert Einstein and Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd invent the Einstein refrigerator.1926 \u2013 Willem Hendrik Keesom solidifies helium.1926 \u2013 General Electric Company introduced the first hermetic compressor refrigerator1929 – David Forbes Keith of Toronto, Ontario, Canada received a patent for the Icy Ball which helped hundreds of thousands of families through the Dirty Thirties.1933 \u2013 William Giauque and others \u2013 Adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration1937 \u2013 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, John F. Allen, and Don Misener discover superfluidity using helium-4 at 2.2 K1937 \u2013 Frans Michel Penning invents a type of cold cathode vacuum gauge known as Penning gauge1944 \u2013 Manne Siegbahn, the Siegbahn pump1949 \u2013 S.G. Sydoriak, E.R. Grilly, E.F. Hammel, first measurements on pure 3He in the 1 K range1950 –  Invention of the so-called Gifford-McMahon cooler by K.W. Taconis (patent US2,567,454)1951 \u2013 Heinz London invents the principle of the dilution refrigerator1955 \u2013 Willi Becker  turbomolecular pump concept[12]1956 \u2013 G.K. Walters, W.M. Fairbank, discovery of phase separation in 3He-4He mixtures1957 \u2013 Lewis D. Hall, Robert L. Jepsen and John C. Helmer ion pump based on Penning discharge1959 \u2013 Kleemenko cycle1960 – Reinvention of the Gifford-McMahon cooler by H.O. McMahon and W.E. Gifford1965 \u2013 D.O. Edwards, and others, discovery of finite solubility of 3He in 4He at 0K1965 \u2013 P. Das, R. de Bruyn Ouboter, K.W. Taconis, one-shot dilution refrigerator[13]1966 \u2013 H.E. Hall, P.J. Ford, K. Thomson, continuous dilution refrigerator1972 \u2013 David Lee, Robert Coleman Richardson and Douglas Osheroff discover superfluidity in helium-3 at 0.002 K.1973 \u2013 Linear compressor1978 \u2013 Laser cooling demonstrated in the groups of Wineland and Dehmelt.1983 – Orifice-type pulse tube refrigerator invented by Mikulin, Tarasov, and Shkrebyonock1986 \u2013 Karl Alexander M\u00fcller and J. Georg Bednorz discover high-temperature superconductivity1995 \u2013 Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman create the first[14]Bose\u2013Einstein condensate, using a dilute gas of Rubidium-87 cooled to 170 nK. They won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2001 for BEC.1999 \u2013 D.J. Cousins and others, dilution refrigerator reaching 1.75 mK1999 – The current world record lowest temperature was set at 100 picokelvins (pK), or 0.000 000 000 1 of a kelvin, by cooling the nuclear spins in a piece of rhodium metal.[15]21st century[edit]2000 – Nuclear spin temperatures below 100\u00a0pK were reported for an experiment at the Helsinki University of Technology’s Low Temperature Lab in Espoo, Finland. However, this was the temperature of one particular degree of freedom \u2013\u00a0a quantum property called nuclear spin\u00a0\u2013 not the overall average thermodynamic temperature for all possible degrees in freedom.[16][17]2014 – Scientists in the CUORE collaboration at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso in Italy cooled a copper vessel with a volume of one cubic meter to 0.006 kelvins (\u2212273.144\u00a0\u00b0C; \u2212459.659\u00a0\u00b0F) for 15 days, setting a record for the lowest temperature in the known universe over such a large contiguous volume[18]2015 – Experimental physicists at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) successfully cooled molecules in a gas of sodium potassium to a temperature of 500 nanokelvins, and it is expected to exhibit an exotic state of matter by cooling these molecules a bit further.[19]2015 – A team of atomic physicists from Stanford University used a matter-wave lensing technique to cool a sample of rubidium atoms to an effective temperature of 50\u00a0pK along two spatial dimensions.[20]2017 – Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL), an experimental instrument launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2018.[21] The instrument creates extremely cold conditions in the microgravity environment of the ISS leading to the formation of Bose Einstein Condensates that are a magnitude colder than those that are created in laboratories on Earth. In this space-based laboratory, up to 20 seconds interaction times and as low as 1 picokelvin (10\u221212{displaystyle 10^{-12}} K) temperatures are projected to be achievable, and it could lead to exploration of unknown quantum mechanical phenomena and test some of the most fundamental laws of physics.[22][23]See also[edit]References[edit]^ Martynov, A. V. (1976). “The terminology of low-temperature technology (discussion)”. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering. 12 (5): 470\u2013472. doi:10.1007\/BF01146769. S2CID\u00a0110774259.^ Stephanie Dalley (1 January 2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. Gorgias Press LLC. p.\u00a091. ISBN\u00a0978-1-931956-02-4.^ T.D. McGee (1988) Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement ISBN\u00a00-471-62767-4^ Arora, Ramesh Chandra (30 March 2012). “Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration”. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning. p.\u00a03. ISBN\u00a0978-81-203-3915-6.^ William Cullen, Of the Cold Produced by Evaporating Fluids and of Some Other Means of Producing Cold, in Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh and Published by Them, II, (Edinburgh 1756)^ 1803 \u2013 Thomas Moore^ 1844 \u2013 Charles Piazzi Smyth Archived 2012-02-10 at the Wayback Machine^ 1851 John Gorrie^ “Patent Images”. Retrieved 15 March 2015.^ JT Critchell & J. Raymond (Constable & Co., London: 1912), A History of the Frozen Meat Trade. ^ “app-a1”. Retrieved 15 March 2015.^ Vacuum Science & Technology Timeline^ Zu, H.; Dai, W.; de Waele, A.T.A.M. (2022). “Development of Dilution refrigerators \u2013 A review”. Cryogenics. 121. Bibcode:2022Cryo..121….1Z. doi:10.1016\/j.cryogenics.2021.103390. ISSN\u00a00011-2275. S2CID\u00a0244005391.^ “New State of Matter Seen Near Absolute Zero”. NIST. Archived from the original on 2010-06-01.^ “World record in low temperatures”. Archived from the original on 2009-06-18. Retrieved 2009-05-05.^ Knuuttila, Tauno (2000). Nuclear Magnetism and Superconductivity in Rhodium. Espoo, Finland: Helsinki University of Technology. ISBN\u00a0978-951-22-5208-4. Archived from the original on 2001-04-28. Retrieved 2008-02-11.^ “Low Temperature World Record” (Press release). Low Temperature Laboratory, Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. 8 December 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-02-18. Retrieved 2008-02-11.^ “CUORE: The Coldest Heart in the Known Universe”. INFN Press Release. Retrieved 21 October 2014.^ “MIT team creates ultracold molecules”. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts, Cambridge.^ Kovachy, Tim; Hogan, Jason M.; Sugarbaker, Alex; Dickerson, Susannah M.; Donnelly, Christine A.; Overstreet, Chris; Kasevich, Mark A. (2015). “Matter Wave Lensing to Picokelvin Temperatures”. Physical Review Letters. 114 (14): 143004. arXiv:1407.6995. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.114n3004K. doi:10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.143004. PMID\u00a025910118.^ “Coolest science ever headed to the space station”. Science | AAAS. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2017-09-24.^ “Cold Atom Laboratory Mission”. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 2017. Archived from the original on 2013-03-29. Retrieved 2016-12-22.^ “Cold Atom Laboratory Creates Atomic Dance”. NASA News. 26 September 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-21.External links[edit]     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-low-temperature-technology-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Timeline of low-temperature technology – Wikipedia"}}]}]