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For similarly-named people, see Paul Davidson.Paul Davidson (born October 23, 1930) is an American macroeconomist who has been one of the leading spokesmen of the American branch of the post-Keynesian school in economics. He is a prolific writer and has actively intervened in important debates on economic policy (natural resources, international monetary system, developing countries’ debt) from a position critical of mainstream economics.Davidson identified the six key elements of Post Keynesian school[1][2] ascommitment to historical timeuncertainty as the relevant background assumption for decision makersinstitutional determination of prices and wagesthe central relevance of distribution of income and wealththe requirement that real capital is malleable and reflects time-based experiencethat income effects dominate substitution effectsEarly life[edit]Davidson did not originally choose economics as a profession. His primary training was in both chemistry and biology, for which he received B.Sc. degrees from Brooklyn College in 1950.[3] He was a graduate student in biochemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, but switched to economics, receiving his MBA from the City University of New York in 1955, and completing his PhD at the University of Pennsylvania in 1959.J. Barkley Rosser Jr. from the Levy Economics Institute describes how, despite being accepted to graduate programs at Harvard, M.I.T., Berkeley and Brown, Davidson accepted an offer to the University of Pennsylvania which came with a generous financial aid package, which allowed him and his wife Louise, to start a family.[4]Professional Positions[edit]During his seven decades as an economist, Davidson’s professional positions[5] included:Visiting Scholar, Schwartz Center For Economic Policy Analysis, New School 2004-2014Advisory Board, Institute for New Economic Thinking 2010-Holly Chair of Excellence in Political Economy, University of Tennessee 1986-2001Visiting Professor, University of Nice and Latapsis Research Institute (France) 1990Professor of Economics and associate director of the Bureau of Economic Research, Rutgers University 1966-1986Professor, International Summer School, Centro di Studi Economici Avanzati (Trieste) 1980-1992Visiting Professor, University of Strasbourg (France) 1986Visiting Professor, Institute for Advanced Studies (Vienna) 1980-84Co-Founding Editor, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 1978-2014Chair, New Brunswick Department of Economics and Allied Sciences, Rutgers University 1975-1978Senior Visitor, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England 1970-71Associate Professor of Economics, University of Pennsylvania 1963-1966Visiting Lecturer, University of Bristol, England 1964-65Assistant Professor, University of Pennsylvania 1961-63Assistant Director, Economics Division, Continental Oil Company (Conoco) 1960-61Assistant Professor, Rutgers University 1958-60Instructor in Economics, University of Pennsylvania 1955-58Instructor in Physiological Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania 1950-52At Cambridge he worked with Joan Robinson to discuss draft chapters of his manuscript Money and the Real World .[6] The discussions got very heated and she finally refused to speak to him about his work. Soon, when Davidson arrived at his office, he would often find a blank sheet of paper with a hand written question from her. He would spend the morning writing his answer and when Robinson went out for morning coffee, he would put the paper with his answer in her office. When Davidson returned to his office after lunch he would find Robinson’s comments scrawled over the paper.[4]Davidson had a role in developing Environmental economics after his role as economic advisor to Continental Oil. Davidson was “nearly fired” when he forecast the company would do better if John F. Kennedy won the 1960 United States presidential election but when Kennedy won, though Davidson’s counsel was  more sought after by management, he and his wife, tired of the corporate environment, left to return to academia.[4]Controversies[edit]Paul Davidson warned of the impending subprime mortgage crisis in January 2008[7] and explicitly contested Alan Greenspan’s recommendation for a market-based solution to let \u201chousing prices (and security pegged to mortgages) fall until investors see them as bargains and start buying, stabilizing the economy,[8]\u201d instead accurately predicting that \u201cif Congress does nothing, then a year from today we may be mired in the Greatest Recession since the Great Depression.[7]\u201d Ten months later when the economy collapsed, Greenspan admitted in Congressional testimony to be shocked that his free-market ideology was flawed.[9]Congressional appearances[edit]Davidson has appeared before United States congressional subcommittees and provided testimony twenty times from 1973 to 1985[5] mostly on energy and antitrust issues.Published Activity[edit]Davidson has authored or co-authored 22 books including Who’s Afraid of John Maynard Keynes? Challenging Economic Governance in an Age of Growing Inequality[10] and hundreds of articles.Davidson and Sidney Weintraub founded the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics in 1978. Davidson continued as editor of that journal until 2014. He is also a contributor to the Center for Full Employment and Stability. The CFEPS website (see Other Contributors: Paul Davidson Archived 2018-07-27 at the Wayback Machine) contains more biographical information about him, as well as a list of his publications, with links to a few.Edward Elgar Publishing published a three-volume “Essays in Honour of Paul Davidson” series starting in 1996. They includeReferences[edit]^ Davidson, Paul (January 1, 1982). “Rational Expectations: A Fallacious Foundation for Studying Crucial Decision-Making Processes”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 5 (2): 182\u2013198. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1982.11489355. JSTOR\u00a04537730.^ Norman, Neville (December 16, 2008). “How to recognize a Good Post Keynesian” (PDF). Robinson College, Cambridge University.^ “Paul Davidson”. Center for Full Employment and Price Stability. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2011-04-03.^ a b c Rosser, Barkley Jr. (September 13, 1998). “Paul Davidson’s Economics” (PDF). Working Paper No. 251.^ a b “Paul Davidson Biography & CV at University of Tennessee”. University of Tennessee. 10 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-25.^ Davidson, Paul (1972). Money and the Real World. Springer. doi:10.1007\/978-1-349-15865-2. ISBN\u00a0978-1-349-15865-2.^ a b Davidson, Paul (January 31, 2008). “How To Solve The U.S. Housing Problem and Avoid A Recession: A Revived HOLC and RTC” (PDF). Schwartz Center For Economic Policy Analysis, The New School.^ Wessel, David (December 20, 2007). “Don’t Count on a Stimulus Plan”. WSJ.^ Leonhardt, David (October 23, 2008). “Greenspan’s Mea Culpa”. NY Times.^ Davidson, Paul (2017). Who’s Afraid of John Maynard Keynes?. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-64504-9. ISBN\u00a0978-3-319-64504-9.Major publications[edit]Davidson, P. (1959). “A Clarification of the Ricardian Rent Share”. The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. 25 (2): 190\u2013195. doi:10.2307\/139062. JSTOR\u00a0139062.Davidson, P. (1960). “Increasing Employment, Diminishing Returns, Relative Shares, and Ricardo”. The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science. 26 (1): 147\u2013149. doi:10.2307\/138826. JSTOR\u00a0138826.Theories of Aggregate Income Distribution, 1960Davidson, P. (1962). “More on the Aggregate Supply Function”. The Economic Journal. 72 (286): 452\u2013457. doi:10.2307\/2228715. JSTOR\u00a02228715.Davidson, P. (1962). “Income and Employment Multipliers, and the Price Level”. The American Economic Review. 52 (4): 738\u2013752. JSTOR\u00a01808986.Davidson, P. (1963). “Public Policy Problems of the Domestic Crude Oil Industry”. The American Economic Review. 53 (1): 85\u2013108. JSTOR\u00a01817130.Davidson, P.; Smolensky, E. (1964). “Modigliani on the Interaction of Monetary and Real Phenomena”. The Review of Economics and Statistics. 46 (4): 429\u2013431. doi:10.2307\/1924053. JSTOR\u00a01924053.Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis, with E. Smolensky, 1964Davidson, P. (1965). “Keynes’s Finance Motive”. Oxford Economic Papers. 17 (1): 47\u201365. doi:10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a040978. JSTOR\u00a02662469.Davidson, P. (1967). “The Importance of the Demand for Finance”. Oxford Economic Papers. 19 (2): 245\u2013253. doi:10.1093\/oxfordjournals.oep.a041049. JSTOR\u00a02662215.Davidson, P. (1967). “A Keynesian View of Patinkin’s Theory of Employment”. The Economic Journal. 77 (307): 559\u2013578. doi:10.2307\/2228991. JSTOR\u00a02228991.“The Valuation of Public Goods,” 1968, in Garnsey and Hibbs (eds.), Social Sciences and the EnvironmentDavidson, P. (1968). “Money, Portfolio Balance, Capital Accumulation, and Economic Growth”. Econometrica. 36 (2): 291\u2013321. doi:10.2307\/1907491. JSTOR\u00a01907491.Davidson, P. (1968). “The Demand and Supply of Securities and Economic Growth and Its Implications for the Kaldor-Pasinetti Versus Samuelson-Modigliani Controversy”. The American Economic Review. 58 (2): 252\u2013269. JSTOR\u00a01831814.Davidson, P. (1969). “A Keynesian View of the Relationship Between Accumulation, Money and the Money Wage-Rate”. The Economic Journal. 79 (314): 300\u2013323. doi:10.2307\/2230170. JSTOR\u00a02230170.Davidson, P. (1972). “Money and the Real World”. The Economic Journal. 82 (325): 101\u2013115. doi:10.2307\/2230209. JSTOR\u00a02230209.Davidson, P. (1972). “A Keynesian View of Friedman’s Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis”. The Journal of Political Economy. 80 (5): 864\u2013882. doi:10.1086\/259942. S2CID\u00a0153840242.Money and the Real World, 1972Davidson, P.; Weintraub, S. (1973). “Money as Cause and Effect”. The Economic Journal. 83 (332): 1117\u20131132. doi:10.2307\/2230844. JSTOR\u00a02230844.“Market Disequilibrium Adjustments: Marshall Revisited,” 1974, Econ InquiryDavidson, P.; Falk, L. H.; Lee, H. (1974). “Oil: Its Time Allocation and Project Independence” (PDF). Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 1974 (2): 411\u2013448. doi:10.2307\/2534193. JSTOR\u00a02534193.“Post-Keynesian Monetary Theory and Inflation”, 1977, in S. Weintraub (ed.), Modern Economic Thought“A Discussion of Leijonhufvud’s Social Consequences of Inflation”, 1977, in Harcourt (ed.), Microfoundations of Macroeconomics“The Carter Energy Proposal”, 1977, Challenge“Money and General Equilibrium,” 1977, Economie AppliqueeDavidson, P. (1978). “Why Money Matters: Lessons from a Half-Century of Monetary Theory”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 1 (1): 46\u201370. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1978.11489093. JSTOR\u00a04537459.Davidson, P. (1978). “The United States Internal Revenue Service: Fourteenth Member of OPEC?”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 1 (2): 47\u201358. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1978.11489101. JSTOR\u00a04537469.“Post Keynesian Approach to the Theory of Natural Resources”, 1979, Challenge“Monetary Policy, Regulation and International Adjustments,” with M.A. Miles, 1979, Economies et SocietiesDavidson, P. (1979). “Oil Conservation: Theory vs. Policy”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 2 (1): 145\u2013149. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1979.11489145. JSTOR\u00a04537519.“What Is the Energy Crisis?”, 1979, Challenge“Keynes’s Paradigm: A Theoretical Framework for Monetary Analysis”, with J.A. Kregel, 1980, in Nell (ed.), Growth, Property and ProfitsDavidson, P. (1980). “The Dual-Faceted Nature of the Keynesian Revolution: Money and Money Wages in Unemployment and Production Flow Prices”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 2 (3): 291\u2013307. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1980.11489160. JSTOR\u00a04537535.“Keynes’s Theory of Employment, Expectations and Indexing”, 1980, Revista de Economia Latinoamericana“Post Keynesian Economics: Solving the Crisis in Economic Theory”, 1981, in Bell and Kristol (eds.), The Crisis in Economic TheoryDavidson, P.; Lindholm, R. W. (1981). “Can VAT Resolve the Shortage of Savings (SOS) Distress? [with Rejoinder]”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 4 (1): 51\u201362. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1981.11489259. JSTOR\u00a04537635.“Alfred Marshall is Alive and Well in Post Keynesian Economics”, 1981, IHS Journal“A Critical Analysis of the Monetarist-Rational Expectations Supply Side (Incentive) Economics Approach to Accumulation During a Period of Inflationary Expectations,” 1981, Kredit und KapitalInternational Money and the Real World, 1982Davidson, P. (1982). “Rational Expectations: A Fallacious Foundation for Studying Crucial Decision-Making Processes”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 5 (2): 182\u2013198. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1982.11489355. JSTOR\u00a04537730.“Monetarism and Reagonomics”, 1983, in S. Weintraub and Goodstein (eds.), Reagonomics in the Stagflation EconomyDavidson, P. (1983). “Keynes’s General Theory: A Different Perspective”. Journal of Economic Literature. 21 (1): 52\u201356. JSTOR\u00a02724747.Davidson, P. (1983). “The Marginal Product Curve is Not the Demand Curve for Labor and Lucas’s Labor Supply Function is Not the Supply Curve for Labor in the Real World”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 6 (1): 105\u2013117. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1983.11489420. JSTOR\u00a04537796.Davidson, P. (1983). “An Appraisal of Weintraub’s Work”. Eastern Economic Journal. 9 (4): 291\u2013294. JSTOR\u00a040325122.Davidson, P. (1984). “Reviving Keynes’s Revolution”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 6 (4): 561\u2013575. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1984.11489467. JSTOR\u00a04537848.“The Conventional Wisdom on Deficits Is Wrong”, 1984, Challenge“Incomes Policy as a Social Institution”, 1985, in Maital and Lipnowski (eds.), Macroeconomic Conflict and Social Institutions“Policies For Prices And Incomes”, 1985, in Barrere (ed.), Keynes Today“Financial Markets and Williamson’s Theory of Governance: Efficiency vs. Concentration vs. Power”, with G.S. Davidson, 1984, Quarterly Review of Economics and BusinessDavidson, P. (1985). “Liquidity and Not Increasing Returns is the Ultimate Source of Unemployment Equilibrium”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 7 (3): 373\u2013384. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1985.11489512. JSTOR\u00a04537895.Davidson, P. (1985). “Can Effective Demand and the Movement toward Further Income Equality Be Maintained in the Face of Robotics? An Introduction”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 7 (3): 422\u2013425. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1985.11489517. JSTOR\u00a04537900.Davidson, P. (1985). “Sidney Weintraub: An Economist of the Real World”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 7 (4): 533\u2013539. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1985.11489529. JSTOR\u00a04537915.“A Post Keynesian View of Theories and Causes of High Real Interest Rates”, 1986, Thames Papers in Political EconomyDavidson, P. (1986). “Finance, Funding, Saving, and Investment”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 9 (1): 101\u2013110. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1986.11489603. JSTOR\u00a04537993.Davidson, P. (1986). “The Simple Macroeconomics of a Nonergodic Monetary Economy versus a Share Economy: Is Weitzman’s Macroeconomics too Simple?”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 9 (2): 212\u2013225. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1986.11489614. JSTOR\u00a04538004.“Financial Markets, Investment, and Employment”, 1988, in Matzner et al. (eds.), Barriers to Full EmploymentDavidson, P. (1987). “Sensible Expectations and the Long-Run Non-Neutrality of Money”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 10 (1): 146\u2013153. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1987.11489666. JSTOR\u00a04538058.Davidson, P. (1987). “A Modest Set of Proposals for Resolving the International Debt Problem”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 10 (2): 323\u2013338. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1987.11489682. JSTOR\u00a04538074.“Weitzman’s Share Economy And The Aggregate Supply Function”, 1988, in Hamouda and Smithin (eds.), Keynes and Public Policy After Fifty Years“Endogenous Money, The Production Process, And Inflation Analysis”, 1988, Economie Appliquee“A Technical Definition of Uncertainty and the Long Run Non- Neutrality of Money”, 1988, Cambridge JEEconomics for a Civilized Society, with G. Davidson, 1988“Keynes and Money” 1989, in Hill (ed.), Keynes, Money, and Monetarism“Prices and Income Policy: An Essay in Honor of Sidney Weintraub”, 1989, in Barrere (ed.), Money, Credit, and Prices in Keynesian Perspective“Patinkin’s Interpretation of Keynes and the Keynesian Cross”, 1989, HOPEDavidson, P. (1989). “Only in America: Neither the Homeless nor the Yachtless Are Economic Problems”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 12 (1): 164\u2013166. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1989.11489788. JSTOR\u00a04538179.“The Economics of Ignorance Or Ignorance of Economics?”, 1989, Critical Review“Shackle and Keynes vs. Rational Expectations Theory on the Role of Time, Liquidity, and Financial Markets” 1990, in S. Frowen (ed.), Unknowledge and Choice in Economics“Liquidity Proposals for a New Bretton Woods Plan”, 1990, in Barrere, Keynesian Economic Policies“On Thirlwall’s Law”, 1990, Revista de Economia PoliticaCollected Writings of Paul Davidson (2 vols.), 1990\u20131.Controversies in Post Keynesian Economics, 1991Davidson, P. (1990). “A Post Keynesian Positive Contribution to “Theory”“. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 13 (2): 298\u2013303. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1990.11489849. JSTOR\u00a04538242.“Is Probability Theory Relevant For Choice Under Uncertainty?: A Post Keynesian Perspective”, 1991, JEP“What Kind of International Payments System Would Keynes Have Recommended for the Twenty-First Century?” 1991, in Davidson and Kregel (eds.), Economic Problems of the 1990s“Money: Cause or Effect? Exogenous or Endogenous?”, 1992, in Nell and Semmler (eds.), Nicholas Kaldor and Mainstream Economics“Eichner’s Approach to Money and Macroeconomics”, 1992, in Milberg (ed.), The Megacorp and MacrodynamicsDavidson, P. (1992). “Reforming the World’s Money”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 15 (2): 153\u2013179. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1992.11489932. JSTOR\u00a04538333.Davidson, P. (1993). “The Elephant and the Butterfly: Or Hysteresis and Post Keynesian Economics”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 15 (3): 309\u2013322. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1993.11489946. JSTOR\u00a04538348.Davidson, P. (1992). “Would Keynes Be a new Keynesian?”. Eastern Economic Journal. 18 (4): 449\u2013463. JSTOR\u00a040325476.“Asset Deflation and Financial Fragility” 1993, in Arestis (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Money and BankingCan the Free Market Pick Winners? (editor), 1993Growth, Employment and Finance: Economic Reality and Economic Theory, (co-edited with J.A. Kregel), 1994“The Asimakopulos View of Keynes’s General Theory”, 1994, in Harcourt and Roncaglia (eds.), Investment and Employment in Theory and Practice“Monetary Theory and Policy In A Global Context With A Large International Debt” 1994, in Frowen (ed.), Monetary Theory and Monetary PolicyPost Keynesian Macroeconomic Theory: a foundation for successful economic policies for the Twenty-first Century, 1994Economics For A Civilized Society, with Greg Davidson, 1996.“What Are The Essential Characteristics of Post Keynesian Monetary Theory?”, 1996, in G. Deleplace and E. J. Nell (eds.), Money in Motion“The General Theory in An Open Economy,” 1996, in Harcourt and Riach (eds.), A Second Edition of the General TheoryDavidson, P. (1996). “Reality and Economic Theory”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 18 (4): 479\u2013508. doi:10.1080\/01603477.1996.11490083. JSTOR\u00a04538504.Davidson, P. (1997). “Are Grains of Sand in the Wheels of International Finance Sufficient to do the Job when Boulders are Often Required?”. The Economic Journal. 107 (442): 671\u2013686. doi:10.1111\/1468-0297.00183.Davidson, P. (1998). “Post Keynesian Employment Analysis and the Macroeconomics of OECD Unemployment”. The Economic Journal. 108 (448): 817\u2013831. doi:10.1111\/1468-0297.00317.“Is a Plumber Or A Financial Architect Needed to End Global International Liquidity Problems?”, 2000, World DevelopmentFinancial Markets, Money and the Real World, 2002Davidson, P. (2003). “Are Fixed Exchange Rates the Problem and Flexible Exchange Rates the Cure?”. Eastern Economic Journal. 29 (2): 259\u2013268. JSTOR\u00a040325413.Davidson, P. (2003). “Is “Mathematical Science” an Oxymoron when Used to Describe Economics?”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 25 (4): 527\u2013545. JSTOR\u00a04538847.Davidson, P. (2003). “Setting the Record Straight on “A History of Post Keynesian Economics”“. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 26 (2): 245\u2013272. JSTOR\u00a04538872.“The Post Keynesian School”, Snowden and Vane (eds.) Modern Macroeconomics, 2005Davidson, P. (2005). “Responses to Lavoie, King, and Dow on what Post Keynesianism is and who is a Post Keynesian”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 27 (3): 393\u2013408. doi:10.1080\/01603477.2005.11051447. JSTOR\u00a04538934. S2CID\u00a0152828773.Davidson, P. (2005). “Galbraith and the Post Keynesians”. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics. 28 (1): 103\u2013113. JSTOR\u00a04538962.“Can, Or Should, A Central Bank Inflation Target?” 2006, JPKE“Keynes and Money” in Arestis and Sawyer (eds.) Handbook of Alternative Monetary Economics, 2006“Keynes, Post Keynesian Analysis, and the Open Economies of the Twenty-first Century” Arestis, McCombie and Vickerman (eds.) Growth and Economic Development, 2006“Are We Making Progress Towards A Civilized Society?”, 2007, JPKEJohn Maynard Keynes, 2007“How To Solve The U.S. Housing Problem and Avoid A Recession: A Revived HOLC and FTC”, Schwartz Center For Economic Policy Analysis: Policy Note, 2008.“Securitization, Liquidity, and Market Failure”, 2008, Challenge“Is The Current Financial Distress Caused By The Sub Prime Mortgage Crisis A Minsky moment? Or Is It The Result of Attempting To Securitize Illiquid Non Commercial Mortgage Loans?”, 2008, JPKEThe Keynes Solution: The Path to Global Economic Prosperity, 2009Davidson, Paul (2007). John Maynard Keynes (PDF). Great Thinkers in Economics Series. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN\u00a09780230229204. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-19.Gir\u00f3n, Alicia (January 2009). “Review of John Maynard Keynes by Davidson, Paul (2007) in Great Thinkers in Economics Series, Palgrave, Macmillan, England”. Ola Financiera (in Spanish). 2: 134\u2013136. Pdf.External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki7\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki7\/paul-davidson-economist-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Paul Davidson (economist) – Wikipedia"}}]}]