[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/lightvessel-stations-of-great-britain\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/lightvessel-stations-of-great-britain\/","headline":"Lightvessel stations of Great Britain","name":"Lightvessel stations of Great Britain","description":"Light vessel 78 Calshot Spit on station in 1979 The history of the many lightvessel stations of Great Britain goes","datePublished":"2016-06-25","dateModified":"2016-06-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a6\/Calshot_Spit_lightvessel.jpg\/220px-Calshot_Spit_lightvessel.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/a\/a6\/Calshot_Spit_lightvessel.jpg\/220px-Calshot_Spit_lightvessel.jpg","height":"132","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/lightvessel-stations-of-great-britain\/","wordCount":16165,"articleBody":"  Light vessel 78 Calshot Spit on station in 1979The history of the many lightvessel stations of Great Britain goes back over 250 years to the placement of the world’s first lightship at the Nore in the early 18th century.A lightvessel station is a named position at which a lightvessel was placed, rather than a particular ship; individual vessels were often transferred between different stations during their existence. Stations themselves were occasionally changed, especially during wartime, when lights were only displayed in response to specific shipping needs.History[edit]The world’s first lightvessel was the result of a business partnership between Robert Hamblin, a former barber and ship manager from King’s Lynn, and David Avery, an investor.[1] In 1730 the pair secured a government licence to moor a ship, with a prominent light affixed to it, to serve as a navigation aid at the Nore in the Thames mouth. Hamblin and Avery intended to profit from the vessel by collecting a fee from passing merchant vessels. The licence was opposed by Trinity House, which considered that it possessed a monopoly on construction and maintenance of navigation aids in British waters. After extensive legal dispute the licence was revoked in 1732 and Trinity House assumed direct responsibility for the proposed lightship; Hamblin and Avery were granted nominal lease revenues in exchange.[2] The Nore lightship commenced operations in 1734.[3]A second lightvessel was placed at the Dudgeon station, off the Norfolk coast, in 1736, with others following at Owers Bank (1788) and the Goodwin Sands (1793).[3] While the Admiralty opposed the 1802 Sunk lightvessel, claiming it would aid enemy ships, it soon afterwards placed three vessels of its own  to protect the fleet during the Napoleonic Wars; they were taken over by Trinity House a few years later.[4] Many others were commissioned during the nineteenth century, especially off England’s east coast and the approaches to the Thames, where there were many treacherous shoals.  Lightship LV86, on station at the Nore from 1931 to 1974Following their acquisition of the Admiralty ships, all English and Welsh lightvessels were maintained by Trinity House, with the exception of the four vessels in the approaches to the River Mersey, which were maintained by the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board until 1973, and those in the Humber Estuary, which were the responsibility of the Humber Conservancy Board.Communications and safety[edit]Communication with lightvessels proved to be a major problem for Trinity House; lightvessel crews were well-placed to observe ships in distress, but could not always alert lifeboats on shore. After a series of shipwrecks, an experiment was conducted whereby a nine-mile undersea cable was run from the Sunk lightvessel in the Thames Estuary to the post office at Walton-on-the-Naze. This was intended to commence in 1884, but was plagued by delays;[5] the trial was unsuccessful as the cable repeatedly broke.As a result of a motion brought forward by Sir Edward Birkbeck, a Royal Commission was established to look at the issue of ‘electrical communication’ and gave its first Report in 1892;[6][7] the East Goodwin lightvessel was used during one of Guglielmo Marconi’s early experiments in radio transmission in 1896.[8] The world’s first radio distress signal was transmitted by the East Goodwin lightvessel’s radio operator on 17 March 1899, after the merchant vessel Elbe ran aground on the Goodwins, while on 30 April that year, the East Goodwin vessel transmitted a distress signal on its own behalf, when the SS R. F. Matthews rammed it in a dense fog. Safety was further improved by the development of more powerful lamps and through the replacement by foghorns of the gongs previously used as fog signals.Crew[edit]Until the second half of the 20th century, all Trinity House vessels were permanently manned. An 1861 article in the Cornhill Magazine described lightshipmen as being paid 55 shillings a month (in addition to drawing 1 shilling and sixpence a week “in lieu of 3 gallons of small-beer”): the vessels were supplied, and the crews relieved, once a month. It was also noted that “a general tone of decent, orderly and superior conduct” was observed, that the men were “very respectable […] swearing and profane language are […] prohibited” and that every man was supplied with a Bible as well as “a library of varied and entertaining literature”.[9]By the start of the 20th century, Trinity House lightvessels had a crew of 11, of whom seven (a master and six ratings) would be on active duty at any one time. It was an extremely demanding and dangerous profession, and it would take 15 to 20 years of service to be promoted to master.[10]Replacement[edit]The majority of British lightvessels were decommissioned during the 1970s – 1980s and replaced with light floats or LANBY buoys, which were vastly cheaper to maintain: in 1974 at the time of Trinity House’s original development project, lightship annual running costs at \u00a330,000 were ten times those of the LANBY.[11]The remaining UK lightvessels have now been converted to unmanned operation and most now use solar power.[citation needed]Vessels[edit]Unlike lightships in the United States and other parts of the world, Trinity House lightvessels were usually unpowered and needed to be towed to or from their position. In order to act as effective daymarks they were painted red, with the station name in large white letters on the side of the hull, and a system of balls and cones at the masthead for identification. The first revolving light was fitted to the Swin Middle lightvessel in 1837: others used occulting or flashing lights. White lights were preferred for visibility though red and very occasionally green (as with the Mouse lightvessel) were also used.[12]It is likely that photographs on various websites showing named lightvessels, may appear to be structurally different to comparable records on other web pages due to the fact that the particular vessel might have been withdrawn from a station after photographing and being towed away for drydocking, overhaul and possible direction to a new station and therefore a different lightvessel would have been substituted at the named station on withdrawal of the previous lightvessel. This has been most evident on those vessels that have been withdrawn and shipped to another port at home or abroad to become a floating museum, floating restaurant, ‘clubhouse’, etc. Scarweather LV and Helwick LV have for instance changed their r\u00f4le in their lifetime and their appearance on various records varies considerably.England[edit]Active stations[edit]The following are active stations at which Trinity House still maintains unmanned lightships, which also act as weather stations.Former stations[edit]NamePositionOperatorSeaVessels employedNotesMersey Bar\u00a053\u00b032\u20321\u2033N 3\u00b020\u203259\u2033W[23]Mersey Docks and Harbour CompanyRiver MerseyAlarm[24] (from 1913\u00a0until 1960), Planet[25] (from 1960\u00a0until 1972)Bar Flat\u00a0Wisbech BarThe WashEstablished 1878;[26] later replaced by Roaring Middle LVBarrow Deep\u00a0Barrow DeepThames EstuaryBlack Deep\u00a0Black DeepThames EstuaryStation established 1889[27]Brake\u00a0Brake BankGull Stream[29] (from 1930\u00a0until 1940)Station established 1930, replacing Gull LV station, due to narrowing of the navigable Gull Stream[28]Bull\u00a0Bull SandHumber Conservancy BoardHumberSpurn[30] (from 1959)Calshot Spit\u00a0Calshot SpitSouthampton WaterLightvessel no. 78[31] (from 1914), Tyne III (from 1943\u00a0until 1951), Light vessel no. 16[32]Channel\u00a049\u00b055\u20320\u2033N 2\u00b054\u20320\u2033WEnglish ChannelPlanet, Light vessel no. 3[33]Cockle\u00a0Great YarmouthNorth SeaT.S. Lord Nelson[34] (from 1936)Cork\u00a0Cork Ledge51\u00b056\u203242\u2033N 1\u00b026\u20326\u2033ENorth SeaLV86, T.S. Lord Nelson[35]Corton\u00a0LowestoftNorth SeaCromer Knoll\u00a053\u00b016\u20320\u2033N 1\u00b018\u20320\u2033ENorth SeaCrosby\u00a0Crosby ChannelMersey Docks and Harbour CompanyLiverpool BayInner Dowsing\u00a0Inner DowsingNorth SeaLight vessel no. 16[32], Light vessel no. 95[37], Light vessel no. 93[38] (1998)The last manned lightship station, replaced by the Dowsing lighthouse in 1991.[36]Outer Dowsing\u00a0Outer DowsingNorth SeaOuter Dowsing[39]Dudgeon\u00a0Dudgeon Shoals53\u00b015\u203230\u2033N 1\u00b013\u203230\u2033E[42]North SeaDudgeon was the second lightvessel to be established, with a patent granted to David Avery in 1736.[40]  LV63 was on station  when bombed by the Luftwaffe on 29 January 1940. Only one crew member, John Sanders, survived. The incident was the subject of a 1940 British Government propaganda film, Men of the Lightship.[41]Edinburgh Channel\u00a0Edinburgh ChannelsThames EstuaryLV86[35]Station established 1889 replacing the S.W. Longsand buoy[27]English and Welsh Grounds\u00a0Bristol ChannelLight Vessel 72, John SebastianFalls\u00a051\u00b018\u20326\u2033N 1\u00b048\u203230\u2033E[42]Strait of DoverNorth Folkestone Gate\u00a0Strait of DoverPart of wartime Folkestone Gate Channel defences; discontinued 1919[43]South Folkestone Gate\u00a0Strait of DoverLight vessel no. 75[45]Part of wartime Folkestone Gate Channel defences. LV75 attacked on station and sunk by German bombers in July 1940, with the loss of two crew members, Jack Wade and Harry North[44]Formby\u00a0Formby BeachMersey Docks and Harbour CompanyLiverpool BayGalloper\u00a0The GalloperNorth SeaTyne III[47] (1929), Light vessel no. 93[38] (from 1954\u00a0until 1974)Station first established by the Admiralty in 1803 to protect the fleet during the Napoleonic Wars;[4] replaced by buoy 1977[46]Girdler\u00a0Girdler ShoalThames EstuaryIn 1884 the Girdler lightship was rammed and sunk by Indus; there were no deaths.[48]Gull\u00a0Goodwin SandsAdmiralty, Trinity HouseNorth SeaGull Stream (from 1929\u00a0until 1930)Marked the Gull Stream: station first established by the Admiralty in 1809 and taken over by Trinity House in 1826.[49] Narrowing of the channel led to Gull being replaced by Brake LV in 1930[28]Gunfleet\u00a0Gunfleet SandsTrinity HouseThames EstuaryReplaced by Gunfleet Lighthouse in 1850.Haisborough\u00a0Haisborough SandsNorth SeaLight vessel no. 3[50], Lightvessel no. 68[51]Humber\u00a0Humber Conservancy BoardHumberHelwick[52] (from 1937\u00a0until 1942)Maintained by Humber Conservancy Board.Kentish Knock\u00a0Kentish KnockNorth SeaLight vessel no. 3[33], Lightship 2000, Jenni Baynton[53] (from 1949\u00a0until 1953)Smiths Knoll\u00a0Smiths Knoll52\u00b043\u203230\u2033N 2\u00b018\u20320\u2033E[42]Trinity HouseNorth SeaLeman and Ower\u00a0Trinity HouseNorth SeaLongsand\u00a051\u00b047\u203240\u2033N 1\u00b040\u20320\u2033E[54]Trinity HouseThames EstuaryLune Deep\u00a053\u00b056\u203248\u2033N 3\u00b07\u203256\u2033WTrinity HouseMorecambe BayUnattended gas lit “lightboat”, established 1909Mid Barrow\u00a0Barrow DeepTrinity HouseThames EstuaryIn the middle of fairway of Barrow Deep, 9m SW of Barrow Deep LV[55]Morecambe Bay\u00a053\u00b054\u20320\u2033N 3\u00b031\u20320\u2033WTrinity HouseMorecambe BayBreeveertien, LV94[56], Light vessel no. 70[57] (1903)Mouse\u00a0Mouse SandTrinity HouseThames EstuaryGull StreamNab\u00a0Nab RockTrinity HouseThe SolentReplaced by the Nab Tower in 1920.Newarp\u00a0Newarp BanksTrinity HouseNorth SeaLight vessel no. 44, Lightvessel no. 21[58] (1972), LV83[59] (1967)Nore\u00a0NoreTrinity HouseThames EstuaryLV86[60] (from 1941\u00a0until 1942)The world’s first manned lightship, 1731.North Goodwin\u00a0Goodwin SandsTrinity HouseNorth SeaNorth West\u00a0Mersey Docks and Harbour CompanyRiver MerseyGood Intent[61] (from 1813)Outer Gabbard\u00a0Outer Gabbard51\u00b059\u203223\u2033N 2\u00b04\u203238\u2033E[42]Trinity HouseNorth SeaLight vessel no. 3[33], Jenni Baynton[53] (from 1962\u00a0until 1965), Tyne III[62] (1911)Owers\u00a0The Owers, off Selsey BillTrinity HouseEnglish ChannelLight vessel no. 3Replaced with a beacon. LV Owers now a wreck in Tel Aviv harbour.[citation needed]Roaring Middle\u00a052\u00b058\u203238\u2033N 0\u00b021\u20325\u2033EThe WashReplaced Bar Flat LV; replaced with buoy 1919[63]Royal Sovereign\u00a0Royal Sovereign ShoalsTrinity HouseEnglish ChannelLightship 2000[64]Replaced with Royal Sovereign lighthouse 1971.Selker\u00a0Selker Rocks54\u00b016\u20325\u2033N 3\u00b030\u203215\u2033W[65]Trinity HouseIrish SeaShambles\u00a0The Shambles50\u00b036\u203250\u2033N 2\u00b020\u203230\u2033WTrinity HouseEnglish ChannelTyne III[47] (from 1891\u00a0until 1909), Trinity, Light vessel no. 67Shipwash\u00a0Shipwash Shoal52\u00b02\u20320\u2033N 1\u00b042\u20320\u2033E[42]North SeaLight Vessel 72[66], Mary Mouse 2[67] (from 1968\u00a0until 1969), LV94South Goodwin\u00a0Goodwin SandsTrinity HouseNorth SeaLight vessel no. 69[72] (until 1940), Light vessel no. 90 (until 1954), LV17Replaced South Foreland Low lighthouse. LV69 was sunk on station, probably by a mine, in October 1940.[68] The replacement, LV90, sank on 27 November 1954 when cables to her two sea anchors broke in a hurricane-force storm. The ship ran onto the Goodwin Sands close to the Keller Gut and turned on her side. The seven crew members perished, the only survivor being Ronald Murton, an ornithologist from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. The wreck of the ship can still be seen at low tide. The next replacement ship was decommissioned and was towed away on 26 July 2006.[69][70][71]Spurn\u00a0Spurn PointHumber Conservancy BoardHumberSpurn[73] (from 1927), Sula[74] (from 1959)Sunk\u00a0Sunk Sands51\u00b049\u203235\u2033N 1\u00b030\u203240\u2033EThames EstuaryEstablished 1802; replaced 2007 by Sunk Centre as part of a new Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS).Sunk Centre\u00a051\u00b050\u20323\u2033N 1\u00b046\u20322\u2033E[75]Established as part of TSS in 2007. Decommissioned 2021.Swarte Bank\u00a0North SeaEstablished 6 December 1912[76]Swin Middle\u00a0SwinTrinity HouseThames EstuaryThe first revolving light was fitted to the Swin Middle lightvessel in 1837.[citation needed]Tongue\u00a0Tongue Sands51\u00b030\u203239\u2033N 1\u00b023\u20325\u2033E[42]North SeaJenni Baynton, Light vessel no. 5 (1973)Lynn Well\u00a0Trinity HouseThe WashGull Stream[77], Light Vessel no. 89[78]Replaced with a Lanbyin September 1973.Would\u00a0Haisborough SandsNorth SeaSouth Goodwin on station in 2006Lightvessel on Crosby station during WW2Scotland, Isle of Man[edit]Lightvessels in Scotland and the Isle of Man were maintained by the Northern Lighthouse Board, with the exception of those maintained by the Clyde Lighthouse Trust and by the Dundee Port Trustees. Of the NLB vessels, only the North Carr was crewed.The Bahama Bank Lightship, date unknownNorth Carr lightship in 1988  Breaksea Light Vessel following a refit at Swansea in 1978.  Former Welsh lightships were maintained by Trinity House. Remaining substitute navigational aids still are.See also[edit]References[edit]^ Naish, J. M. Seamarks: Their History and Development, Stanford Maritime, 1985, ISBN\u00a0978-0-540-07309-2, p. 107^ The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1865. Cambridge University Press. 2013. p.\u00a0624. ISBN\u00a09781108054911.^ a b Marcus, G.J. (1975). Heart of Oak: A Survey of British Sea Power in the Georgian Era. Oxford University Press. pp.\u00a053\u201354. ISBN\u00a00192158120.^ a b Renton (2001) Lost Sounds: the story of coast fog signals, Dundurn, p.148^ BOARD OF TRADE \u2014 TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION WITH LIGHT VESSELS, Hansard 16-05-1884^ COAST COMMUNICATIONS, Hansard 26-04-1892^ COMMUNICATION WITH LIGHTHOUSES, Hansard 21-03-1893^ Baker, W. J. (1998). History of the Marconi Company. Routledge. pp.\u00a039\u201340. ISBN\u00a0978-0-415-14624-1.^ Light-Vessels, The Cornhill Magazine, III (1861), 39.^ Trinity House, portcities.org, accessed 02-09-08^ Rowlands, D. “Points of Reference”, Design 310 (1974)^ Miltoun, F. (ed) Ships and Shipping, Moring Ltd, 1903, Ch. 11^ https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com\/en\/ais\/details\/ships\/shipid:849825\/mmsi:992351033\/imo:0\/vessel:FOXTROT_3_LV^ https:\/\/www.ibiblio.org\/lighthouse\/lightships.htm^ a b c d NGA List of Lights, Radio Aids and Fog Signals, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Wikidata\u00a0Q13872896^ https:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/lighthouses-and-lightvessels\/east-goodwin-lightvessel^ https:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/lighthouses-and-lightvessels\/greenwich-lightvessel^ https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20150924012054\/http:\/\/www.feuerschiffseite.de\/SCHIFFE\/ENGLAND\/lv05\/lv5gb.htm^ Reeds PBO Small Craft Almanac 2014. ISBN\u00a0978-1-4081-9330-3. OL\u00a032692860M. Wikidata\u00a0Q25198336.^ https:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/lighthouses-and-lightvessels\/sevenstones-lightvessel^ https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com\/en\/ais\/details\/ships\/shipid:849819\/mmsi:992351027\/imo:0\/vessel:SUNK_INNER^ MarineTraffic, Wikidata\u00a0Q18518862^ https:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/notice-to-mariners\/13-15-bar-lighted-buoy-and-float^ https:\/\/confidentials.com\/liverpool\/birth-of-a-new-planet^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/1572\/light-vessel-23-mersey-bar^ “Nautical Notices”, Nautical Magazine, v. XLVII (New Series), No XI (Nov 1878), 1031^ a b “Notice to Mariners”, Board of Trade Journal, v7 (1889), 617-618^ a b The Gull’, lightvessel 38, Thurrock Council, accessed 02-12-21^ https:\/\/www.thurrock.gov.uk\/history-on-river-thames\/gull-lightvessel-38^ http:\/\/museumcollections.hullcc.gov.uk\/collections\/storydetail.php?irn=7&master=10^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/144\/light-vessel-78-calshotspit^ a b https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/131\/light-vessel-16-inner-dowsing^ a b c https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20160327090123\/http:\/\/broadcasting-fleet.com\/kingdavid2.htm^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/645\/light-vessel-88^ a b https:\/\/www.ibiblio.org\/lighthouse\/engse.htm^ Trinity House, portcities.org^ https:\/\/www.trinitybuoywharf.com\/architecture\/lightship-lv95^ a b https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/2872\/light-vessel-93^ http:\/\/www.tynebuiltships.co.uk\/O-Ships\/outerdowsing1925.html^ Naish, J. (1985) Seamarks: their history and development, Stanford, p.108^ David MacDonald (Director); Alberto Cavalcanti (Producer) (1940). Men of the Lightship (Film (35mm, 24 mins, black & white)). GPO Film Unit.^ a b c d e f Radio Navigational Aids, Naval Oceanographic Office, 1973, Wikidata\u00a0Q7280925^ US Navy Hydrographic Office (1919) Index to Notices to Mariners, 1-52, p.177^ Carter, G (1974) The Battle of Britain: the Home Front, Mason & Lipscomb, pp.190-1^ https:\/\/www.wrecksite.eu\/wreck.aspx?73273^ Defense Mapping Agency (1977), Notices to Mariners, p.5^ a b https:\/\/friendsoflv50.org.uk\/history\/^ “Girdler Lightship loss”.^ Stevenson (2013) The World’s Lighthouses: From Ancient Times to 1820, Courier, p.124^ https:\/\/www.lightphotos.net\/photos\/displayimage.php?pos=-1844^ https:\/\/www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk\/artifact\/photograph-of-haisbro-lightship-68-0^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/137\/light-vessel-91-humber^ a b http:\/\/offshoreradiomuseum.co.uk\/page832.html^ The London Gazette 25290 (PDF), The London Gazette, Wikidata\u00a0Q109152990^ Imray and Kettle (1917) Pilot’s Guide for the River Thames: The South-east Coast of England, and the Strait of Dover, Imray, Laurie, Norie & Wilson, p.24^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/646\/light-vessel-94-morecambe-bay^ https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/Light_in_the_Darkness\/ShmtCwAAQBAJ^ https:\/\/lv21.co.uk\/history-of-lv21\/crew-stories\/^ https:\/\/www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk\/artifact\/photograph-of-newarp-lightship-83^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/488\/light-vessel-86-nore^ https:\/\/www.hslc.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/97-9-Woods.pdf^ https:\/\/friendsoflv50.org.uk\/john-conway-master-of-outer-gabbard-light-vessel-lv50-1911\/^ Admiralty,  Notices to Mariners 348, 1919^ https:\/\/www.eastbourneherald.co.uk\/news\/traffic-and-travel\/nostalgia-royal-sovereign-lightship-eastbourne-coast-957200^ The London Gazette 25254 (PDF), The London Gazette, Wikidata\u00a0Q109152953^ https:\/\/lighthouseaccommodation.co.uk\/directory\/lv72-juno-lightvessel\/^ http:\/\/www.gosportheritage.co.uk\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/lightship-brochure-1-Read-Only.pdf^ The Disappearing Lightship, Goodwin Sands Conservation Trust, accessed 20-12-21^ South Goodwin Light Vessel, portcities.org^ “South Goodwin Lightvessel Trinity House History”. trinityhousehistory.wordpress.com. Retrieved 27 July 2017.^ Historic England. “ST MARGARET’S OLD LIGHTHOUSE, St. Margaret’s At Cliffe (1070066)”. National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 July 2017.^ https:\/\/goodwinsands.org.uk\/the-disappearing-lightship\/^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/671\/light-vessel-12-spurn^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/2447\/light-vessel-14-sula^ https:\/\/www.marinetraffic.com\/en\/ais\/details\/ships\/shipid:849826\/mmsi:992351034\/imo:0\/vessel:SUNK_CENTR^ The Nautical Magazine, v88 (1912), 360^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/139\/light-vessel-38-gull^ https:\/\/www.nationalhistoricships.org.uk\/register\/647\/light-vessel-89-wash^ Abertay Lightship,  Dundee Maritime,  accessed 22-12-21^ http:\/\/www.lightkeepersjourney.com\/bahama.html^ US Navy Hydrographic Office, (1906) Notices to Mariners, nos 1-52, p.355^ US Navy Hydrographic Office (1944), Supplement to British Islands Pilot: the western coast of Scotland from Mull of Galloway to Rudh’ Re and off-lying islands, Volume 4, p.2^ Riddell, J.F.(1979) Clyde Navigation: A History of the Development and Deepening of the Clyde, John Donald, p.98^ “Launches – Scotch”. The Marine Engineer, Feb 1, 1882, 254^ Map of Skeirinoe lightvessel (via National Library of Scotland maps API (Map) (Popular Edition (Scotland)\u00a0ed.). 1:253\u2009440. Ordnance Survey. 1920\u20131930. Retrieved 13 August 2011.^ https:\/\/lighthouseaccommodation.co.uk\/directory\/lv15-trinity-lightvessel\/External links[edit] Media related to Lightships of the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/lightvessel-stations-of-great-britain\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Lightvessel stations of Great Britain"}}]}]