[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/archives\/4836#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/archives\/4836","headline":"\u7554\u5409 – Wikipedia","name":"\u7554\u5409 – Wikipedia","description":"\u7554\u5409\uff08\u3042\u305c\u3088\u3057\uff09\u306f\u3001\u57fc\u7389\u770c\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u306e\u5927\u5b57\u3002\u5e02\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u306a\u3069\u3067\u306f\u5927\u77f3\u5730\u533a\u3067\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u90f5\u4fbf\u756a\u53f7\u306f362-0065[3]\u3002 \u8352\u5ddd\uff08\u698e\u672c\u7267\u5834\u4ed8\u8fd1\u30012011\u5e744\u6708\uff09 \u57fc\u7389\u770c\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u5730\u57df\uff08\u770c\u592e\u5730\u57df\uff09\u3067\u3001\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u897f\u90e8\u306e\u5927\u5bae\u53f0\u5730\u4e0a\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b[6]\u3002\u6771\u5074\u3092\u6c5f\u5ddd\u306e\u652f\u6d41\u306e\u9006\u5ddd\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u8c37\u6238\u3092\u631f\u307f\u4e2d\u5206\u3084\u5c0f\u6577\u8c37\u3001\u5357\u5074\u3092\u4e38\u5c71\u90fd\u5e02\u4e0b\u6c34\u8def\uff08\u9577\u5800\uff09\u3092\u631f\u307f\u5e73\u65b9\u3001\u897f\u5074\u3092\u8352\u5ddd\u3092\u631f\u307f\u6bd4\u4f01\u90e1\u5ddd\u5cf6\u753a\u51fa\u4e38\u4e2d\u90f7\u3001\u5317\u5074\u3092\u9818\u5bb6\u3068\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u306e\u5357\u5074\u306e\u8c37\u6238\u3092\u672c\u6751\u6392\u6c34\u8def\u304c\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u3002 \u4e0a\u5c3e\u99c5\u304b\u3089\u306f4\u00a0km\u307b\u3069\u897f\u306b\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5f92\u6b69\u570f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8fb2\u5730\u304c\u591a\u304f\u5b85\u5730\u5316\u306f\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5168\u57df\u304c\u5e02\u8857\u5316\u8abf\u6574\u533a\u57df[7]\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8352\u5ddd\u306e\u6d41\u57df\u6cbf\u3044\u306f\u8352\u5ddd\u8fd1\u90ca\u7dd1\u5730\u4fdd\u5168\u533a\u57df[7]\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002 \u5730\u5185\u306b\u7554\u5409\u8c9d\u585a\uff08\u770c\u907a\u8de1\u756a\u53f7\uff1a14-189\uff09\u3084\u7554\u5409\u907a\u8de1\uff08\u770c\u907a\u8de1\u756a\u53f7\uff1a14-081[7]\uff09\u306a\u3069\u591a\u6570\u306e\u907a\u8de1\uff08\u5305\u8535\u5730\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8c9d\u585a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u96c6\u843d\u8de1\u306e\u907a\u69cb\u3084\u571f\u5668\u7247\u3084\u77f3\u5668\u306a\u3069\u306e\u907a\u7269\u304c\u767a\u6398\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002 \u6cb3\u5ddd – \u8352\u5ddd\u30fb\u9006\u5ddd\u30fb\u4e38\u5c71\u90fd\u5e02\u4e0b\u6c34\u8def\uff08\u9577\u5800\uff09\u30fb\u672c\u6751\u6392\u6c34\u8def[8] \u3082\u3068\u306f\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u3088\u308a\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u6b66\u8535\u56fd\u8db3\u7acb\u90e1\u77f3\u6238\u9818\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u7554\u5409\u6751\u3001\u53e4\u304f\u306f\u5357\u5317\u671d\u671f\u3088\u308a\u898b\u51fa\u305b\u308b\u7554\u5409\u90f7\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u7554\u725b\u90f7\uff08\u3042\u305c\u3046\u3057\u3054\u3046\uff09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f[6]\u3002\u6751\u9ad8\u306f\u6b63\u4fdd\u5e74\u9593\u306e\u300e\u6b66\u8535\u7530\u5712\u7c3f\u300f\u3067\u306f556\u77f3\u4f59\uff08\u7530126\u77f3\u4f59\u3001\u7551430\u77f3\u4f59\uff09[9]\u3001\u300e\u5143\u7984\u90f7\u5e33\u300f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068230\u77f3\u4f59\u3001\u300e\u5929\u4fdd\u90f7\u5e33\u300f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068268\u77f3\u4f59\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6751\u306e\u898f\u6a21\u306f\u6771\u897f10\u753a\u3001\u5357\u53178\u753a\u7a0b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f[6]\u3002\u8352\u5ddd\u306b\u306f\u6c5f\u6238\u3078\u306e\u7269\u8cc7\u306e\u8f38\u9001\u306e\u62e0\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7554\u5409\u6cb3\u5cb8\u304c\u6c5f\u6238\u4e2d\u671f\u306b\u958b\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5bfe\u5cb8\u306e\u51fa\u4e38\u4e2d\u90f7\u6751\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u7554\u5409\u306e\u6e21\u3057\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f[11]\u3002\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u306b\u306f\u5bfa\u98183\u77f3\u304c\u5bc4\u9032\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u30011591\u5e74\uff08\u5929\u6b6319\u5e74\uff0911\u6708\u306e\u300e\u5fb3\u5ddd\u5bb6\u5eb7\u5bfa\u9818\u5bc4\u9032\u72b6\u300f\u306b\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b[6]\u3002 1875\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb8\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u8fb2\u696d\u7523\u7269\u9ad8\u306f\u300e\u6b66\u8535\u56fd\u90e1\u6751\u8a8c\u300f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u7c73115.5\u77f3\u3001\u5927\u9ea6348\u77f3\u3001\u5c0f\u9ea6105.4\u77f3\u3001\u5927\u8c46144\u77f3\u3001\u5c0f\u8c4625\u77f3\u3001\u681760\u77f3\u3001\u7518\u85f7152848\u65a4\u3001\u83dc\u7a2e60\u77f3\u3001\u88fd\u8336187\u8cab\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f[12]\u3002 \u306f\u3058\u3081\u77e5\u884c\u306f\u65d7\u672c\u7267\u91ce\u5bb6\u30011633\u5e74\uff08\u5bdb\u6c3810\u5e74\uff09\u306f\u7acb\u85e9\u3055\u308c\u77f3\u6238\u85e9\u9818\u30011650\u5e74\uff08\u6176\u5b893\u5e74\uff09\u3088\u308a\u77e5\u884c\u306f\u65d7\u672c\u7267\u91ce\u5bb6\u4e00\u65cf\u306b\u5206\u5730\u30011701\u5e74\uff08\u5143\u798414\u5e74\uff09\u306f\u6751\u5185\u3092\u4e8c\u5206\u3057\u3066\u65d7\u672c\u7267\u91ce2\u5bb6\u306b\u3088\u308b\u76f8\u7d66\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u691c\u5730\u306f1620\u5e74\uff08\u5143\u548c6\u5e74\uff09\u30011667\u5e74\uff08\u5bdb\u65877\u5e74\uff09\u30011677\u5e74\uff08\u5ef6\u5b9d5\u5e74\uff09\u30011653\u5e74\uff08\u627f\u5fdc2\u5e74\uff09\u30011715\u5e74\uff08\u6b63\u5fb35\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u5b9f\u65bd[6]\u3002 1726\u5e74\uff08\u4eab\u4fdd11\u5e74\uff09\u3088\u308a\u5e55\u5e9c\u9818\u3068\u306a\u308b[6][13]\u3002\u306a\u304a\u30011723\u5e74\uff08\u4eab\u4fdd8\u5e74\uff09\u30011733\u5e74\uff08\u4eab\u4fdd18\u5e74\uff09\u30011750\u5e74\uff08\u5bdb\u5ef62\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u65b0\u7530\u691c\u5730\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd[6]\u3002 \u5e55\u672b\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306f\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u9818\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5e55\u5e9c\u9818\uff08\u4ee3\u5b98\u652f\u914d\u5730\uff09[13][14]\u3002 1868\u5e74\uff08\u6176\u5fdc4\u5e74\uff096\u670819\u65e5 – \u6b66\u8535\u77e5\u770c\u4e8b\u30fb\u5c71\u7530\u653f\u5247\uff08\u5fcd\u85e9\u58eb\uff09\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002 1869\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb2\u5e74\uff09 1871\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb4\u5e74\uff0911\u670813\u65e5 – \u7b2c1\u6b21\u5e9c\u770c\u7d71\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308a\u57fc\u7389\u770c\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002","datePublished":"2021-08-31","dateModified":"2021-08-31","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/archives\/author\/lordneo#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/archives\/author\/lordneo","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/55\/Ageo_Ara_River_1.JPG\/220px-Ageo_Ara_River_1.JPG","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/5\/55\/Ageo_Ara_River_1.JPG\/220px-Ageo_Ara_River_1.JPG","height":"165","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/archives\/4836","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":1659,"articleBody":"\u7554\u5409\uff08\u3042\u305c\u3088\u3057\uff09\u306f\u3001\u57fc\u7389\u770c\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u306e\u5927\u5b57\u3002\u5e02\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u306a\u3069\u3067\u306f\u5927\u77f3\u5730\u533a\u3067\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u90f5\u4fbf\u756a\u53f7\u306f362-0065[3]\u3002  \u8352\u5ddd\uff08\u698e\u672c\u7267\u5834\u4ed8\u8fd1\u30012011\u5e744\u6708\uff09  \u57fc\u7389\u770c\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u5730\u57df\uff08\u770c\u592e\u5730\u57df\uff09\u3067\u3001\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u897f\u90e8\u306e\u5927\u5bae\u53f0\u5730\u4e0a\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b[6]\u3002\u6771\u5074\u3092\u6c5f\u5ddd\u306e\u652f\u6d41\u306e\u9006\u5ddd\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u8c37\u6238\u3092\u631f\u307f\u4e2d\u5206\u3084\u5c0f\u6577\u8c37\u3001\u5357\u5074\u3092\u4e38\u5c71\u90fd\u5e02\u4e0b\u6c34\u8def\uff08\u9577\u5800\uff09\u3092\u631f\u307f\u5e73\u65b9\u3001\u897f\u5074\u3092\u8352\u5ddd\u3092\u631f\u307f\u6bd4\u4f01\u90e1\u5ddd\u5cf6\u753a\u51fa\u4e38\u4e2d\u90f7\u3001\u5317\u5074\u3092\u9818\u5bb6\u3068\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u306e\u5357\u5074\u306e\u8c37\u6238\u3092\u672c\u6751\u6392\u6c34\u8def\u304c\u6d41\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u99c5\u304b\u3089\u306f4\u00a0km\u307b\u3069\u897f\u306b\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5f92\u6b69\u570f\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8fb2\u5730\u304c\u591a\u304f\u5b85\u5730\u5316\u306f\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5168\u57df\u304c\u5e02\u8857\u5316\u8abf\u6574\u533a\u57df[7]\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8352\u5ddd\u306e\u6d41\u57df\u6cbf\u3044\u306f\u8352\u5ddd\u8fd1\u90ca\u7dd1\u5730\u4fdd\u5168\u533a\u57df[7]\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5730\u5185\u306b\u7554\u5409\u8c9d\u585a\uff08\u770c\u907a\u8de1\u756a\u53f7\uff1a14-189\uff09\u3084\u7554\u5409\u907a\u8de1\uff08\u770c\u907a\u8de1\u756a\u53f7\uff1a14-081[7]\uff09\u306a\u3069\u591a\u6570\u306e\u907a\u8de1\uff08\u5305\u8535\u5730\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8c9d\u585a\u304a\u3088\u3073\u96c6\u843d\u8de1\u306e\u907a\u69cb\u3084\u571f\u5668\u7247\u3084\u77f3\u5668\u306a\u3069\u306e\u907a\u7269\u304c\u767a\u6398\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002  \u6cb3\u5ddd – \u8352\u5ddd\u30fb\u9006\u5ddd\u30fb\u4e38\u5c71\u90fd\u5e02\u4e0b\u6c34\u8def\uff08\u9577\u5800\uff09\u30fb\u672c\u6751\u6392\u6c34\u8def[8]\u3082\u3068\u306f\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u3088\u308a\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u305f\u6b66\u8535\u56fd\u8db3\u7acb\u90e1\u77f3\u6238\u9818\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u7554\u5409\u6751\u3001\u53e4\u304f\u306f\u5357\u5317\u671d\u671f\u3088\u308a\u898b\u51fa\u305b\u308b\u7554\u5409\u90f7\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u7554\u725b\u90f7\uff08\u3042\u305c\u3046\u3057\u3054\u3046\uff09\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f[6]\u3002\u6751\u9ad8\u306f\u6b63\u4fdd\u5e74\u9593\u306e\u300e\u6b66\u8535\u7530\u5712\u7c3f\u300f\u3067\u306f556\u77f3\u4f59\uff08\u7530126\u77f3\u4f59\u3001\u7551430\u77f3\u4f59\uff09[9]\u3001\u300e\u5143\u7984\u90f7\u5e33\u300f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068230\u77f3\u4f59\u3001\u300e\u5929\u4fdd\u90f7\u5e33\u300f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068268\u77f3\u4f59\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6751\u306e\u898f\u6a21\u306f\u6771\u897f10\u753a\u3001\u5357\u53178\u753a\u7a0b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f[6]\u3002\u8352\u5ddd\u306b\u306f\u6c5f\u6238\u3078\u306e\u7269\u8cc7\u306e\u8f38\u9001\u306e\u62e0\u70b9\u3068\u306a\u308b\u7554\u5409\u6cb3\u5cb8\u304c\u6c5f\u6238\u4e2d\u671f\u306b\u958b\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5bfe\u5cb8\u306e\u51fa\u4e38\u4e2d\u90f7\u6751\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u7554\u5409\u306e\u6e21\u3057\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f[11]\u3002\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u306b\u306f\u5bfa\u98183\u77f3\u304c\u5bc4\u9032\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u30011591\u5e74\uff08\u5929\u6b6319\u5e74\uff0911\u6708\u306e\u300e\u5fb3\u5ddd\u5bb6\u5eb7\u5bfa\u9818\u5bc4\u9032\u72b6\u300f\u306b\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b[6]\u30021875\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb8\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u8fb2\u696d\u7523\u7269\u9ad8\u306f\u300e\u6b66\u8535\u56fd\u90e1\u6751\u8a8c\u300f\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u7c73115.5\u77f3\u3001\u5927\u9ea6348\u77f3\u3001\u5c0f\u9ea6105.4\u77f3\u3001\u5927\u8c46144\u77f3\u3001\u5c0f\u8c4625\u77f3\u3001\u681760\u77f3\u3001\u7518\u85f7152848\u65a4\u3001\u83dc\u7a2e60\u77f3\u3001\u88fd\u8336187\u8cab\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f[12]\u3002\u306f\u3058\u3081\u77e5\u884c\u306f\u65d7\u672c\u7267\u91ce\u5bb6\u30011633\u5e74\uff08\u5bdb\u6c3810\u5e74\uff09\u306f\u7acb\u85e9\u3055\u308c\u77f3\u6238\u85e9\u9818\u30011650\u5e74\uff08\u6176\u5b893\u5e74\uff09\u3088\u308a\u77e5\u884c\u306f\u65d7\u672c\u7267\u91ce\u5bb6\u4e00\u65cf\u306b\u5206\u5730\u30011701\u5e74\uff08\u5143\u798414\u5e74\uff09\u306f\u6751\u5185\u3092\u4e8c\u5206\u3057\u3066\u65d7\u672c\u7267\u91ce2\u5bb6\u306b\u3088\u308b\u76f8\u7d66\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u691c\u5730\u306f1620\u5e74\uff08\u5143\u548c6\u5e74\uff09\u30011667\u5e74\uff08\u5bdb\u65877\u5e74\uff09\u30011677\u5e74\uff08\u5ef6\u5b9d5\u5e74\uff09\u30011653\u5e74\uff08\u627f\u5fdc2\u5e74\uff09\u30011715\u5e74\uff08\u6b63\u5fb35\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u5b9f\u65bd[6]\u30021726\u5e74\uff08\u4eab\u4fdd11\u5e74\uff09\u3088\u308a\u5e55\u5e9c\u9818\u3068\u306a\u308b[6][13]\u3002\u306a\u304a\u30011723\u5e74\uff08\u4eab\u4fdd8\u5e74\uff09\u30011733\u5e74\uff08\u4eab\u4fdd18\u5e74\uff09\u30011750\u5e74\uff08\u5bdb\u5ef62\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u65b0\u7530\u691c\u5730\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd[6]\u3002\u5e55\u672b\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306f\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u9818\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5e55\u5e9c\u9818\uff08\u4ee3\u5b98\u652f\u914d\u5730\uff09[13][14]\u30021868\u5e74\uff08\u6176\u5fdc4\u5e74\uff096\u670819\u65e5 – \u6b66\u8535\u77e5\u770c\u4e8b\u30fb\u5c71\u7530\u653f\u5247\uff08\u5fcd\u85e9\u58eb\uff09\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u3068\u306a\u308b\u30021869\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb2\u5e74\uff091871\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb4\u5e74\uff0911\u670813\u65e5 – \u7b2c1\u6b21\u5e9c\u770c\u7d71\u5408\u306b\u3088\u308a\u57fc\u7389\u770c\u306e\u7ba1\u8f44\u3068\u306a\u308b\u30021872\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb5\u5e74\uff093\u6708 – \u5927\u533a\u5c0f\u533a\u5236\u65bd\u884c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u7b2c19\u533a\u306b\u5c5e\u3059[15][16]\u30021873\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb6\u5e74\uff09 – \u5730\u5185\u306e\u5341\u8f2a\u5bfa\uff08\u5929\u53f0\u5b97\u3001\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u672b\uff09\u304c\u5ec3\u5bfa\u3068\u306a\u308b[17]\u30021879\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb12\u5e74\uff093\u670817\u65e5 – \u90e1\u533a\u753a\u6751\u7de8\u5236\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u5317\u8db3\u7acb\u90e1\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u3002\u90e1\u5f79\u6240\u306f\u6d66\u548c\u5bbf\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e\u30021882\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb15\u5e74\uff09 – \u6539\u6b63\u6559\u80b2\u4ee4\uff08\u7b2c2\u6b21\u6559\u80b2\u4ee4\uff09\u304c\u516c\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u3001\u65e7\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u306b\u6a58\u5b66\u6821\u3092\u958b\u8a2d\u3059\u308b[18]\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e\u306e\u672c\u6bbf\u3092\u518d\u5efa\u3059\u308b[19]\u30021884\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb17\u5e74\uff097\u670814\u65e5 – \u9023\u5408\u6238\u9577\u5f79\u5834\u5236\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u5c0f\u6cc9\u6751\u9023\u5408\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u3002\u9023\u5408\u6238\u9577\u5f79\u5834\u306f\u5c0f\u6cc9\u6751\u306b\u8a2d\u7f6e[20]\u30021886\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb19\u5e74\uff094\u67081\u65e5 – \u6a58\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u9752\u91cc\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u4e2d\u5206\u6751 \u6771\u6804\u5bfa\uff09\u4f0a\u5948\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u6c96\u30ce\u4e0a\u6751 \u65e7\u85ac\u738b\u5bfa\uff09\u304c\u6539\u5ec3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u53e4\u6cc9\u5b66\u6821\uff08\u73fe\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u304c\u5275\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e00\u6821\u820e\u3092\u5730\u5185\u306e\u65e7\u6a58\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u958b\u8a2d\u3059\u308b[21][18][22]\u3002\u5b66\u533a\u306f\u6a58\u5b66\u6821\u3092\u7d99\u627f\u30021887\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb20\u5e74\uff094\u67087\u65e5 – \u53e4\u6cc9\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6821\u820e\u304c\u3001\u7b2c\u4e8c\u30fb\u7b2c\u4e09\u6821\u820e\u3068\u5171\u306b\u73fe\u5728\u5730\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5c0f\u6cc9\u6751\u4e0a\u8c37937\u756a\u5730\u306e\u65e7\u540d\u4e3b\u306e\u6c11\u5bb6\u3092\u8cfc\u5165\u3057\u3001\u6539\u4fee\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3061\u306b\u79fb\u8ee2\u3055\u308c\u308b[18][23]\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u6821\u820e\u306f\u53e4\u6cc9\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u5206\u6559\u5834\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u7528\u3092\u7d99\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u30021889\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb22\u5e74\uff094\u67081\u65e5 – \u753a\u6751\u5236\u65bd\u884c\u306b\u4f34\u3044\u3001\u7554\u5409\u6751\u30fb\u4e2d\u5206\u6751\u30fb\u5c0f\u6cc9\u6751\u30fb\u77f3\u6238\u9818\u9818\u5bb6\u6751\u30fb\u85e4\u6ce2\u6751\u30fb\u5c0f\u6577\u8c37\u6751\u30fb\u6c96\u30ce\u4e0a\u6751\u30fb\u5f01\u8ca1\u6751\u30fb\u4e2d\u59bb\u6751\u30fb\u4e95\u6238\u6728\u6751\u304c\u5408\u4f75\u3057\u3001\u5927\u77f3\u6751\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5927\u77f3\u6751\u306e\u5927\u5b57\u7554\u5409\u3068\u306a\u308b[6]\u30021900\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb33\u5e74\uff09 – \u5e73\u65b9\u3068\u306e\u5883\u306b\u8352\u5ddd\u306e\u516b\u585a\u5824\u9632\u304c\u7bc9\u304b\u308c\u308b[24]\u30021903\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb36\u5e74\uff09 – 9\u670823\u65e5\u304a\u3088\u307310\u67082\u65e5\u306e\u6c34\u5bb3\u3067\u5730\u5185\u306e\u8352\u5ddd\u6d41\u57df\u3067\u516b\u585a\u5824\u9632\u304c\u640d\u58ca\u3059\u308b[25]\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u540c\u5e74\u516b\u585a\u5824\u9632\u30924\u5c3a\u5d69\u4e0a\u3052\u3059\u308b\u5de5\u4e8b\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u7533\u66f8\u304c7\u670820\u65e5\u306b\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f[24]\u30021907\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb40\u5e74\uff099\u670818\u65e5 – \u5730\u5185\u306e\u8352\u5ddd\u6d41\u57df\u3067\u5824\u9632\u304c\u6c7a\u58ca\u3057\u3001\u6d2a\u6c34\u88ab\u5bb3\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3001\u5824\u9632\u306e\u5fa9\u65e7\u306f\u7fcc\u5e743\u6708\u4e0b\u65ec[\u6ce8\u91c8 1]\u307e\u3067\u8981\u3057\u305f[25]\u30021910\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb43\u5e74\uff098\u670812\u65e5 – \u5730\u5185\u306e\u8352\u5ddd\u6d41\u57df\u3067\u516b\u585a\u5824\u9632\u304c\u6c7a\u58ca\uff081907\u5e74\u306e\u6c7a\u58ca\u5730\u70b9\u3068\u540c\u3058\u5834\u6240\uff09\u3059\u308b[26]\u30021923\u5e74\uff08\u5927\u6b6312\u5e74\uff099\u67081\u65e5 – \u95a2\u6771\u5927\u9707\u707d\u304c\u767a\u751f\u3001\u5730\u5185\u3067\u306f\u516b\u585a\u5824\u9632\u306b\u591a\u6570\u306e\u4e80\u88c2\u304c\u5165\u308a\u3001\u516b\u585a\u6a0b\u7ba1\u304c\u640d\u50b7\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3069\u306e\u88ab\u5bb3\u304c\u51fa\u308b[27]\u30021941\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c16\u5e74\uff097\u670822\u65e5 – \u8352\u5ddd\u306e\u6d2a\u6c34[25]\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6d41\u8239\u306e\u305f\u3081\u7554\u5409\u306e\u6e21\u3057\u304c\u4f11\u6b62\u3055\u308c[11]\u3001\u4f11\u6b62\u306e\u307e\u307e\u5ec3\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30021945\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c20\u5e74\uff094\u6708 – \u521d\u65ec\u3054\u308d\u98db\u6765\u3057\u305fB-29\u304c\u6295\u4e0b\u3057\u305f\u5c0f\u578b\u7206\u5f3e\u5341\u6570\u767a\u304c\u5730\u5185\u306e\u6851\u7551\u306b\u7740\u5f3e\u3001\u9577\u3055\u304a\u3088\u305d200\u30e1\u30fc\u30c8\u30eb\u306b\u6e21\u308a\u3059\u308a\u9262\u72b6\u306e\u5927\u7a74\u3092\u8907\u6570\u7a7a\u3051\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4eba\u7684\u88ab\u5bb3\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3088\u308a\u76f4\u63a5\u88ab\u5bb3\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3067\u3042\u308b[28]\u30021955\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c30\u5e74\uff091\u67081\u65e5 – \u753a\u6751\u5408\u4f75\u4fc3\u9032\u6cd5\u306e\u65bd\u884c\u306b\u4f34\u3044\u3001\u5927\u77f3\u6751\u304c\u4e0a\u5c3e\u753a\u30fb\u5e73\u65b9\u753a\u30fb\u539f\u5e02\u753a\u30fb\u4e0a\u5e73\u6751\u30fb\u5927\u8c37\u6751\u3068\u5408\u4f75\u3057\u3001\u4e0a\u5c3e\u753a\u304c\u6539\u3081\u3066\u6210\u7acb\u3059\u308b[29]\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u753a\u306e\u5927\u5b57\u3068\u306a\u308b\u30021958\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c33\u5e74\uff097\u670815\u65e5 – \u4e0a\u5c3e\u753a\u304c\u5e02\u5236\u65bd\u884c\u3057\u3066\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u306e\u5927\u5b57\u3068\u306a\u308b[29]\u30021967\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c42\u5e74\uff095\u67081\u65e5 – \u300c\u3082\u3061\u306e\u6728\u300d\u304c\u5e02\u306e\u5929\u7136\u8a18\u5ff5\u7269\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u30021973\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c48\u5e74\uff093\u67089\u65e5 – \u300c\u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa\u306e\u5927\u30ab\u30e4\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6696\u5e2f\u6797\u300d\u304c\u57fc\u7389\u770c\u306e\u5929\u7136\u8a18\u5ff5\u7269\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b[30]\u30021974\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c49\u5e74\uff093\u67081\u65e5 – \u5730\u5185\u306b\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5357\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u304c\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u6821\u5730\u5185\u304b\u3089\u79fb\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u958b\u6821\u3059\u308b[31]\u30021978\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c53\u5e74\uff093\u67081\u65e5 – \u300c\u7554\u5409\u3055\u3055\u3089\u7345\u5b50\u821e\u300d\u304c\u5e02\u306e\u7121\u5f62\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b[32]\u30024\u6708 – \u5730\u5185\u306b\u4e8c\u3064\u76ee\u306e\u540c\u548c\u5bfe\u7b56\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240[\u6ce8\u91c8 2]\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u7554\u5409\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240\u300d\u304c\u958b\u6240\u3059\u308b[33][34]\uff08\u7740\u5de51977\u5e7410\u670817\u65e5\u3001\u843d\u62101978\u5e743\u670825\u65e5\u3001\u5de5\u8cbb6374\u4e07\u5186\uff09\u30021982\u5e74\uff08\u662d\u548c57\u5e74\uff094\u6708 – \u5730\u5185\u306b\u7554\u5409\u4fdd\u80b2\u6240\u304c\u958b\u6240\u3059\u308b[33]\u30021991\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u62103\u5e74\uff0912\u67081\u65e5 – \u300c\u7554\u5409\u306e\u4e07\u4f5c\u8e0a\u308a\u300d\u304c\u5e02\u306e\u7121\u5f62\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b[35]\u30021999\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u621011\u5e74\uff0911\u67085\u65e5 – \u4e0a\u5c3e\u4e38\u5c71\u516c\u5712\u3092\u62e1\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\u7fd2\u9928\u304c\u30aa\u30fc\u30d7\u30f3\u3059\u308b[36]\u30022003\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u621015\u5e74\uff093\u670828\u65e5 – \u5730\u5185\u306e\u300c\u6bbf\u5c71\u53e4\u58b3\u300d\u304c\u5e02\u306e\u53f2\u8de1\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b[37]\u30022008\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u621020\u5e74\uff09 – \u5730\u5185\u306b\u300c\u3042\u305c\u3088\u3057\u516c\u5712\u300d\u304c\u540c\u5e74\u5ea6\u307e\u3067\u306b\u6574\u5099\u3055\u308c\u308b[38]\u30022012\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u621024\u5e74\uff093\u670822\u65e5 – \u300c\u7554\u5409\u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e\u5927\u5c71\u77f3\u706f\u7c60\u300d\u304c\u5e02\u306e\u6709\u5f62\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u306b\u6307\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b[39]\u30022016\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u621028\u5e74\uff094\u670829\u65e5 – \u5730\u533a\u5185\u306b\u4e0a\u5c3e\u9053\u8def\u304c\u958b\u901a\u3059\u308b\uff08\u7247\u50741\u8eca\u7dda\u306e\u66ab\u5b9a\u958b\u901a\uff09[40]\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u4e0a\u5c3e\u9053\u8def\u306b\u300c\u7554\u5409\u3055\u3055\u3089\u6a4b\u300d\u3068\u79f0\u3059\u308b\u6a2a\u65ad\u6b69\u9053\u6a4b\u304c\u67b6\u304b\u308a\u3001\u6a4b\u540d\u306f\u7554\u5409\u5730\u533a\u306e\u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e\u3067\u884c\u308f\u308c\u308b\u796d\u4e8b\u306e\u300c\u7554\u5409\u3055\u3055\u3089\u7345\u5b50\u821e\u300d\u306b\u56e0\u3093\u3067\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f[41]Table of Contents\u4e16\u5e2f\u6570\u3068\u4eba\u53e3[\u7de8\u96c6]\u5c0f\u30fb\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u5b66\u533a[\u7de8\u96c6]\u9053\u8def[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30d0\u30b9[\u7de8\u96c6]\u5bfa\u793e\u30fb\u53f2\u8de1[\u7de8\u96c6]\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u7269[\u7de8\u96c6]\u51fa\u8eab\u8005[\u7de8\u96c6]\u6ce8\u91c8[\u7de8\u96c6]\u51fa\u5178[\u7de8\u96c6]\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[\u7de8\u96c6]\u4e16\u5e2f\u6570\u3068\u4eba\u53e3[\u7de8\u96c6]2017\u5e74\uff08\u5e73\u621029\u5e74\uff0910\u67081\u65e5\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u4e16\u5e2f\u6570\u3068\u4eba\u53e3\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b[2]\u3002\u5c0f\u30fb\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u5b66\u533a[\u7de8\u96c6]\u5e02\u7acb\u5c0f\u30fb\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u306b\u901a\u3046\u5834\u5408\u3001\u5b66\u533a\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3068\u306a\u308b[42]\u3002  \u5730\u5185\u306b\u9244\u9053\u306f\u6577\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002JR\u6771\u65e5\u672c\u9ad8\u5d0e\u7dda\u4e0a\u5c3e\u99c5\u304b\u3089\u306f4\u30ad\u30ed\u307b\u3069\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e0b\u8a18\u306e\u8def\u7dda\u30d0\u30b9\u304c\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u4ea4\u901a\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u9053\u8def[\u7de8\u96c6]\u56fd\u905317\u53f7\uff08\u4e0a\u5c3e\u9053\u8def\uff09 – \u66ab\u5b9a\u958b\u901a\u99d2\u6a4b\u901a\u308a – \u6771\u6b66\u30d0\u30b9\u8eca\u5eab\u524d\u4ea4\u5dee\u70b9\u3088\u308a\u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e\uff08\u897f\uff09\u4ea4\u5dee\u70b9\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u901a\u308a\u3002\u6cbf\u9053\u306b\u9053\u6a19\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ef2\u9053\u901a\u308a – \u5de5\u696d\u56e3\u5730\u5165\u53e3\u4ea4\u5dee\u70b9\u3088\u308a\u5357\u5317\u65b9\u5411\u306e\u901a\u308a\u3002\u6cbf\u9053\u306b\u9053\u6a19\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u30b5\u30a4\u30af\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u30b3\u30fc\u30b9 – \u8352\u5ddd\u5de6\u5cb8\u6cbf\u3044\u3092\u901a\u308b\u6b69\u884c\u8005\u81ea\u8ee2\u8eca\u9053\u3002\u30d0\u30b9[\u7de8\u96c6]\u4e0a\u5c3e\u99c5\u897f\u53e3\u99c5\u524d\u3088\u308a\u897f\u4e0a\u5c3e\u7b2c\u4e00\u56e3\u5730\u65b9\u9762\u3092\u7d4c\u7531\u3059\u308b\u8def\u7dda\u30d0\u30b9\u304c\u904b\u884c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6771\u6b66\u30d0\u30b9\u30a6\u30a8\u30b9\u30c8\u4e0a\u5c3e\u55b6\u696d\u6240[43]\u5730\u533a\u5185\u306f\u300c\u96c6\u8377\u5834\u300d\u3001\u300c\u516c\u6c11\u9928\u5165\u53e3\u300d\u3001\u300c\u96f2\u96c0\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7554\u5409\u300d\u3001\u300c\u524d\u539f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u897f\u901a\u308a\u300d\u505c\u7559\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u30d0\u30b9\u300c\u3050\u308b\u3063\u3068\u304f\u3093\u300d[44]\u5927\u77f3\u9818\u5bb6\u5317\u4e0a\u5c3e\u7dda\u5e73\u65b9\u4e38\u5c71\u516c\u5712\u7dda\u5730\u533a\u5185\u306f\u300c\u7554\u5409\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240\u524d\u300d\u3001\u300c\u672c\u6751\u300d\u3001\u300c\u96f2\u96c0\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7554\u5409\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7554\u5409\u65b0\u7530\u300d\u3001\u300c\u4e38\u5c71\u516c\u5712\u897f\u300d\u3001\u300c\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\u7fd2\u9928\u300d\u505c\u7559\u6240\u304c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7554\u5409\u3055\u3055\u3089\u7345\u5b50\u821e[32]\u7554\u5409\u306e\u4e07\u4f5c\u8e0a\u308a[35]\u5bfa\u793e\u30fb\u53f2\u8de1[\u7de8\u96c6]\u65e7\u5927\u77f3\u6751\u3067\u6751\u5185\u306b\u3042\u308b\u795e\u793e\u306e\u5408\u7940\u304c1907\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb40\u5e74\uff09\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u7554\u5409\u5730\u533a\u306f\u5408\u7940\u5bfe\u8c61\u304b\u3089\u5916\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b[45]\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u5408\u7940\u5148\u306f\u5c0f\u6cc9\u306e\u6c37\u5ddd\u795e\u793e\u3067\u3001\u5408\u7940\u5f8c\u306f\u516b\u5408\u795e\u793e\u306b\u6539\u79f0\u3055\u308c\u305f[46]\u3002\u5929\u53f0\u5b97 \u5fb3\u661f\u5bfa – \u5f18\u4ec1\u5e74\u9593\uff08810\u5e74\u301c824\u5e74\uff09\u958b\u57fa\u3002\u5927\u30ab\u30e4\u304a\u3088\u3073\u6696\u5e2f\u6797\uff08\u770c\u6307\u5b9a\u5929\u7136\u8a18\u5ff5\u7269\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b[47]\u3002\u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e[48] – \u5e73\u65b9\u516b\u679d\u795e\u793e\u306e\u517c\u52d9\u793e[19]\u3002\u5883\u5185\u306b\u5e02\u6307\u5b9a\u6709\u5f62\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u306e\u300c\u7554\u5409\u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e\u5927\u5c71\u77f3\u706f\u7c60\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308a[39]\u3001\u300c\u611b\u5b95\u793e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7a32\u8377\u793e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u516b\u5e61\u793e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6c34\u795e\u793e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u7434\u5e73\u793e\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5f01\u8ca1\u793e\u300d\u304c\u93ae\u5ea7\u3059\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5e02\u6307\u5b9a\u7121\u5f62\u6c11\u4fd7\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u306e\u300c\u7554\u5409\u3055\u3055\u3089\u7345\u5b50\u821e\u300d\u304c\u5883\u5185\u3067\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u308b[32]\u3002\u6bbf\u5c71\u53e4\u58b3 – \u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u3067\u58b3\u4e18\u304c\u73fe\u5b58\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u53e4\u58b3[49][\u6ce8\u91c8 3]\u3002\u698e\u672c\u7267\u5834\u306e\u79c1\u6709\u5730\u306b\u6240\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u571f\u54c1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u77f3\u5668\u306f\u770c\u6307\u5b9a\u6709\u5f62\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\uff082000\u5e743\u670817\u65e5\u6307\u5b9a\uff09[50]\u3002\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u306f\uff08\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5357\u4e2d\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u897f\u65b9\u7d041\u00a0km\uff09\u6c5f\u5ddd\u5c71\u53e4\u58b3\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304c\u30011897\u5e74\uff08\u660e\u6cbb30\u5e74\uff09\u3054\u308d\u958b\u58be\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6d88\u6ec5\u3057\u305f[51]\u3002\u53e4\u58b3\u306e\u8de1\u5730\u306b\u53e4\u58b3\u51fa\u571f\u9285\u93e1\u306e\u6a19\u67f1\u3068\u6848\u5185\u677f\u304c\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7554\u5409\u6771\u90e8\u5171\u540c\u5893\u5730 – \u5927\u5b57\u7554\u54091166\u756a\u5730\u306b\u6240\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5e02\u6307\u5b9a\u6587\u5316\u8ca1\u306e\u300c\u5730\u8535\u50cf\u677f\u77f3\u5854\u5a46\u300d\u3084\u300c\u6728\u9020\u963f\u5f25\u9640\u5982\u6765\u7acb\u50cf\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b[37]\u3002\u3082\u3061\u306e\u6728 – \u5e02\u6307\u5b9a\u5929\u7136\u8a18\u5ff5\u7269\u3002\u5927\u5b57\u7554\u5409654\u756a\u5730\uff08\u79c1\u6709\u5730\uff09\u306b\u6240\u5728\u3059\u308b[52]\u3002\u7554\u5409\u6cb3\u5cb8\u8de1[11]\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5357\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u7554\u5409\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240\uff08\u540c\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240[53][34]\uff09\u5e02\u7acb\u7554\u5409\u4fdd\u80b2\u6240\u4e0a\u5c3e\u4e38\u5c71\u516c\u5712\uff08\u897f\u5074\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\uff09\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\u7fd2\u9928\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u81ea\u7136\u5b66\u7fd2\u9928\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5929\u6587\u53f0\u30d0\u30fc\u30d9\u30ad\u30e5\u30fc\u5834\u3042\u305c\u3088\u3057\u516c\u5712 – \u5927\u77f3\u5357\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u897f\u5074\u306b\u6240\u5728\u3059\u308b\u8857\u533a\u516c\u5712\u3002\u7554\u5409\u6771\u90e8\u3060\u3093\u3089\u3093\u306e\u5bb6[7]\uff08\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240\uff09 – \u7554\u5409\u6771\u90e8\u5171\u540c\u5893\u5730\u306e\u6577\u5730\u5185\u306b\u6240\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5927\u77f3\u8fb2\u6c11\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc – \u8acf\u8a2a\u795e\u793e\u5883\u5185\u306b\u7acb\u5730\u7279\u5225\u990a\u8b77\u8001\u4eba\u30db\u30fc\u30e0 \u4e0a\u5c3e\u307b\u307b\u3048\u307f\u306e\u675c\u698e\u672c\u7267\u5834 – \u89b3\u5149\u7267\u5834[54][55]\u6bbf\u5c71\u8056\u5730\u5893\u82d1\u672c\u6751\u6a0b\u7ba1[8]\u95a2\u4fc2\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u7269[\u7de8\u96c6]  \u51fa\u8eab\u8005[\u7de8\u96c6]\u65b0\u85e4\u6176\u4e4b\u52a9 – \u9023\u5408\u6238\u9577\u3001\u521d\u4ee3\u5927\u77f3\u6751\u6751\u9577[56]\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u516b\u585a\u5824\u9632\u306e\u5efa\u8a2d\u4e8b\u696d\u306b\u3082\u5927\u304d\u304f\u95a2\u308f\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6ce8\u91c8[\u7de8\u96c6]^ 1908\u5e743\u670826\u65e5\u306b\u5cf6\u7530\u77e5\u4e8b\u5b9b\u306b\u5de5\u4e8b\u304c\u7ae3\u5de5\u3057\u305f\u65e8\u306e\u5831\u544a\u304c\u63d0\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b[25]\u3002^ \u4e00\u3064\u76ee\u306f\u539f\u5e02\u306b\u6240\u5728\u3059\u308b\u300c\u539f\u5e02\u96c6\u4f1a\u6240\u300d\u3002^ \u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u5927\u5b57\u9818\u5bb6\u306b\u300c\u9818\u5bb6\u30fb\u516b\u5e61\u5bae\u53e4\u58b3\u300d\uff08\u770c\u907a\u8de1\u756a\u53f7\uff1a14-423[7]\uff09\u3068\u79f0\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53e4\u58b3\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u585a\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u51fa\u5178[\u7de8\u96c6]\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[\u7de8\u96c6]\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u30fb\u7de8\u300e\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u53f2 \u7b2c\u56db\u5dfb \u8cc7\u6599\u7de84\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u30fb\u73fe\u4ee31\u300f\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u5f79\u6240\u30011994\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u30fb\u7de8\u300e\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u53f2 \u7b2c\u4e94\u5dfb \u8cc7\u6599\u7de85\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u30fb\u73fe\u4ee32\u300f\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u5f79\u6240\u30011998\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u6559\u80b2\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u30fb\u7de8\u300e\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u53f2 \u7b2c\u516b\u5dfb \u5225\u7de81\u3001\u5730\u8a8c\u300f\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u5f79\u6240\u30011997\u5e743\u670831\u65e5\u3001431-484\u9801\u3002\u300c\u89d2\u5ddd\u65e5\u672c\u5730\u540d\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300d\u7de8\u7e82\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u300e\u89d2\u5ddd\u65e5\u672c\u5730\u540d\u5927\u8f9e\u5178 11 \u57fc\u7389\u770c\u300f\u89d2\u5ddd\u66f8\u5e97\u30011980\u5e747\u67088\u65e5\u3002ISBN\u00a04040011104\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u767e\u5e74\u53f2\u7de8\u96c6\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u30fb\u7de8\u300e\u4e0a\u5c3e\u767e\u5e74\u53f2\u300f\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u5f79\u6240\u30011972\u5e742\u670810\u65e5\u3002\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u958b\u6821\u767e\u5468\u5e74\u8a18\u5ff5\u884c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u884c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u30fb\u7de8\u300e\u5927\u77f3\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u958b\u6821\u767e\u5468\u5e74\u8a18\u5ff5\u8a8c \u6821\u53f2\u300f\u4e0a\u5c3e\u5e02\u7acb\u5927\u77f3\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u958b\u6821\u767e\u5468\u5e74\u8a18\u5ff5\u884c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u884c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\u30011986\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u3002\u300c\u7554\u5409\u6751\u300d\u300e\u65b0\u7de8\u6b66\u8535\u98a8\u571f\u8a18\u7a3f\u300f\u5dfb\u30ce151\u8db3\u7acb\u90e1\u30ce17\u3001\u5185\u52d9\u7701\u5730\u7406\u5c40\u30011884\u5e746\u6708\u3002NDLJP:764000\/18\u3002"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki2\/archives\/4836#breadcrumbitem","name":"\u7554\u5409 – Wikipedia"}}]}]