[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/chironomidae-wikipedia\/#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/chironomidae-wikipedia\/","headline":"Chironomidae – Wikipedia","name":"Chironomidae – Wikipedia","description":"before-content-x4 Family of flies “Lake fly” redirects here. For species in the genus Chaoborus (family Chaoboridae), see Chaoborus. Two lake","datePublished":"2019-06-10","dateModified":"2019-06-10","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/author\/lordneo\/#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/author\/lordneo\/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Lake_Flies_in_Neenah_Wisconsin.jpg\/220px-Lake_Flies_in_Neenah_Wisconsin.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2f\/Lake_Flies_in_Neenah_Wisconsin.jpg\/220px-Lake_Flies_in_Neenah_Wisconsin.jpg","height":"293","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/en\/wiki8\/chironomidae-wikipedia\/","wordCount":9870,"articleBody":"     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});before-content-x4Family of flies“Lake fly” redirects here. For species in the genus Chaoborus (family Chaoboridae), see Chaoborus.  Two lake flies observed in Neenah, Wisconsin, after the yearly hatch in Lake Winnebago       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4The Chironomidae (informally known as chironomids, nonbiting midges, or lake flies) comprise a family of nematoceran flies with a global distribution. They are closely related to the Ceratopogonidae, Simuliidae, and Thaumaleidae. Many species superficially resemble mosquitoes, but they lack the wing scales and elongated mouthparts of the Culicidae.The name Chironomidae stems from the Ancient Greek word kheiron\u00f3mos, “a pantomimist”.       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Table of ContentsCommon names and biodiversity[edit]Behavior and description[edit]Ecology[edit]Anhydrobiosis and stress resistance[edit]Subfamilies and genera[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]Common names and biodiversity[edit]This is a large taxon of insects; some estimates of the species numbers suggest well over 10,000 world-wide.[2] Males are easily recognized by their plumose antennae. Adults are known by a variety of vague and inconsistent common names, largely by confusion with other insects. For example, chironomids are known as “lake flies” in parts of Canada and Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin, but “bay flies” in the areas near the bay of Green Bay, Wisconsin. They are called “sand flies”, “muckleheads”,[3] “muffleheads”,[4] “Canadian soldiers”,[5] or “American soldiers”[6] in various regions of the Great Lakes area. They have been called “blind mosquitoes” or “chizzywinks” in Florida.[7] However, they are not mosquitoes of any sort, and the term “sandflies” generally refers to various species of biting flies unrelated to the Chironomidae.The group includes the wingless Belgica antarctica, the largest terrestrial animal of Antarctica.[8][9]       (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});after-content-x4Their larvae produce silk, and Chironomus has been studied as an alternative source of silk other than the silk moth, as it is possible to extract it without killing the animal (Ahimsa silk).[10]The biodiversity of the Chironomidae often goes unnoticed because they are notoriously difficult to identify and ecologists usually record them by species groups. Each morphologically distinct group comprises a number of morphologically identical (sibling) species that can only be identified by rearing adult males or by cytogenetic analysis of the polytene chromosomes. Polytene chromosomes were originally observed in the larval salivary glands of Chironomus midges by Balbiani in 1881. They form through repeated rounds of DNA replication without cell division, resulting in characteristic light and dark banding patterns which can be used to identify inversions and deletions which allow species identification.Behavior and description[edit]Larval stages of the Chironomidae can be found in almost any aquatic or semiaquatic habitat, including treeholes, bromeliads, rotting vegetation, soil, and in sewage and artificial containers. They form an important fraction of the macro zoobenthos of most freshwater ecosystems. They are often associated with degraded or low-biodiversity ecosystems because some species have adapted to virtually anoxic conditions and are dominant in polluted waters.Larvae of some species are bright red in color due to a hemoglobin analog; these are often known as “bloodworms”.[11]Their ability to capture oxygen is further increased by their making undulating movements.[12]Many reference sources in the past century or so have repeated the assertion that the Chironomidae do not feed as adults, but an increasing body of evidence contradicts this view. Adults of many species do, in fact, feed. The natural foods reported include fresh fly droppings, nectar, pollen, honeydew, and various sugar-rich materials.[2]The question whether feeding is of practical importance has by now been clearly settled for some Chironomus species, at least; specimens that had fed on sucrose flew far longer than starved specimens, and starved females longer than starved males, which suggested they had eclosed with larger reserves of energy than the males. Some authors suggest the females and males apply the resources obtained in feeding differently. Males expend the extra energy on flight, while females use their food resources to achieve longer lifespans. The respective strategies should be compatible with maximal probability of successful mating and reproduction in those species that do not mate immediately after eclosion, and in particular in species that have more than one egg mass maturing, the less developed masses being oviposited after a delay. Such variables also would be relevant to species that exploit wind for dispersal, laying eggs at intervals. Chironomids that feed on nectar or pollen may well be of importance as pollinators, but current evidence on such points is largely anecdotal. However, the content of protein and other nutrients in pollen, in comparison to nectar, might well contribute to the females’ reproductive capacities.[2]Adults can be pests when they emerge in large numbers. They may cause difficulty during driving if they collide with the windshield, creating an opaque coating which obscures the driver’s vision.[13] They can damage paint, brick, and other surfaces with their droppings. When large numbers of adults die, they can build up into malodorous piles. They can provoke allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.[14]Ecology[edit]Chironomidae had variable feeding ecology, most species feed on algae and other small soil organisms they can filtrate.[15][16] Larvae and pupae are important food items for fish, such as trout, banded killifish, and sticklebacks, and for many other aquatic organisms as well such as newts. Many aquatic insects, such as various predatory hemipterans in the families Nepidae, Notonectidae, and Corixidae eat Chironomidae in their aquatic phases.  So do predatory water beetles in families such as the Dytiscidae and Hydrophilidae. The flying midges are eaten by fish and insectivorous birds, such as swallows and martins. They are also thought to be an especially important food source for tufted duck chicks during their first few days of life. They also are preyed on by bats and flying predatory insects, such as Odonata and dance flies.The Chironomidae are important as indicator organisms, i.e., the presence, absence, or quantities of various species in a body of water can indicate whether pollutants are present. Also, their fossils are widely used by palaeolimnologists as indicators of past environmental changes, including past climatic variability.[17] Contemporary specimens are used by forensic entomologists as medico-legal markers for the postmortem interval assessment.[18]A number of chironomid species inhabit marine habitats. Midges of the genus Clunio are found in the intertidal zone, where they have adjusted their entire life cycle to the rhythm of the tides. This made the species Clunio marinus an important model species for research in the field of chronobiology.[19]  Non-biting midge in PennsylvaniaMany species are terrestrial living in soil being dominant part of soil fauna community in many wet soil habitats but also in agricultural land and early stages of succession.[20] Chironomidae display various strategies to use various temporary habitats.[21]Anhydrobiosis and stress resistance[edit]Anhydrobiosis is the ability of an organism to survive in the dry state.  Anhydrobiotic larvae of the African chironomid Polypedilum vanderplanki can withstand prolonged complete desiccation (reviewed by Cornette and Kikawada[22]).  These larvae can also withstand other external stresses including ionizing radiation.[23]  The effects of anhydrobiosis, gamma ray and heavy-ion irradiation on the nuclear DNA and gene expression of these larvae were studied by Gusev et al.[23]  They found that larval DNA becomes severely fragmented both upon anhydrobiosis and irradiation, and that these breaks are later repaired during rehydration or upon recovery from irradiation.  An analysis of gene expression and antioxidant activity suggested the importance of removal of reactive oxygen species as well as the removal of DNA damages by repair enzymes.  Expression of genes encoding DNA repair enzymes increased upon entering anhydrobiosis or upon exposure to radiation, and these increases indicated that when DNA damages occurred, they were subsequently repaired.  In particular, expression of the Rad51 gene was substantially up-regulated following irradiation and during rehydration.[23]  The Rad51 protein plays a key role in homologous recombination, a process required for the accurate repair of DNA double-strand breaks.Subfamilies and genera[edit]The family is divided into 11 subfamilies: Aphroteniinae, Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyinae, Chironominae, Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae, Podonominae, Prodiamesinae, Tanypodinae, Telmatogetoninae, and Usambaromyiinae.[24][25]Most species belong to Chironominae, Orthocladiinae, and Tanypodinae.  Diamesinae, Podonominae, Prodiamesinae, and Telmatogetoninae are medium-sized subfamilies with tens to hundreds of species. The remaining four subfamilies have fewer than five species each.  Chironomidae sp. female on flower of Euryops sp. Damage caused by beetles in family Meloidae.  Chironomidae larva, about 1 cm long, the head is right: The magnified tail details are from other images of the same animal.  Chironomidae larva showing the characteristic red color, about 40\u00d7 magnification: The head is towards the upper left, just out of view.Aagaardia S\u00e6ther, 2000Abiskomyia Edwards, 1937Ablabesmyia Johannsen, 1905AcalcarellaAcamptocladius Brundin, 1956Acricotopus Kieffer, 1921AedokritusAenneAfrochlusAfrozavrelia Harrison, 2004[26]AllocladiusAllometriocnemusAllotrissocladiusAlotanypus Roback, 1971AmblycladiusAmnihayesomyiaAmphismittiaAnaphroteniaAnatopynia Johannsen, 1905AncylocladiusAndamanusAntillocladius S\u00e6ther, 1981AnuncotendipesApedilum Townes, 1945AphroteniaAphroteniellaApometriocnemus S\u00e6ther, 1984Apsectrotanypus Fittkau, 1962ArchaeochlusArctodiamesa Makarchenko, 1983[27]Arctopelopia Fittkau, 1962ArctosmittiaAsachironomusAsclerinaAsheum Sublette & Sublette, 1983AustralopelopiaAustrobrilliaAustrochlusAustrocladiusAxarus Roback 1980BaeoctenusBaeotendipes Kieffer, 1913BavarismittiaBeardius Reiss & Sublette, 1985Beckidia S\u00e6ther 1979BelgicaBernhardiaBethbilbeckiaBiwatendipesBoreochlus  Edwards, 1938Boreoheptagyia Brundin 1966BoreosmittiaBotryocladiusBrillia Kieffer, 1913BrundiniellaBrunieriaBryophaenocladius Thienemann, 1934Buchonomyia Fittkau, 1955CaladomyiaCamposimyiaCamptocladius van der Wulp, 1874CantopelopiaCarbochironomus Reiss & Kirschbaum 1990Cardiocladius Kieffer, 1912Chaetocladius Kieffer, 1911ChasmatonotusChernovskiia S\u00e6ther 1977ChilenomyiaChirocladiusChironomidaeChironominaeChironominiChironomus Meigen, 1803ChrysopelopiaCladopelma Kieffer, 1921Cladotanytarsus Kieffer, 1921Clinotanypus Kieffer, 1913Clunio Haliday, 1855CoelopyniaCoelotanypusCoffmaniaCollartomyiaColosmittiaCompteromesa S\u00e6ther 1981CompterosmittiaConchapelopia Fittkau, 1957ConochironomusConstempellina Brundin, 1947Corynocera Zetterstedt, 1838Corynoneura Winnertz, 1846Corynoneurella Brundin, 1949CorytibacladiusCricotopus van der Wulp, 1874Cryptochironomus Kieffer, 1918Cryptotendipes Lenz, 1941Cyphomella S\u00e6ther 1977DactylocladiusDaitoyusurikaDemeijerea Kruseman, 1933Demicryptochironomus Lenz, 1941DenopelopiaDerotanypusDiamesa  Meigen in Gistl, 1835DiamesinaeDicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913Diplocladius Kieffer, 1908DiplosmittiaDjalmabatista Fittkau, 1968DoithrixDoloplastusDoncricotopusDratnaliaEchinocladiusEdwardsidiaEinfeldia Kieffer, 1924Endochironomus Kieffer, 1918EndotribelosEpoicocladius Sulc & Zav\u00cdel, 1924EretmopteraEukiefferiella Thienemann, 1926Eurycnemus van der Wulp, 1874Euryhapsis Oliver, 1981EusmittiaFissimentumFittkauimyiaFleuriaFreemaniellaFriederiaGeorthocladius Strenzke, 1941Gillotia Kieffer, 1921GlushkovellaGlyptotendipes Kieffer, 1913GoeldichironomusGraceus Goetghebuer, 1928GravatamberusGressittiusGuassutanypusGuttipelopia Fittkau, 1962Gymnometriocnemus Goetghebeur, 1932GynnidocladiusGynocladius Mendes, S\u00e6ther & Andrade-Morraye, 2005HahayusurikaHalirytusHalocladius Hirvenoja, 1973HanochironomusHanocladiusHarnischia Kieffer, 1921HarrisiusHarrisoninaHayesomyia Murray & Fittkau, 1985Heleniella Gouin, 1943Helopelopia Roback, 1971HenrardiaHeptagyiaHeterotanytarsus Sp\u00e4rck, 1923Heterotrissocladius Sp\u00e4rck, 1923HeveliusHimatendipesHirosimayusurikaHudsonimyia Roback, 1979[28]HydrobaenusHydrosmittiaHyporhygmaIchthyocladius Fittkau, 1974IkiprimusIkisecundusImparipectenIndoaxarusIndocladiusIonthosmittiaIrisobrilliaKaluginiaKamelopelopiaKaniwhaniwhanusKiefferophyesKiefferulus Goetghebuer, 1922KnepperiaKloosia Kruseman 1933Krenopelopia Fittkau, 1962KrenopsectraKrenosmittia Thienemann & Kr\u00fcger, 1939KribiobiusKribiocosmusKribiodosisKribiopelmaKribiothaumaKribioxenusKurobebrilliaKuscheliusLabrundinia Fittkau, 1962Lappodiamesa Serra-Tosio, 1968LappokiefferiellaLapposmittiaLarsia Fittkau, 1962Lasiodiamesa Kieffer, 1924LaurotanypusLauterborniella Thienemann & Bause, 1913LepidopelopiaLepidopodusLerheimiaLimayaLimnophyes Eaton, 1875LindebergiaLinevitshiaLipiniella Shilova 1961LipurometriocnemusLithotanytarsusLitocladius Andersen, Mendes & S\u00e6ther 2004LjungneriaLobodiamesaLobomyiaLobosmittiaLopescladiusLunditendipesLyrocladius Mendes & Andersen, 2008Macropelopia Thienemann, 1916MacropelopiniManoaMaoridiamesaMapucheptagyiaMaryellaMecaorusMegacentronMesocricotopusMesosmittia Brundin, 1956Metriocnemus van der Wulp, 1874Microchironomus Kieffer, 1918Micropsectra Kieffer, 1909Microtendipes Kieffer, 1915MicrozetiaMolleriellaMongolchironomusMongolcladiusMongolyusurikaMonodiamesa Kieffer, 1922Monopelopia Fittkau, 1962MurraycladiusNakataiaNandevaNanocladius Kieffer, 1913NaonellaNasuticladiusNatarsia Fittkau, 1962NeelamiaNeobrilliaNeopodonomusNeostempellinaNeozavrelia Goetghebuer, 1941NesiocladiusNilodorumNilodosisNilotanypus Kieffer, 1923Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921NimboceraNotocladiusOdontomesa Pagast, 1947OkayamayusurikaOkinawayusurikaOlecryptotendipes Zorina, 2007[29]OleiaOliveridia S\u00e6ther, 1980Omisus Townes, 1945OnconeuraOphryophorusOreadomyiaOrthocladiinaeOrthocladius van der Wulp, 1874OryctochlusOukuriellaPagastia Oliver, 1959Pagastiella Brundin, 1949Paraboreochlus Thienemann, 1939ParachaetocladiusParachironomus Lenz, 1921Paracladius Hirvenoja, 1973Paracladopelma Harnisch, 1923Paracricotopus Thienemann & Harnisch, 1932Parakiefferiella Thienemann, 1936Paralauterborniella Lenz, 1941Paralimnophyes Brundin, 1956Paramerina Fittkau, 1962Parametriocnemus Goetghebuer, 1932PamirocesaParaborniellaParachironominaeParadoxocladiusParaheptagyiaParanilothaumaParapentaneuraParaphaenocladius Thienemann, 1924ParaphroteniaParapsectra Reiss, 1969ParapsectrocladiusParasmittiaParatanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, 1913Paratendipes Kieffer, 1911Paratrichocladius Thienemann, 1942Paratrissocladius Zav\u00cdel, 1937Parochlus Enderlein, 1912Parorthocladius Thienemann, 1935ParvitergumPaucispinigeraPelomusPentaneuraPentaneurellaPentaneuriniPentapedilumPetalocladiusPhaenopsectra Kieffer, 1921PhysoneuraPiraraPlatysmittia S\u00e6ther, 1982PlhudsoniaPodochlusPodonomopsisPodonomusPolypedilum Kieffer, 1912PontomyiaPotthastia Kieffer, 1922ProchironomusProcladiiniProcladius Skuse, 1889Prodiamesa Kieffer, 1906PropsilocerusProsmittiaProtanypus Kieffer, 1906Psectrocladius Kieffer, 1906Psectrotanypus Kieffer, 1909PseudobrilliaPseudochironomus Malloch, 1915Pseudodiamesa Goetghebuer, 1939PseudohydrobaenusPseudokiefferiella Zavrel, 1941Pseudorthocladius Goetghebuer, 1932Pseudosmittia Goetghebuer, 1932PsilochironomusPsilometriocnemus S\u00e6ther, 1969PterosisQiniellaReissmesaRheochlusRheocricotopus Brundin, 1956RheomusRheomyiaRheopelopia Fittkau, 1962Rheosmittia Brundin, 1956Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, 1913RhinocladiusRiethiaRobackia S\u00e6ther, 1977Saetheria Jackson, 1977Saetheriella Halvorsen, 1982[30]SaetherocladiusSaetherocryptusSaetheromyiaSaetheropsSasayusurikaSchineriella Murray & Fittkau, 1988SemiocladiusSetukoyusurikaSeppiaSergentia Kieffer, 1922ShangomyiaShiloviaSkusellaSkutziaSmittia Holmgren, 1869StackelberginaStelechomyiaStempellina Thienemann & Bause, 1913Stempellinella Brundin, 1947Stenochironomus Kieffer, 1919Stictochironomus Kieffer, 1919StictocladiusStictotendipesStilocladius Rossaro, 1979SubletteaSublettiellaSumatendipesSymbiocladius Kieffer, 1925Sympotthastia Pagast, 1947Syndiamesa Kieffer, 1918Synendotendipes Grodhaus, 1987Synorthocladius Thienemann, 1935TanypodinaeTanypus Meigen, 1803TanytarsiniTanytarsus van der Wulp, 1874TavastiaTelmatogeton Schiner, 1866Telmatopelopia Fittkau, 1962TelopelopiaTempisquitoneuraTethymyiaThalassomya Schiner, 1856Thalassosmittia Strenzke & Remmert, 1957Thienemannia Kieffer, 1909Thienemanniella Kieffer, 1911Thienemannimyia Fittkau, 1957ThienemanniolaTobachironomusTokunagaia S\u00e6ther, 1973TokunagayusurikaTokyobrilliaTosayusurikaTownsiaToyamayusurikaTribelos Townes, 1945TrichochilusTrichosmittiaTrichotanypus Kieffer, 1906Trissocladius Kieffer, 1908Trissopelopia Kieffer, 1923TrondiaTsudayusurikaTusimayusurikaTvetenia Kieffer, 1922Unniella S\u00e6ther, 1982Usambaromyia Andersen & S\u00e6ther, 1994[31]Virgatanytarsus Pinder, 1982VivacricotopusWirthiellaXenochironomus Kieffer, 1921Xenopelopia Fittkau, 1962XestochironomusXestotendipesXiaomyiaXylotopusYaeprimusYaequartusYaequintusYaesecundusYaetanytarsusYaetertiusYamaZalutschia Lipina, 1939Zavrelia Kieffer, 1913Zavreliella Kieffer, 1920Zavrelimyia Fittkau, 1962ZelandochlusZhouomyiaZuluchironomusReferences[edit]^ Sabrosky, C.W. 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