[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/japanese-adjectives-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/japanese-adjectives-wikipedia\/","headline":"Japanese adjectives – Wikipedia","name":"Japanese adjectives – Wikipedia","description":"Adjectives in Japanese This article deals with Japanese equivalents of English adjectives. Types of adjective[edit] In Japanese, nouns and verbs","datePublished":"2019-10-28","dateModified":"2019-10-28","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/book.png","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/book.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/book.png","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/book.png","width":100,"height":100},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/japanese-adjectives-wikipedia\/","wordCount":7131,"articleBody":"Adjectives in JapaneseThis article deals with Japanese equivalents of English adjectives.Types of adjective[edit]In Japanese, nouns and verbs can modify nouns, with nouns taking the \u301c\u306e particles when functioning attributively (in the genitive case), and verbs in the attributive form (\u9023\u4f53\u5f62 rentaikei). These are considered separate classes of words, however.Most of the words that can be considered to be adjectives in Japanese fall into one of two categories \u2013 variants of verbs, and nouns:adjectival verb (Japanese: \u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e, keiy\u014dshi, literally \u5f62\u5bb9 “description” or “appearance” + \u8a5e “word”), or i-adjectivesThese can be considered specialized verbs, in that they inflect for various aspects such as past tense or negation, and they can be used predicatively to end a sentence, without the need for any other “to be” verb. For example, atsui (\u6691\u3044) “hot”:\u6691\u3044\u65e5 (Atsui hi) (“a hot day”)\u4eca\u65e5\u306f\u6691\u3044\u3002(Ky\u014d wa atsui.) (“Today is hot.”)These can be considered a form of noun in terms of syntax; these attach to the copula, which then inflects, but use \u301c\u306a -na (rather than the genitive \u301c\u306e) when modifying a noun. For example, hen (\u5909) “strange”:\u5909\u306a\u4eba (Hen-na hito) (“a strange person”)\u5f7c\u306f\u5909\u3060\u3002(Kare wa hen da.) (“He is strange.”)Both the predicative forms (\u7d42\u6b62\u5f62 sh\u016bshikei, also called the “conclusive form” or “terminal form”) and attributive forms (\u9023\u4f53\u5f62 rentaikei) of adjectival verbs and adjectival nouns can be analyzed as verb phrases, making the attributive forms of adjectival verbs and adjectival nouns relative clauses, rather than adjectives. According to this analysis, Japanese has no syntactic adjectives.Japanese adjectives that do not fall into either of these categories are usually grouped into a grab-bag category:attributives (\u9023\u4f53\u8a5e, rentaishi, literally \u9023 “connects, goes with” + \u4f53 “body”, short for \u4f53\u8a00 “uninflecting word” such as a noun + \u8a5e “word”)These may only occur before nouns, and not in a predicative position. They are various in derivation and word class, and are generally analyzed as variants of more basic classes, where this specific form (possibly a fossil) can only be used in restricted settings. For example, \u014dkina (\u5927\u304d\u306a) “big” (variant of \u5927\u304d\u3044):\u5927\u304d\u306a\u4e8b (\u014ckina koto) (“a big thing”)A couple of small sub-categories can be distinguished in these categories, reflecting former grammatical distinctions or constructions which no longer exist:-shii adjectives (form of -i adjectives, see below)-yaka na adjectives (see below)-raka na adjectives (see below)taru adjectives (\u30c8\u30fb\u30bf\u30eb\u5f62\u5bb9\u52d5\u8a5e, to, taru keiy\u014dd\u014dshi, literally “to, taru adjectival noun”)These are a variant of the common na-nominals (adjectival noun; see article for naming) that developed in Late Old Japanese and have mostly died out, surviving in a few cases as fossils; they are usually classed as a form of \u5f62\u5bb9\u52d5\u8a5e (adjectival noun), as the Japanese name indicates.These are words that were traditionally earlier forms of na-nominals, but that followed a path similar to taru adjectives, surviving in a few cases as fossils. These are generally classed as rentaishi.i-adjectives[edit]Adjectival verbs (\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5e keiy\u014dshi) end with \u3044 i (but never \u3048\u3044 ei) in base form. They may predicate sentences and inflect for past, negative, etc. As they head verb phrases, they can be considered a type of verbal (verb-like part of speech) and inflect in an identical manner as the negative form of verbs. Their inflections are different and not so numerous as full verbs.Adjectival verbs are considered verbs because they inflect with the same bases as verbs and their respective usages: irrealis (\u672a\u7136\u5f62 mizenkei), continuative (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 reny\u014dkei), terminal (\u7d42\u6b62\u5f62 shuushikei), attributive (\u9023\u4f53\u5f62 rentaikei), hypothetical (\u4eee\u5b9a\u5f62 kateikei), and imperative (\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62 meireikei).Among the six bases of verbs for adjectival verbs, there exist two sets of inflection paradigms: a “plain” or “true” conjugation, and what is known as a kari-conjugation (\u30ab\u30ea\u6d3b\u7528 kari-katsuy\u014d), which is the result of the contraction between the “plain” reny\u014dkei form \u301c\u304f ku and the verb \u3042\u308a (\u6709\u308a, \u5728\u308a) ari, meaning “to exist”, “to have”, or “to be”. Due to this, the kari-conjugation paradigm resembles that of the r-irregular conjugation paradigm (\u30e9\u884c\u5909\u683c\u6d3b\u7528 ra-gy\u014d henkaku katsuy\u014d) of \u3042\u308a ari, however the kateikei (historically the \u5df2\u7136\u5f62 izenkei) is \u301c\u3051\u308c kere instead of \u301c\u304b\u308c kare (used historically, and also the meireikei base).The stem of i-adjectives can combine (prepend on the left), similar to the stem form (\u9023\u7528\u5f62 reny\u014dkei) of verbs, though this is less common than for verbs. Conversely, nouns or verb stems can sometimes prepend i-adjectives, or two i-adjectives can combine, forming compound modifiers; these are much less common than Japanese compound verbs. Common examples include omo-shiro-i (\u9762\u767d\u3044, interesting) “face-whitening” (noun + i-adjective) and zuru-gashiko-i (\u72e1\u8ce2\u3044, sly) “crafty-clever” (i-adjective stem + i-adjective), while haya-tochiri (\u65e9\u3068\u3061\u308a, going off half-cocked) “fast-fumble” (i-adjective stem + verb stem) shows an adjective stem joining to form a noun.shii-adjectives[edit]A number of i-adjectives end in -shii (\u301c\u3057\u3044) (sometimes written -sii). These are overwhelmingly words for feelings, like kanashii (\u60b2\u3057\u3044, sad) or ureshii (\u5b09\u3057\u3044, happy). These were originally a separate class of adjectives, dating at least to Old Japanese (see Old Japanese adjectives), where the two classes are known as -ku (\u301c\u304f) and -shiku (\u301c\u3057\u304f), corresponding to -i and -shii. However, they merged over the course of Late Middle Japanese (see Late Middle Japanese adjectives), and now shii-adjectives are simply a form of i-adjectives. The distinction, although no longer meaningful in pronunciation, is still reflected by the writing system, where  -\u3057- is still written out in hiragana, as in atarashii (\u65b0\u3057\u3044, new).Adjectives that end in -jii (\u301c\u3058\u3044) are also considered -shii adjectives, such as susamajii (\u51c4\u307e\u3058\u3044, terrific), and historically onaji (\u540c\u3058, same), which was initially a -shii adjective, and the classical negative volitional auxiliary maji (\u307e\u3058).na-adjectives[edit]Adjectival nouns (\u5f62\u5bb9\u52d5\u8a5e keiy\u014d-d\u014dshi) always occur with a form of the copula, traditionally considered part of the adjectival noun itself. The only syntactical difference between nouns and adjectival nouns is in the attributive form, where nouns take no and adjectives take na. This has led many linguists to consider them a type of nominal (noun-like part of speech). Through use of inflected forms of the copula, these words can also predicate sentences and inflect for past, negative, etc.Notably, na adjectives are distinct from regular nouns, in that they cannot be used as the topic, subject, or object.  To function in these roles, the na adjectives must include the nominalizing suffix \u3055 (-sa), broadly similar to the English suffix -ness that is used to create nouns from adjectives.-yaka na adjectives[edit]There are a number of na adjectives ending in \u301c\u3084\u304b -yaka, particularly for subjective words (compare -i adjectives ending in -shii). This is believed to be a combination of two suffixes \u301c\u3084 -ya and \u301c\u304b -ka, where -ya meant “softness” and -ka meant “apparent, visible” (similar to modern \u301c\u305d\u3046 -s\u014d, which is also followed by \u301c\u306a), hence the combination -ya-ka meant “appears somewhat …, looks slightly …”. This was believed to have been used in the Nara era, and have become particularly popular in the Heian period, but is no longer productive.[1][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] In some cases the original word is now only used (or almost always used) in the -yaka form, such as \u9bae\u3084\u304b aza-yaka “vivid, brilliant”, \u7a4f\u3084\u304b oda-yaka “calm, gentle”, and \u723d\u3084\u304b sawa-yaka “fresh, clear”, while in other cases the word is used in isolation, such as \u96c5 miyabi “elegant, graceful”, which is used alongside \u96c5\u3084\u304b miyabi-yaka “elegant, graceful”, and in other cases a related word also exists, such as \u8cd1\u3084\u304b nigi-yaka “bustling, busy” and the verb \u8cd1\u308f\u3046 nigi-wau “be bustling, be busy”. The most basic of these is \u8cd1\u3084\u304b nigi-yaka “bustling, busy”, but many of these are everyday words. Due to the -yaka being originally a suffix, it is written as okurigana, even though the compound word may now be a fixed unit.-raka na adjectives[edit]Similarly, there are also a few na adjectives ending in \u301c\u3089\u304b -raka, of similar origin. These are generally less subjective, but declined in popularity relative to the -yaka construction in the Heian period[1][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] Notable examples include \u660e\u3089\u304b aki-raka “clear, obvious” and \u67d4\u3089\u304b\uff0f\u8edf\u3089\u304b yawa-raka “soft, gentle”. As with -yaka words, the \u301c\u3089\u304b is written out as okurigana.taru-adjectives[edit]A variant of na adjectives exist, which take \u301c\u305f\u308b -taru when functioning attributively (as an adjective, modifying a noun), and \u301c\u3068 -to when functioning adverbially (when modifying a verb),[2][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] instead of the \u301c\u306a -na and \u301c\u306b -ni which are mostly used with na adjectives. taru adjectives do not predicate a sentence (they cannot end a sentence, as verbs and i-adjectives can) or take the copula (as na-adjectives and nouns can), but must modify a noun or verb. Note that sometimes na adjectives take a \u301c\u3068, and Japanese sound symbolisms generally take a (sometimes optional) \u301c\u3068, though these are different word classes.There are very few of these words,[3][better\u00a0source\u00a0needed] and they usually are considered somewhat stiff or archaic; this word class is generally not covered in textbooks for foreign language learners of Japanese. One of the most common is \u5802\u3005 d\u014dd\u014d “magnificent, stately”. These are referred to in Japanese as \u30c8\u30fb\u30bf\u30eb\u5f62\u5bb9\u52d5\u8a5e (to, taru keiy\u014dd\u014dshi) or \u30bf\u30eb\u30c8\u578b\u6d3b\u7528 (taruto-kata katsuy\u014d \u2013 \u201ctaru, to form conjugation\u201d).See \u5f62\u5bb9\u52d5\u8a5e#\u300c\u30bf\u30eb\u30c8\u300d\u578b\u6d3b\u7528 for discussion in Japanese. Historically, these developed in Late Old Japanese as a variant of na adjectives,[dubious  \u2013 discuss][4][5][unreliable source?] but the form mostly died out; the remaining taru adjectives are fossils, and conjugationally defective, having formerly held the pattern of the r-irregular class, like its component \u3042\u308a.naru-adjectives[edit]There are also a few naru adjectives such as \u5358\u306a\u308b tannaru “mere, simple” or \u8056\u306a\u308b seinaru “holy”, which developed similarly to taru-adjectives.[4][unreliable source?] As with taru adjectives, these cannot predicate or take the copula, but must modify a noun (though generally not a verb \u2013 many of these only modify nouns via \u306a\u308b, not verbs via \u00d7\u306b), and often occur in set phrases, such as Mother Nature (\u6bcd\u306a\u308b\u81ea\u7136, haha-naru shizen). In Late Old Japanese, tari adjectives developed as a variant of nari adjectives. Most nari adjectives became na adjectives in Modern Japanese, while tari adjectives either died out or survived as taru adjective fossils, but a few nari adjectives followed a similar path to the tari adjectives and became naru adjective fossils. They are generally classed into rentaishi.Attributives[edit]Attributives (rentaishi) are few in number, and unlike the other words, are strictly limited to modifying nouns. Rentaishi never predicate sentences. They derive from other word classes, and so are not always given the same treatment syntactically. For example, ano (\u3042\u306e, “that”) can be analysed as a noun or pronoun a plus the genitive ending no; aru (\u3042\u308b or \u6216\u308b, “a certain”), saru (\u3055\u308b, “a certain”), and iwayuru (\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b, “so-called”) can be analysed as verbs (iwayuru being an obsolete passive form of the verb iu (\u8a00\u3046) “to speak”); and \u014dkina (\u5927\u304d\u306a, “big”) can be analysed as the one remaining form of the obsolete adjectival noun \u014dki nari. Attributive onaji (\u540c\u3058, “the same”) is sometimes considered to be a rentaishi, but it is usually analysed as simply an irregular adjectival verb (note that it has an adverbial form onajiku). The final form onaji, which occurs with the copula, is usually considered to be a noun, albeit one derived from the adjectival verb.It can be seen that attributives are analysed variously as nouns, verbs, or adjectival nouns.Archaic forms[edit]Various archaic forms from Middle Japanese remain as fossils, primarily uses of -shi (\u301c\u3057) or -ki (\u301c\u304d) forms that in Modern Japanese would usually be -i (\u301c\u3044). Everyday examples notably include yoshi (\u826f\u3057, good, ok) and nashi (\u7121\u3057, nothing) \u2013 in modern grammar yoi (\u826f\u3044) and nai (\u7121\u3044), respectively. Similarly, furuki yoki (\u53e4\u304d\u826f\u304d, good old (days etc.)) uses archaic forms of furui (\u53e4\u3044, old) and yoi (\u826f\u3044, good).Inflection[edit]i-adjective[edit]Adjectival verbs (i-adjectives) have a basic inflection created by dropping the -i from the end and replacing it with the appropriate ending. Adjectival verbs are made more polite by the use of \u3067\u3059 desu. \u3067\u3059 desu is added directly after the inflected plain form and has no syntactic function; its only purpose is to make the utterance more polite (see Honorific speech in Japanese).presentpastpresent neg.past neg.i adjective\u3042\u3064\u3044 atsui\u3042\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f atsukatta\u3042\u3064\u304f\u306a\u3044 atsuku nai\u3042\u3064\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f atsuku nakattapolite i adj.\u3042\u3064\u3044\u3067\u3059 atsui desu\u3042\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059 atsukatta desu\u3042\u3064\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3059 atsuku nai desu\u3042\u3064\u304f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 atsuku arimasen\u3042\u3064\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059 atsuku nakatta desu\u3042\u3064\u304f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f atsuku arimasen deshita\u3044\u3044 ii “good” is a special case because it comes from the adjective \u826f\u3044 yoi. In present tense it is read as \u3044\u3044 ii but since it derives from \u3088\u3044 yoi all of its inflections supplete its forms instead. For example, \u826f\u3044\u3067\u3059\u306d ii desu ne “[It] is good” becomes \u826f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3067\u3059\u306d yokatta desu ne “[It] was good”. \u304b\u3063\u3053\u3044\u3044 kakkoii “cool” also fits the same category because it is a mash-up of \u683c\u597d kakk\u014d and \u3044\u3044 ii.[6]\u3044 i adjectives like \u5b89\u3044 yasui (“cheap”) have the \u3044 i changed to \u3051\u308c\u3070 kereba to change them to conditional form, e.g. \u5b89\u3051\u308c\u3070 yasukereba; \u5b89\u304f\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070 yasukunakereba.Adjectival verbs do actually have a full verb inflection paradigm created through contraction with the former copular verb \u3042\u308a (ari), consisting of six verb bases, that obeys the grammar surrounding verbs in Japanese. The usage of the full inflection is more limited in Modern Japanese and the majority of adjective usage in Japanese will be within the bounds of the basic inflection above. Auxiliary verbs are attached to some of the verb bases in order to convey information; only the terminal, attributive, and imperative bases are used on their own without auxiliary support.Irrealis (\u672a\u7136\u5f62)Continuative (\u9023\u7528\u5f62)Terminal (\u7d42\u6b62\u5f62)Attributive (\u9023\u4f53\u5f62)Hypothetical (\u4eee\u5b9a\u5f62)Imperative (\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62)\u3042\u3064\u304b\u308d atsukaro\u3042\u3064\u304b\u3089 atsukara (formal)\u3042\u3064\u304f atsuku\u3042\u3064\u304b\u308a atsukari (formal)\u3042\u3064\u3044 atsui\u3042\u3064\u3057 atsushi (obsolete or formal)\u3042\u3064\u3044 atsui\u3042\u3064\u304d atsuki (formal)\u3042\u3064\u3051\u308c atsukere\u3042\u3064\u304b\u308c atsukareThe two irrealis stems, \u301c\u304b\u308d karo and \u301c\u304b\u3089 kara, are used for different purposes. The \u301c\u304b\u308d karo stem is used to create the volitional inflection by appending the volitional auxiliary \u301c\u3046 u, e.g. \u6691\u304b\u308d\u3046 atsukar\u014d, while the \u301c\u304b\u3089 kara stem is used for the formal negation auxiliary \u301c\u305a zu and all other purposes which require the irrealis stem, e.g. \u6691\u304b\u3089\u305a atsukarazu.The volitional form is generally used to convey supposition or presumption; there are also set phrases which utilize this form, a notable example being the volitional form of \u826f\u3044 yoi, \u826f\u304b\u308d\u3046 yokar\u014d, a formal or archaic expression for “very well” or “it would be best to…” and the volitional form of \u7121\u3044 nai, \u7121\u304b\u308d\u3046 nakar\u014d, a formal or archaic expression for “probably not so”.The imperative form is rarely used outside of set expressions; a common usage is once again with \u826f\u3044 yoi, and its imperative form \u826f\u304b\u308c yokare, in idiomatic set expressions like \u826f\u304b\u308c\u3068\u601d\u3046 yokare to omou (to wish for the best, to have good intentions) or \u826f\u304b\u308c\u60aa\u3057\u304b\u308c yokare-ashikare (good or bad, for better or for worse, be it good or bad), also making use of the imperative form of \u60aa\u3057\u3044 ashii (formerly the regular word for “bad”, since replaced by \u60aa\u3044 warui). The imperative form of \u7121\u3044 nai, \u7121\u304b\u308c nakare, is also used in archaic speech to indicate prohibition or a command not to do something or to indicate that one must not do something (also spelled \u52ff\u308c, \u6bcb\u308c, \u83ab\u308c).na-adjective[edit]Adjectival nouns (na-adjectives) have a basic inflection created by dropping the -na and replacing it with the appropriate form of the verb da, the copula. As with adjectival verbs, adjectival nouns are also made more polite by the use of \u3067\u3059 desu. \u3067\u3059 desu is used in its role as the polite form of the copula, therefore replacing da (the plain form of the copula) in the plain form of these adjectives.presentpastpresent neg.past neg.na adjective\u3078\u3093\u3060 hen da\u3078\u3093\u3060\u3063\u305f hen datta\u3078\u3093\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044 hen dewa[i] nai\u3078\u3093\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f hen dewa nakattapolite na adj.\u3078\u3093\u3067\u3059 hen desu\u3078\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f hen deshita\u3078\u3093\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 hen dewa arimasen\u3078\u3093\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f hen dewa arimasen deshita^ The \u3067\u306f de wa in the conjugation of the copula is often contracted in speech to \u3058\u3083 ja.\u306a na adjectives have \u306a\u3089 nara added to them to change to conditional form, and just like all other \u306a\u3044 nai form inflections, behave like an \u3044 i adjective when in negative form, e.g. \u7c21\u5358\u3058\u3083\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070 kantan ja nakereba.Because na-adjectives are simply suffixed with the copula da, they, too, like i-adjectives, have a full verb inflection paradigm with six bases that obeys the grammar surrounding Japanese verbs.Irrealis (\u672a\u7136\u5f62)Continuative (\u9023\u7528\u5f62)Terminal (\u7d42\u6b62\u5f62)Attributive (\u9023\u4f53\u5f62)Hypothetical (\u4eee\u5b9a\u5f62)Imperative (\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62)\u3078\u3093\u3060\u308d hen daro\u3078\u3093\u3067\u306f hen dewa\u3078\u3093\u306a\u3089 hen nara (formal or naru-adjective)\u3078\u3093\u3067 hen de\u3078\u3093\u306b hen ni\u3078\u3093\u306a\u308a hen nari (obsolete or formal or naru-adjective)\u3078\u3093\u3060 hen da\u3078\u3093\u306a\u308a hen nari (obsolete or formal or naru-adjective)\u3078\u3093\u306a hen na\u3078\u3093\u306a\u308b hen naru (formal or naru-adjective)\u3078\u3093\u306a\u3089 hen nara\u3078\u3093\u306a\u308c hen nare (obsolete or naru-adjective)\u3078\u3093\u3067\u3042\u308c hen de are\u3078\u3093\u306a\u308c hen nare (formal or naru-adjective)Similarly to i-adjectives, out of the multiple irrealis stems, the \u301c\u3060\u308d daro irrealis stem is only used with the volitional auxiliary suffix \u301c\u3046 u, to form the volitional form suffixed with volitional copula \u301c\u3060\u308d\u3046 dar\u014d, used primarily to present a supposition or presumption. The \u301c\u3067\u306f dewa irrealis stem is not considered a true irrealis stem because it is simply the continuative stem plus the case particle \u306f wa, but is nevertheless suffixied with standard negation auxiliary \u301c\u306a\u3044 nai to form the negative form (see the basic inflection above). The \u301c\u306a\u3089 nara irrealis stem is used with the formal negation auxiliary \u301c\u305a zu and all other uses of the irrealis stem.The \u301c\u306a\u308b attributive form exists as a fossil from the archaic \u30ca\u30ea\u6d3b\u7528 (nari katsuy\u014d), or nari-conjugation, the precursor to the modern na-adjective. Generally only the \u301c\u306a na form is used for attribution, but the \u301c\u306a\u308b form may be used to add a sense of stress, intensity, profundity, formality, or an imitation of archaic speech, such as \u4eba\u985e\u306e\u5049\u5927\u306a\u308b\u907a\u7523 jinrui no idai-naru isan, “the great legacy of humanity”, as compared to \u4eba\u985e\u306e\u5049\u5927\u306a\u907a\u7523 jinrui no idai-na isan. It may also be seen in set phrases, like in \u89aa\u611b\u306a\u308b shin’ai-naru, used to open and address a letter to someone, much like English dear.The \u301c\u306a\u308b attributive form is also used in naru-adjectives, like \u5358\u306a\u308b tan-naru or \u8056\u306a\u308b sei-naru. In almost all cases, these are used exclusively as pre-noun attributives and cannot be used in any of the other standard forms of na-adjectives. In Modern Japanese, they only serve to modify nouns and cannot be used terminally nor even adverbially, as a contrast with the similar taru-adjectives. It is generally considered ungrammatical or unnatural to use other forms with naru-adjectives, even if technically syntactically correct.taru-adjective[edit]taru-adjectives have much more limited usage in Modern Japanese and generally can only be used attributively with \u301c\u305f\u308b taru or adverbially with \u301c\u3068 to. Generally, to express past or negative forms, additional other words or syntax are added to the sentence rather than using the full verb paradigm. However, nevertheless, taru-adjectives do have a full verb paradigm with six bases that obeys the grammar surrounding verbs in Japanese, which may be used in archaic or highly formal speech.Irrealis (\u672a\u7136\u5f62)Continuative (\u9023\u7528\u5f62)Terminal (\u7d42\u6b62\u5f62)Attributive (\u9023\u4f53\u5f62)Hypothetical (\u4eee\u5b9a\u5f62)Imperative (\u547d\u4ee4\u5f62)\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u308d d\u014dd\u014d taro\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u3089 d\u014dd\u014d tara\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u3068 d\u014dd\u014d to\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u308a d\u014dd\u014d tari\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u308a d\u014dd\u014d tari (obsolete)\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u308b d\u014dd\u014d taru\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u308c d\u014dd\u014d tare\u3069\u3046\u3069\u3046\u305f\u308c d\u014dd\u014d tareThe terminal form \u301c\u305f\u308a tari is almost never used. Generic words like \u7269 mono, \u4e8b koto, \u4eba hito, and \u65b9 kata are used as fill-ins with the attributive form instead.Adverb forms[edit]Both adjectival verbs and adjectival nouns can form adverbs. In the case of adjectival verbs, \u3044 i changes to \u304f ku:atsuku naru “become hot”and in the case of adjectival nouns, \u306a na changes to \u306b ni:hen ni naru “become strange”There are also some words like \u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093 takusan and \u5168\u7136 zenzen that are adverbs in their root form:\u5168\u7136\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093 zenzen wakarimasen “[I] absolutely not understand.”adverbi adjective\u306f\u3084\u304f hayaku “quickly”na adjective\u3057\u305a\u304b\u306b shizuka ni “quietly”taru adjective\u3086\u3046\u305c\u3093\u3068 yuuzen to “calmly”In a few cases, a \u301c\u306b form of a word is common while a \u301c\u306a form is rare or non-existent, as in makoto-ni (\u8aa0\u306b, sincerely) \u2013 makoto (\u8aa0, sincerity) is common, but *makoto-na (\u00d7\u8aa0\u306a, sincere) is generally not used.Terminology[edit]This pageJapanese (kanji)Japanese (r\u014dmaji)Other namesadjectival verbs\u5f62\u5bb9\u8a5ekeiy\u014dshiadjectival verbs, i-adjectives, adjectives, stative verbsadjectival nouns\u5f62\u5bb9\u52d5\u8a5ekeiy\u014dd\u014dshiadjectival nouns,[a]na-adjectives, copular nouns, quasi-adjectives, nominal adjectives, adjectival verbs[a]attributives\u9023\u4f53\u8a5erentaishiattributives, true adjectives, prenominals, pre-noun adjectivalsThe Japanese word keiy\u014dshi is used to denote an English adjective.Because the widespread study of Japanese is still relatively new in the Western world, there are no generally accepted English translations for the above parts of speech, with varying texts adopting different sets, and others extant not listed above.See also[edit]^ a b c In the traditional Japanese grammar, keiy\u014d-d\u014dshi, literally “adjective verb”, includes the copula, while the adjectival noun in the analysis shown here does not include it. For example, in the traditional grammar, kirei da is a keiy\u014d-d\u014dshi and kirei is its stem; in the analysis here, kirei is an adjectival noun and kirei da is its combination with the copula. Considering the copula is a kind of verb and kirei is a kind of noun syntactically, both names make sense.References[edit]External links[edit]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/japanese-adjectives-wikipedia\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Japanese adjectives – Wikipedia"}}]}]