[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-the-gunpowder-age-4\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-the-gunpowder-age-4\/","headline":"Timeline of the gunpowder age","name":"Timeline of the gunpowder age","description":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons,","datePublished":"2021-02-25","dateModified":"2021-02-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a5\/Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG\/123px-Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a5\/Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG\/123px-Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG","height":"180","width":"123"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-the-gunpowder-age-4\/","wordCount":22335,"articleBody":"From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century (from 1884 to the present day).Table of ContentsPre-gunpowder formula[edit]9th century[edit]10th century[edit]11th century[edit]12th century[edit]13th century[edit]14th century[edit]15th century[edit]16th century[edit]17th century[edit]18th century[edit]19th century[edit]20th century[edit]See also[edit]Citations[edit]References[edit]Pre-gunpowder formula[edit]Major developments: Earliest stage of gunpowder development. Mentions of gunpowder ingredients and their uses in conjunction with each other.YearDateRegionEvent142ChinaA Taoist text known as the Cantong qi, or the Book of the Kinship of Three, by Wei Boyang, who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty, mentions a combination of three powders that fly and dance violently.318ChinaThe ingredients of gunpowder are recorded in the Baopuzi, also known as The Master Who Embraces Simplicity, by Taoist philosopher Ge Hong, who lived in the Jin dynasty (266\u2013420). It describes experiments to create gold with heated saltpeter, pine resin, and charcoal among other carbon materials, resulting in a purple powder and arsenic vapours.492ChinaTao Hongjing, a Taoist alchemist, notes that saltpeter burns with a purple flame.756ChinaThe Taoist Mao Kua reports in his Pinglongren (Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating saltpeter, the yin of the air can be obtained, which combines with sulphur, carbon, and metals other than gold.9th century[edit]Major developments: Earliest definite references to a gunpowder formula and awareness of its danger.YearDateRegionEvent808ChinaThe Taoist priest Qing Xuzi mentions the gunpowder formula in his Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue, describing six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb.858ChinaThe Taoist text Zhenyuan miaodao yaol\u00fce (Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Way of the True Origin of Things) contains a warning on the dangers of gunpowder: “Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide), and saltpeter with honey; smoke [and flames] result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burned down.”10th century[edit]Major developments: Gunpowder is utilized in Chinese warfare and an assortment of gunpowder weapons appear. Fire arrows utilizing gunpowder as an incendiary appear in the early 900s and possibly rocket arrows as well by the end of the century. The gunpowder slow match is used for igniting flame throwers. The ancestor of firearms, the fire lance, also appears, but its usage in the 10th century is uncertain and no textual evidence for it exists during this period.YearDateRegionEvent904ChinaFire arrows utilizing gunpowder are used by Southern Wu troops during the siege of Yuzhang.[8][9]919ChinaThe gunpowder slow match appears in China (for igniting flamethrowers).950ChinaFire lances appear in China.[11]969ChinaGunpowder propelled fire arrows, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng.975ChinaThe state of Wuyue sends a group of soldiers skilled in the use of fire arrows to the Song dynasty, which uses fire arrows and incendiary bombs in the same year to destroy the fleet of Southern Tang.994ChinaThe Liao dynasty attacks the Song dynasty and lays siege to Zitong with 100,000 troops, but fails due to the defenders’ use of fire arrows.1000ChinaTang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the Song court and is rewarded.[14]A flamethrower from the Wujing Zongyao, supposedly used the gunpowder slow matchAn arrow strapped with gunpowder ready to be shot from a bow. From the HuolongjingDepiction of fire arrows known as “divine engine arrows” (shen ji jian \u795e\u6a5f\u7bad) from the Wubei Zhi.Earliest known representation of a bomb and fire lance (upper right), Dunhuang, 950 AD.[15]11th century[edit]Major developments: The chemical formula for gunpowder is recorded in the Wujing Zongyao by 1044. Bombs appear in the early 11th century. Gunpowder becomes more common in the Song dynasty and production of gunpowder weapons is systematized. The Song court restricts trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties.YearDateRegionEvent1002ChinaShi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the Song court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm.[14]1044ChinaThe chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics.China“Thunderclap bombs” are mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.[18]ChinaA “triple-bed-crossbow” firing fire arrows is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao.1067ChinaPrivate trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the Song dynasty.1075SinosphereVietnam’s L\u00fd dynasty used fire arrows and against the Song dynasty during the L\u00fd\u2013Song War (1075\u20131077).[21]1076ChinaTrade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties is outlawed by the Song court.[14]1083ChinaThree hundred thousand fire arrows are produced by the Song court and delivered to two garrisons.[14]12th century[edit]Major developments: Gunpowder fireworks are mentioned. Ships are equipped with trebuchets for hurling bombs. Earliest recorded usage of gunpowder artillery in ship to ship combat, first mention of the fire lance in battle, and the earliest possible depiction of a cannon appears.YearDateRegionEvent1110ChinaThe Song army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with “a noise like thunder” and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks.1126FebruaryChinaJingkang Incident: Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115\u20131234).[23]1127DecemberChina“Molten metal bombs”, suspected to contain gunpowder, are employed by Song troops when the Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs made by captured Song artisans. Kaifeng is taken.[24]1128ChinaThe earliest extant depiction of a cannon appears among the Dazu Rock Carvings, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped hand cannon.1129ChinaGunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as Song warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs.[26]1132ChinaSiege of De’an: Fire lances are used by Song troops.ChinaGunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as “fire bomb medicine” rather than “fire medicine”.[26]ChinaFirecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time.[30]1159ChinaFire arrows are employed by a Song fleet in sinking a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula.[31]116126\u201327 NovemberChinaBattle of Caishi: Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze.[31]1163ChinaFire lances are attached to war carts, known as “at-your-desire-war-carts”, for defending Song mobile trebuchets.[26]A double barreled fire lance from the Huolongjing. Supposedly they fired in succession, and the second one is lit automatically after the first barrel finishes firing.13th century[edit]Major developments: Bomb shells gain an iron casing. Fire lances are equipped with projectiles and reusable iron barrels. Rockets are used in warfare. “Fire emitting tubes” are produced in the Song dynasty by the mid-13th century and hand cannons are recorded to have been used in battle by the Yuan dynasty in 1287. The earliest extant cannons appear in China. The Mongols spread gunpowder weaponry to Japan, Southeast Asia, and possibly the Middle East as well as Europe. Europe and India both acquire gunpowder by the end of the century, but only in the Middle East are gunpowder weapons mentioned in any detail.YearDateRegionEvent1207ChinaThunderclap bombs are employed by Song forces in a sneak attack on a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses.[18]1221ChinaIron casing bombs are employed by Jin troops in the siege of Qi Prefecture (Hubei).[32]1227ChinaThe Wuwei Bronze Cannon, excavated in 1980, is dated to the Western Xia (1038\u20131227) period. It is currently the oldest possible extant cannon, however like the Heilongjiang hand cannon it contains no inscription and dating is based on contextual evidence.[33]1230ChinaCo-viative projectiles are added to fire lances.1231China“Thunder crash bombs” are employed by Jin troops in destroying a Mongol warship.[35]1232ChinaReusable fire lance barrels made of durable paper are employed by Jin troops during the Mongol siege of Kaifeng.[35]China“Flying fire-lances” with re-usable barrels are used in the defense of Bianjing against Mongols. Some interpret these to be rockets.1237ChinaLarge bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui).[37]1240Middle EastThe Middle East acquires knowledge of gunpowder.1245ChinaRockets are used during a military exercise conducted by the Song navy.1257ChinaThree hundred thirty-three “fire emitting tubes” are produced in a Song arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (Nanjing, Jiangsu).[40]1258IndiaIn India, gunpowder is used in pyrotechnics.1259ChinaThe History of Song describes a “fire-emitting lance” employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.[40]ChinaThe city of Qingzhou produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou.1264ChinaA display of miniature rockets frightens the Song empress.1267WestIn Europe gunpowder in the form of a firecracker is mentioned in textual sources by Roger Bacon, in his Opus Majus.1272ChinaBattle of Xiangyang: Fire lances are used by a Song riverine relief force to repel boarders.1276ChinaReusable fire lance barrels made of metal are employed by the Song army.ChinaFire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols.1277ChinaA suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves.[49]1280China“Eruptors,” cannons firing co-viative projectiles, are employed in the Yuan dynasty.ChinaA major accidental explosion occurs in China when a Yuan gunpowder storehouse at Weiyang, Yangzhou catches fire and explodes, killing 100 guards and hurling building materials over 5\u00a0km away.Middle EastThe Middle East acquires fire lances and rockets.Hasan al-Rammah writes, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries. He also provides a description and illustration of the world’s first torpedo.[54]WestEurope acquires the gunpowder formula.1281SinosphereBombs are employed by Mongols in the Mongol invasions of Japan.[56]1287ChinaHand cannons are employed by the troops of Yuan Jurchen commander Li Ting in putting down a rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan.1288ChinaThe Heilongjiang hand cannon is dated to this year based on contextual evidence and its proximity to the rebellion by Mongol prince Nayan, although it contains no inscription.1293Southeast AsiaMongol troops of Yuan dynasty carried Chinese cannons to Java in 1293.1298ChinaThe Xanadu Gun, the oldest confirmed extant hand cannon, is dated to this year based on its inscription and contextual evidence.[61]1299Middle EastFire lances are used in battles between the Mongols and Muslims1300IndiaIn India Mongol mercenaries deploy fire arrows during a siege.The ‘phalanx-charging fire-gourd’ forgoes the spearhead and relies solely on the force of gunpowder and projectiles. From the Huolongjing.An illustration of a ‘flying-cloud thunderclap-eruptor,’ a cannon firing thunderclap bombs, from the Huolongjing.A ‘poison fog divine smoke eruptor’ (du wu shen yan pao) as depicted in the Huolongjing. Small shells emitting poisonous smoke are fired.14th century[edit]Major developments: Chinese gunpowder weaponry continues to advance with the development of one-piece cast iron cannons, accompanying carriages, and the addition of land mines, naval mines and rocket launchers. Earliest recorded instance of volley fire with gunpowder weaponry, by the Ming dynasty. The rest of the world catches up quickly and most of Eurasia acquires gunpowder weapons by the second half of the 14th century. Cannon development in Europe progresses rapidly and by 1374, cannons in Europe are able to breach a city wall for the first time. Breech loading cannons appear in Europe.YearDateRegionEvent1307WestThe Armenian monk Hetoum writes about a powerful weapon having been invented in China.1325ChinaBronze “thousand-ball thunder-cannons” on four wheeled carriages appear in the Yuan dynasty.1326WestIn Europe the depiction of a cannon appears.[67]1330WestIn Andalusia cannons are mentioned in textual sources.[68]WestEurope’s oldest extant firearm, the Loshult gun, is dated to this year.[69]1331IberiaThe Nasrid army besieging Elche makes use of “iron pellets shot with fire.”[70]1333WestEarliest extant cannon arrow projectile is dated to this year. Now kept in the Eltz Castle.1338WestAn organ gun and three pounds of gunpowder are recorded to have been in the possession of a raiding party that sacked Southampton.1339WestThe word “cannon”, derived from the Greek kanun and Latin canna, meaning “tube,” is used for the first time in Europe.WestThe word “gun” is used to describe a firearm in English for the first time.1340ChinaA “watermelon bomb” containing miniature rockets known as “ground rats” is employed by Liu Bowen against rebels and pirates in Zhejiang.1344WestWooden cannons appear in Europe.134626 AugustWestBattle of Cr\u00e9cy: Organ guns are used.WestThe term “bombard” is used to refer to guns of any kind.[76]1350ChinaCast iron technology becomes reliable enough to make one-piece iron cannons in China.ChinaFlint and wheel mechanisms are employed in igniting land mines and naval mines in China.ChinaIn China organ guns appear.ChinaTwo wheeled gun carriages appear in China.IndiaIndia acquires rockets.1352Southeast AsiaCannons are mentioned to have been used by the Ayutthaya Kingdom in their invasion of the Khmer Empire1358ChinaDefending garrisons fire cannons en masse at the siege of Shaoxing and defeat a Ming army.[83]1360Middle EastIn the middle east metal-barrel guns start appearing in textual sources.[68]Southeast AsiaGunpowder barrels aboard a Khmer ship explode.136330 August \u2013 4 OctoberChinaBattle of Lake Poyang: Cannons are used in ship combat and a new weapon called the “No Alternative” also appears. It consists of a reed mat bundled together with gunpowder and iron pellets hung on a pole from the foremast of a ship. When an enemy ship is within range, the fuse is lit, and the bundle falls onto the enemy ship spitting iron pellets and burning their men and sails.[84]1364WestBreech loading cannons start appearing in Europe.1366ChinaTwo thousand four hundred large and small cannons are deployed by the Ming army at the siege of Suzhou.[83]IndiaThe Vijayanagara Empire acquires firearms.1368ChinaCrouching-tiger cannons are employed by the Ming army.1370ChinaGunpowder is corned to strengthen the explosive power of land mines in the Ming dynasty.[88]ChinaCannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition in the Ming dynasty.[89]1372ChinaCannons made specifically for naval usage appear in the Ming dynasty.1373WestThe term “hand gun”, also known as handgonne, gunnies, vasam scolpi, pot, capita, and testes, appears in European texts for the first time.1374SinosphereGoryeo starts producing gunpowder.[92]WestCannons breach a city wall for the first time in Europe.1375West“Basilisk” cannons appear.WestA 900\u00a0kg large-calibre gun is produced in Europe.WorldwideFlash pans are added to hand cannons.WestEuropean gunsmiths begin testing barrels for structural integrity, improving quality.1377SinosphereGoryeo starts producing cannons and rockets.[97]1380China“Wasp nest” rocket launchers are manufactured for the Ming army.24 JuneWestBattle of Chioggia: In Europe rockets are used in battle.WestEuropeans develop the means to produce saltpeter for themselves.1382WestEuropean sailing ships are equipped with cannons.3 MayWestBattle of Beverhoutsveld: The first military conflict in Europe where cannons play a decisive role.1388ChinaMing\u2013Mong Mao War: Volley fire is implemented with cannons by the Ming artillery corps in the anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao.[102]WestSaltpeter plantations start appearing in Europe.1390Southeast Asia\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t soldiers kill the king of Champa, Che Bong Nga, using hand cannons.1396WestIn Europe mounted knights start employing fire lances.139817 DecemberIndiaDelhi Sultanate uses bombs against Tamerlane.1399WestGermany’s oldest extant firearm is dated to this year.[107]A “nest of bees” (yi wo feng \u4e00\u7aa9\u8702) arrow rocket launcher as depicted in the Wubei Zhi.A ‘divine bone dissolving fire oil bomb’ (lan gu huo you shen pao) from the Huolongjing.A bronze “thousand ball thunder cannon” from the Huolongjing.The ‘self-tripped trespass land mine’ (zi fan pao) from the Huolongjing.Naval mine system known as the ‘marine dragon-king’ (shui di long wang pao) from the Huolongjing.Oldest known European depiction of a firearm from De Nobilitatibus Sapientii Et Prudentiis Regum by Walter de Milemete (1326).15th century[edit]Major developments: Large-calibre artillery weighing several thousand kg are produced in Europe during the early 15th century and spread to the Ottoman Empire. Modifiable two wheeled gun carts known as limbers and caissons appear, greatly improving the mobility of artillery. The matchlock arquebus, the first firearm with a trigger mechanism, appears in Europe by 1475. Rifled barrels also appear in the late 15th century. The term musket is used for the first time in 1499. Rocket launchers are used in battle by the Ming dynasty and the Korean kingdom of Joseon develops a mobile rocket launcher vehicle called the hwacha. Chinese style bombs are used in Japan by 1468 at the latest.YearDateRegionEvent1400WestIn Europe the gunpowder slow match appears.ChinaLi Jinglong uses rocket launchers against the army of the Yongle Emperor.WestSpringalds are entirely replaced by gunpowder weapons1405WestEurope acquires bombs.1407ChinaIronwood wadding is added to Ming cannons, increasing their effectiveness.1409SinosphereBattle carts armed with cannons firing iron fletched darts are produced in Joseon.[111]1410SinosphereJoseon ships are equipped with cannons.West“Culverins” are mentioned for the first time.West“Saker” cannons appear.1411WestA “serpentine” lever is added to the stocks of hand cannons in Europe to hold matches. The resulting firearm, the hook gun, becomes known as the arquebus.1412ChinaShells are used as ammunition in the Ming dynasty.1413SinosphereJoseon mortars capable of firing 500 meter iron shots and 600 meter stone shots are mentioned.Southeast AsiaThe customs of firing cannons and pole gun is mentioned as part of Javanese marriage ceremony.[116][117]:\u200a245\u200a1415Sinosphere10,000 guns are deployed throughout Joseon1419ChinaDuring the Lantern Festival, the Ming imperial palace puts on a display of pyrotechnics involving rockets running along wires which light up lanterns, illuminating the palace.1420WestIn Europe war wagons are used as mobile firearm platforms during the Hussite Wars.[31]1420SinosphereIron shot replaces stone as the standard ammunition in Joseon1421Southeast AsiaA Chinese pole cannon found in Java is dated from this year, bearing the name of Yongle Emperor.[118][119]1425WestIn Europe gunpowder corning is practiced.1429ChinaMounted infantry carrying hand cannons are employed by the Ming army.1431WestA 12,000\u00a0kg wrought iron large-calibre gun capable of firing 300\u00a0kg projectiles, called Dulle Griet, is produced in Europe.WestEuropean cannon projectiles transition from stone to iron ammunition.[123]1437WestIn Europe shells are used as ammunition.WestA master gunner in Europe is forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome after scaring his fellow soldiers, who accused him of satanic devilry, with an astounding rate of fire of three rounds in one day.1447SinosphereSejong the Great of Joseon decrees that all fire-squads should carry standardized firearms.[126]1450WestEuropean walls become lower and thicker in response to cannons.[127]WestTrunnions appear in Europe.15 AprilWestBattle of Formigny: Marks the rapid decline of the English longbow as they prove to be inferior to cannons in both range and rate of fire.1451SinosphereA type of multiple arrow rocket launcher known as the “Munjong Hwacha” is produced in Joseon.[130]1453WestModifiable two wheeled gun carts known as limbers appear, greatly improving cannon maneuverability and mobility.1456IndiaMalwa Sultanate uses cannons as siege weapons to demolish ramparts: In India cannons become widespread.14603 AugustWestJames II of Scotland is killed by one of his own guns, which exploded while he was standing close to it.West“Mortars” are mentioned for the first time.1464Middle EastA 16,800\u00a0kg cast bronze large-calibre gun known as the Great Turkish Bombard is created in the Ottoman Empire.[134]1468SinosphereA Chinese “thunderbomb” made of paper and bamboo wrapping two pounds of gunpowder and iron filings is mentioned to have been in use in Japan; Chinese style bombs are used as trebuchet shots until at least 15001470WestA shoulder stock is added to hand cannons in Europe.1471Southeast AsiaCham\u2013Annamese War: L\u00ea dynasty troops use cannons to blast a breach in Vijaya’s fortifications prior to capturing the city1472IndiaIn India land mines appear; Bahmani Sultanate utilizes them in siege warfare.1475WestThe matchlock mechanism is added to the arquebus, making it the first firearm with a trigger.1479WestA four layer artillery tower is built at Querfurth in Saxony.1480WestGuns reach their classic form in Europe.[139]West“Falconets” are mentioned for the first time.West“Minion” cannons appear.1486WestEuropean oar ships start carrying cannons.1488WestHenry VII of England’s ships, the Regent and Sovereign, are among the first to carry enough cannons to deliver a ‘ship killing’ blow at a distance.1498WestSpecialized hunting firearms with rifled barrels appear in Europe.149925 AugustWestBattle of Zonchio: Breech-loading iron cannons are used in naval warfare.WestThe term musket or moschetto is used for the first time in Europe.16th century[edit]Major developments: Matchlock firearms spread throughout Eurasia, reaching China and Japan by the mid-16th century. The volley fire technique is implemented using matchlock firearms by the Ottomans, Ming dynasty, and Dutch Republic by the end of the century. The arquebus is replaced by its heavier variant called the musket to combat heavily armoured troops. “Musket” becomes the dominant term for all shoulder arms fireweapons until the mid-19th century. The wheellock and flintlock trigger mechanisms are invented. Pistols and revolvers both appear during this period. Ottoman troops attach bayonets to their firearms. Both Europe and China develop handheld breech loading firearms. The star fort spreads across Europe in response to increasing effectiveness of siege artillery. The Ming dynasty uses gunpowder for hydraulic engineering.YearDateRegionEvent1500IndiaIndia acquires matchlocks.WestThe term “artillery” solidifies as a general term for cannons, their ammunition, support equipment, and operating personnel.150328 AprilWestBattle of Cerignola: Marks the first military conflict where arquebusiers played a decisive role.[146]1505WestThe wheellock appears in Europe as an expensive alternative to the matchlock.1508IndiaIndia acquires Portuguese cannons.[147]WestThe earliest extant rifles are dated to this year.1510SinosphereJapan acquires cannons.ChinaPortuguese “Frankish” cannons are used on Guangdong’s coastline by Chinese pirates.[149]1515WestA man in (Germany) accidentally shoots a prostitute in the chin with a pistol. Considered to be the earliest recorded firearm accident.1516Southeast Asia\u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t and L\u00ea dynasty produce matchlocks.1521WestA larger arquebus capable of penetrating plate armor known as the musket appears in Europe.1523ChinaThe Ming dynasty produces breech-loading swivel guns based on Portuguese designs.[149]152621 AprilIndiaMughal Emperor Babur use firearms against Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, therefore winning the First Battle of Panipat.29 AugustWestBattle of Moh\u00e1cs: Volley fire is implemented with matchlocks by Ottoman Janissaries.[153]1527West“Ordnance” is used to describe artillery for the first time.1530WestThe star fort becomes the dominant type of defensive structure in Italy.WestEarliest dated “carbine” made in Augsburg.1533ChinaComposite metal cannons are produced in the Ming dynasty.[156][158]1537WestHandheld breech-loading firearms start appearing in Europe.WestNiccol\u00f2 Fontana Tartaglia applies mathematical applications to artillery trajectories in his Nova Scientia.1540WestCast iron cannons in Europe become reliable enough to arm sailing ships with two full broadsides.Southeast AsiaIn Southeast Asia matchlocks start seeing widespread use.[162]WestCavalry in Europe start abandoning the lance and adopt the wheellock pistol.1541ChinaGunpowder is used for hydraulic engineering in the Ming dynasty.1543SinosphereJapan acquires knowledge of matchlocks.[162]154427 JanuarySinosphereIn Japan Tanegashima Tokitaka employs matchlocks in the invasion of Yakushima.WestWooden cannons are used for the last time in Europe.WestCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor attempts to standardize gun types.1545IndiaGujarat experiments with composite metal cannons.[158]WestNiccol\u00f2 Fontana Tartaglia invents the gunner’s quadrant, an instrument which calculates trajectory.1548ChinaThe Ming army starts fielding matchlocks.[168]1550WestThe large arquebus known as the musket becomes obsolete due to lack of armor, but continues as the most widely used term for similar firearms in Europe.WestThe snaphance flintlock mechanism appears in Europe.WestThe ‘flask trail’ carriage replaces solid stock trail carriages in Europe.1560ChinaQi Jiguang publishes his Jixiao Xinshu describing the musket volley fire technique and his experience training the Ming army in its use.[172]1561ChinaThe Ming dynasty starts producing handheld breech-loading firearms.1563SinosphereJoseon starts producing breech-loading swivel guns.1568WestCalivers are mentioned for the first time in Europe.1573WestIn Europe explosive mines are implemented by Samuel Zimmermann of Augsburg.1574WestIn Europe designs for naval mines are completed.157528 JuneSinosphereBattle of Nagashino: In Japan Oda Nobunaga’s tanegashima troops employ volley fire.[162]WestTrigger guards start appearing on European firearms.1580WestRevolvers appear in Europe.15948 DecemberWestWilliam Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg describes the countermarch volley fire technique in a letter to his cousin Maurice, Prince of Orange, and starts training the Dutch army in volley fire.[179]1598ChinaMing cavalry experiments with firing a three-barreled matchlock before using it as a shield while they attack with a saber using their other hand.Middle EastThe first mention of a bayonet occurs in the Shenqipu describing a knife attached to an Ottoman musket.1600Middle EastOttoman cavalry starts carrying pistols.WestThe term “howitzer” comes to refer to the weapon.17th century[edit]Major developments: Bayonets spread across Eurasia. A paper cartridge is introduced by Gustavus Adolphus. Rifles are used for war by Denmark. A ship of the line carrying 60 to 120 cannons appears in Europe. Samuel Pepys’ diary mentions a machine gun like pistol. The “true” flintlock replaces the snaphance flintlock in Europe by the end of the 17th century. Both China and Japan reject the flintlock and the Mughal Empire only uses it in limited quantities. Gunpowder is used for mining in Europe.18th century[edit]Major developments: Flintlocks completely displace matchlock firearms in Europe both on land and at sea. Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet discovers “cylinder powder”, gunpowder produced using charcoal in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil. He also invents block trail carriages, the most advanced artillery transport of the time. James Puckle invents a breechloader flintlock capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes. The Kingdom of Mysore deploys iron cased rockets known as Mysorean rockets.YearDateRegionEvent1702WestIn Europe telescopes are used to aid in the aiming of artillery.1715WestJean Maritz introduces the horizontal drilling technique for casting cannons, increasing their reliability and accuracy while reducing the amount of metal needed for the barrel.1718WestJames Puckle invents the Puckle gun, a breech loading flintlock with a revolving set of chambers capable of firing 63 shots in seven minutes.1720WestFrance establishes Europe’s first national artillery school.1725WestFlintlock firearms completely displace matchlocks in Europe.1742WestBenjamin Robins invents the ballistic pendulum, which provides the first way to accurately measure the velocity of a bullet.1750WorldwideFirearms overtake the composite bow in cost, ease of use, range, and rate of fire, making mounted horse archers completely obsolete.WestA detent is added to flintlocks to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch.1755WestNaval guns are outfitted with flintlocks1759West“Carronades” appear.1770WestA roller bearing is added to flintlocks to reduce friction and produce more sparks.1780WestA waterproof pan is added to flintlocks.1783WestSir William Congreve, 1st Baronet improves gunpowder production by constructing dedicated testing ranges, new saltpeter refineries, and special proving houses. He also discovers “cylinder powder”, gunpowder produced using charcoal sealed in iron cylinders, which is twice as powerful as traditional gunpowder and less likely to spoil, giving British gunpowder a reputation as best in the world.[207]1790WestEngland begins fielding block trail carriages, invented by Sir William Congreve, 1st Baronet, the most advanced artillery transport of the time.179922 AprilIndiaIron-cased Mysorean rockets are deployed by the Kingdom of Mysore against the East India Company.19th century[edit]Major developments: Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet develops the Congreve rockets based on Mysorean rockets and British forces successfully deploy them against Copenhagen. Joshua Shaw invents percussion caps which replace the flintlock trigger mechanism. Claude-\u00c9tienne Mini\u00e9 invents the Mini\u00e9 ball, making rifles a viable military firearm, ending the era of smoothbore muskets. Subsequently rifles are deployed in the Crimean War with resounding success. Benjamin Tyler Henry invents the Henry rifle, the first reliable repeating rifle. Richard Jordan Gatling invents the Gatling gun, capable of firing 200 cartridges in a minute. Hiram Maxim invents the Maxim gun, the first single-barreled machine gun. Both China and Europe start using cast iron molds for casting cannons. Alfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder. Smokeless powder is invented and replaces the traditional “black powder” in Europe by the end of the century.YearDateRegionEvent1803WestEngland starts producing shrapnel shells.1804WestSir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet starts experimenting extensively with rockets based on Mysorean rockets.1805WestCongreve rockets are produced in Britain.1807WestBritish forces successfully deploy 40,000 rockets and ignite devastating fires in Copenhagen1812WestJean Samuel Pauly invents a cartridge containing a primer, making it the first self-contained cartridge.WestJoseph Manton patents the gravitating lock, which prevents muzzle loaders from accidentally firing while the muzzle is held upward.1815WestJoshua Shaw invents percussion caps.1820WestBritish guns are manufactured with bouched vents.1825WestThe percussion cap mechanism starts replacing flintlocks in Europe.1829WestRocket programs in continental Europe fizzle out as poor performance lead to their rejection until the 20th century.1830WestThe percussion cap becomes the most widely accepted firing mechanism in Europe.1831WestWilliam Bickford invents the safety fuse.1835WestCasimir Lefaucheux invents the first practical breech loading firearm with a cartridge.1836WestJohann Nicolaus von Dreyse invents the Dreyse needle gun, a breech loading rifle, increasing the rate of fire to six times that of muzzle loading weapons.1837WestEdward Alfred Cowper uses gunpowder explosions as railway fog-signals to alert the locomotive crew of danger.1841ChinaWei Yuan recommends the incorporation of flintlock firearms into the Qing army but matchlocks continue to be used.1845ChinaGong Zhenlin invents cast iron molds for the casting of iron cannons.1849WestClaude-\u00c9tienne Mini\u00e9 invents the Mini\u00e9 ball and makes the rifle a viable military firearm, ending the smoothbore musket era.1854WestRifles are deployed during the Crimean War with resounding success, proving to be vastly superior to smoothbore muskets.WestVolcanic Repeating Arms produces a rifle with a self-contained cartridge.1855WestThe Elswick Ordnance Company starts producing the Armstrong Gun.WestEdward Boxer uses rockets for throwing life-lines to shipwrecked sailors.1860WestBenjamin Tyler Henry invents the Henry rifle, the first reliable repeating rifle.1861WestRichard Jordan Gatling invents the Gatling gun, capable of firing 200 gunpowder cartridges in a minute.1862ChinaThe Qing dynasty starts production of percussion caps for rifles.ChinaLi Xiucheng of the Taiping army equips his army with foreign rifles.1863WestAlfred Nobel invents dynamite, the first stable explosive stronger than gunpowder.1864ChinaLi Hongzhang of the Qing dynasty equips his army with 15,000 foreign rifles.1873WestWinchester Repeating Arms Company introduces the Model 1873 Winchester rifle.WestIn Europe cast iron molds are utilized in casting cannons.187720 July \u2013 10 DecemberWestSiege of Plevna: The first time metallic cartridge repeating rifles have a large impact in battle.1880WestSmokeless powder is invented and starts replacing gunpowder, also known as black powder.[225]1884WestHiram Maxim invents the Maxim gun, the first single-barreled machine gun.1886WestA safer and more stable form of smokeless powder is invented in France.1890WestEuropean countries transition to smokeless powder, which is referred to as “gunpowder”, whereas the old mixture is known as “black powder”.20th century[edit]Major developments: Smokeless powder replaces traditional “black powder” across the globe, ending the gunpowder age.YearDateRegionEvent1902WorldwideSmokeless powder is adopted nearly everywhere in the world and “black powder” is relegated to hobbyist usage. So ends the Gunpowder Age.[225]See also[edit]Citations[edit]^ \u5929\u4f51\u521d\uff0c\u738b\u8302\u7ae0\u5f81\u5b89\u4ec1\u4e49\u4e8e\u6da6\u5dde\uff0c\u6d0e\u57ce\u9677\uff0c\u4e2d\u5341\u4f59\u521b\uff0c\u4ee5\u529f\u8fc1\u5de6\u5148\u950b\u90fd\u5c09\u3002\u4ece\u653b\u8c6b\u7ae0\uff0c\uff08\u90d1\uff09\u74a0\u4ee5\u6240\u90e8\u53d1\u673a\u300c\u98de\u706b\u300d\uff0c\u70e7\u9f99\u6c99\u95e8\uff0c\u7387\u58ee\u58eb\u7a81\u706b\u5148\u767b\u5165\u57ce\uff0c\u7126\u707c\u88ab\u4f53\uff0c\u4ee5\u529f\u6388\u68c0\u6821\u53f8\u5f92\u3002(Rough Translation: During the beginning of Tianyou Era (904\u2013907), Zheng Fan followed Wang Maozhang in a campaign against Runzhou, which was guarded by rebel An Renyi. He was severely injured in the process and as the result he was promoted to Junior General of Left Vanguard. At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to shoot off a machine to let fire fly and burn the Longsha Gate, after which he led his troops over the fire and entered the city. His body was scorched, for which he was appointed Prime Minister Inspectorate.) Records of Nine Kingdoms ch. 2^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a031.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a035.^ a b c d Andrade 2016, p.\u00a032.^ “The Genius of China”, Robert Temple^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a041.^ “The history of gunpowder military using of Vietnam” (in Vietnamese). Thanh B\u00ecnh. 10 March 2013.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a034.^ Andrade 2016, pp.\u00a034\u201335.^ a b c Andrade 2016, p.\u00a038.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a040.^ a b c Andrade 2016, p.\u00a039.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a042.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0330.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a046.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a047.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a051.^ Andrade 2016, pp.\u00a050\u201351.^ Ahmad Y Hassan (1987), “Chemical Technology in Arabic Military Treatises”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 500 (1): 153\u201366 [160], Bibcode:1987NYASA.500..153A, doi:10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1987.tb37200.x, S2CID\u00a084287076^ Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2013). [url=https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Qo4amAg_ygIC&pg=PT41 The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281]. Osprey Publishing. pp 41\u201342. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4728-0045-9. Retrieved 6 September 2016.^ Andrade 2016, pp.\u00a052\u201353.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a076.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a075.^ Andrade 2016, pp.\u00a079\u201380.^ Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. 27 January 2014. ISBN\u00a09781135459321.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a083.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a066.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a060.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0110.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0105.^ Seoul National University-College of Humanities-Department of History (30 April 2005). “History of Science in Korea”. Vestige of Scientific work in Korea. Seoul National University. Retrieved 27 July 2006.^ Korean Broadcasting System-News department (30 April 2005). “Science in Korea”. Countdown Begins for Launch of South Korea’s Space Rocket. Korean Broadcasting System. Retrieved 27 July 2006.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0157.^ Handgonne Faustb\u00fcchse, archived from the original on 14 October 2016, retrieved 17 October 2016^ Rocket carts of the Ming Dynasty, 14 April 2015, retrieved 18 October 2016^ Mayers (1876). “Chinese explorations of the Indian Ocean during the fifteenth century”. The China Review. IV: p. 178.^ Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976). “L’Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises” (PDF). Arts Asiatiques. 32: 233\u2013268. doi:10.3406\/arasi.1976.1103. S2CID\u00a0191565174.^ Feldhaus, F.M. (1897). “Eine Chinesische Stangenb\u00fcchse von 1421”. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr historische Waffenkunde. Vol.\u00a04. Getty Research Institute. Dresden: Verein f\u00fcr historische Waffenkunde. p.\u00a0256.^ Lombard, Denys (1990). Le carrefour javanais. Essai d’histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2. Paris: \u00c9ditions de l’\u00c9cole des Hautes \u00c9tudes en Sciences Sociales. p.\u00a0178.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0106.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0164.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0211.^ “Articles of 1451, Munjongsillok of Annals of Joseon Dynasty (from book 5 to 9, click \ubb38\uc885 for view)”. National Institute of Korean History. 1451. Retrieved 15 November 2015.^ Schmidtchen (1977b), pp. 226\u2013228^ Andrade 2016, pp.\u00a0103\u2013104.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0167.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0140.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0141.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0149.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0201.^ a b c “The Rise and Fall of Distinctive Composite-Metal Cannons Cast During the Ming-Qing Period”. Retrieved 19 December 2016.^ a b c Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0169.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0171.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0173.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0145.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0183.^ “Watanoha, Ishinomaki: The San Juan somehow survived” (\u30b5\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a1\u30f3\u53f7\u300c\u4f55\u3068\u304b\u8010\u3048\u305f\u300d\u3000\u77f3\u5dfb\u30fb\u6e21\u6ce2) Archived 23 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Kahoku Online Network. 18 March 2011.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0187.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0212.^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0204.^ The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Thursday 3 July 1662. “After dinner, was brought to Sir W. Compton a gun to discharge seven times, the best of all devices that ever I saw, and very serviceable, and not a bawble; for it is much approved of, and many thereof made.”^ Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0252.^ a b Andrade 2016, p.\u00a0294.References[edit]Adle, Chahryar (2003), History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast: from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century\u00c1goston, G\u00e1bor (2008), Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire, Cambridge University Press, ISBN\u00a0978-0-521-60391-1Agrawal, Jai Prakash (2010), High Energy Materials: Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics, Wiley-VCHAndrade, Tonio (2016), The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, ISBN\u00a0978-0-691-13597-7Arnold, Thomas (2001), The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, ISBN\u00a00-304-35270-5Benton, Captain James G. (1862). 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(2004), Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki43\/timeline-of-the-gunpowder-age-4\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Timeline of the gunpowder age"}}]}]