[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki21\/archives\/293382#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki21\/archives\/293382","headline":"\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u306e\u9023\u308c\u53bb\u308a – Wikipedia","name":"\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u306e\u9023\u308c\u53bb\u308a – Wikipedia","description":"\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u306e\u9023\u308c\u53bb\u308a(\u306b\u307b\u3093\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u3053\u304f\u3055\u3044\u3066\u304d\u306a\u3053\u306e\u3064\u308c\u3055\u308a)\u3068\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3068\u8af8\u5916\u56fd\u306e\u9593\u306b\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6c11\u4e8b\u9818\u57df\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u554f\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002 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Table of Contents 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\u89aa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u62c9\u81f4[\u7de8\u96c6] \u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u62c9\u81f4\u306f\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u91d1\u92ad\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u8a98\u62d0\u3068\u540c\u5217\u306e\u91cd\u7f6a\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u89aa\u5b50\u72af\u7f6a\u6cd593\u6761\uff08International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act of 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Contents\u89aa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u62c9\u81f4[\u7de8\u96c6]\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u306e\u62c9\u81f4\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7d71\u8a08[\u7de8\u96c6]\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7dcf\u6570\u306e\u5897\u52a0[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30ab\u30ca\u30c0[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd[\u7de8\u96c6]\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u56fd[\u7de8\u96c6]\u56fd\u969b\u7d50\u5a5a\u3068\u56fd\u969b\u96e2\u5a5a[\u7de8\u96c6]\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u96e2\u5a5a\u3001\u9023\u308c\u53bb\u308a\u3001\u9762\u4f1a\u4ea4\u6d41[\u7de8\u96c6]\u6238\u7c4d\u5236\u5ea6[\u7de8\u96c6]\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u6761\u7d04[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30cf\u30fc\u30b0\u6761\u7d04[\u7de8\u96c6]\u7f72\u540d\u56fd\u306e\u52d5\u5411[\u7de8\u96c6]\u6279\u51c6\u307e\u3067\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u52d5\u5411[\u7de8\u96c6]\u6279\u51c6\u53cd\u5bfe\u8ad6[\u7de8\u96c6]\u7591\u308f\u3057\u3044\u8b70\u8ad6[\u7de8\u96c6]\u5150\u7ae5\u306e\u6a29\u5229\u6761\u7d04[\u7de8\u96c6]\u7b2c7\u6761\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7b2c8\u6761[\u7de8\u96c6]\u7b2c\uff19\u6761[\u7de8\u96c6]\u7b2c10\u6761[\u7de8\u96c6]\u7b2c11\u6761[\u7de8\u96c6]\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee[\u7de8\u96c6]\u89aa\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u62c9\u81f4[\u7de8\u96c6]\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u3069\u3082\u306e\u62c9\u81f4\u306f\u7b2c\u4e09\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u91d1\u92ad\u76ee\u7684\u306e\u8a98\u62d0\u3068\u540c\u5217\u306e\u91cd\u7f6a\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3002\u7c73\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u89aa\u5b50\u72af\u7f6a\u6cd593\u6761\uff08International Parental Kidnapping Crime Act of 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\u201chttp:\/\/amview.japan.usembassy.gov\/e\/amview-e20100122-85.html\u201d. American View.   United States Department of State (Winter 2010). 2011\u5e744\u670812\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Lamanna, Mary Ann; Anges Riedmann (2008). Marriages & families: making choices in a diverse society. Cengage Learning. p.\u00a0437. ISBN\u00a0978-0-495-39092-3. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=2t_8AwsBNfEC&pg=PA437&lpg=PA437&dq=detrimental+%22child+abduction%22&source=bl&ots=0-C32U65rl&sig=4tbmpVjg-Ty2SvGks4Yn_LiAIfQ&hl=en&ei=CKykTbO0IoK2sAOs3Kn6DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q&f=false 2011\u5e744\u670812\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cJapan signs and ratifies the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention\u201d. HCCH (2014\u5e741\u670824\u65e5). 2014\u5e741\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b Stars and Stripes. \u201cParents hope Japan\u2019s new leaders OK abduction treaty\u201d. 2009\u5e7410\u670812\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b c Justin McCurry (2008\u5e749\u670815\u65e5). \u201cFamily: Custody battle in Japan highlights loophole in child abduction cases\u201d. The Guardian (London). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2008\/sep\/15\/japan.childprotection 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Matsutani, Minoru, “Hague pact no answer to in-country custody fights“, Japan Times, 14 May 2010, p. 3.^ \u201cJapan votes to adopt child abduction treaty\u201d. BBC. (2013\u5e745\u670822\u65e5). http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-22620662 2013\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Geoff Newiss and Lauren Fairbrother (2004\u5e74). \u201cChild abduction: understanding police recorded crime statistics\u201d.   Home Office. 2009\u5e7410\u670828\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b Kyung Lah; Aaron Cooper; Saeed Ahmed; Carolina Sanchez (2009\u5e749\u670829\u65e5). \u201cAmerican jailed in Japan for trying to reclaim his children\u201d. CNN. http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2009\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/09\/29\/japan.father.abduction\/index.html 2009\u5e7410\u670823\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Our two nations approach divorce and child-rearing differently. Parental child abduction is not considered a crime in Japan.”\u00a0^ a b COLIN P. A. JONES (2009\u5e7410\u670820\u65e5). \u201cSigning Hague treaty no cure-all for parental abduction scourge\u201d. The Japan Times. http:\/\/search.japantimes.co.jp\/cgi-bin\/fl20091020zg.html 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “A few years ago a Japanese father was arrested for doing the same thing as Mr. Savoie\u00a0\u2014 grabbing his kids at their school.”\u00a0^ a b Mari Yamaguchi (2009\u5e7410\u67087\u65e5). \u201cDivorced fathers in Japan, cut off from kids, turning to courts to seek access, change system\u201d. http:\/\/news.gaeatimes.com\/divorced-fathers-in-japan-cut-off-from-kids-turning-to-courts-to-seek-access-change-system-189629\/ 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ a b Margaret Conley (2009\u5e7410\u670813\u65e5). \u201cParents Fight Losing Custody Battle in Japan\u201d. ABC. http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/International\/fighting-custody-abudcted-children-japan\/Story?id=8817579&page=1 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201c\u5224\u4f8b\u691c\u7d22\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff1e\u691c\u7d22\u7d50\u679c\u8a73\u7d30\u753b\u9762\u201d.   Supreme Court of Japan. 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Ito, Masami, “Returning to Japan with kids was only safe option, two mothers say“, Japan Times, 14 May 2010, p. 3.^ \u201cInternational Child Abductions: A Manual for Parents\u201d. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada.   Government of Canada (2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5). 2009\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cMany civil law countries\u00a0\u2013 in contrast with common law countries such as Canada (with the exception of the province of Quebec), Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom\u00a0\u2013 will not extradite their own nationals. Nearly all the countries of Latin America and Europe are civil law countries. Experience has shown that foreign governments are often unwilling to extradite anyone for parental child abduction.\u201d^ \u201c2002(A)No.805\u201d. 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cWhere a person of Dutch nationality, who has been living separately from his Japanese wife, forcibly takes his two-year and four-month-old daughter, who has been in the custody of his wife, from the hospital where she is staying, for the purpose of taking her away to the Netherlands, such an act of the Dutch person shall constitute an offense of kidnapping for the purpose of transporting the kidnapped person to a foreign country, and cannot be justified even if consideration is given to the fact that the Dutch person intended to take his daughter back to his home country as one of the persons having parental power over her.\u201d^ In the Best Interests of the Court: What American Lawyers Need to Know About Child Custody and Visitation in Japan”, Colin P.A. Jones “The crime in question was abduction or enticement for purpose of removing from Japan (\u56fd\u5916\u79fb\u9001\u76ee\u7684\u7565\u53d6\u53ca\u3073\u8a98\u62d0 kokugai iso mokuteki ryakushu oyobi yukai). KEIHO [PENAL CODE], art. 226. This provision of the Penal Code was amended in 2005 so that it covers kidnapping and abduction from any country not just Japan.” pg 258, Note, the author warns on page 169 of a possible bias in the paper due to the fact that the author has lost the custody of his children in Japanese court.\u201c\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b3\u30d4\u30fc\u201d. 2009\u5e747\u670831\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306e\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb[\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u5207\u308c]\u3088\u308a\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u30022010\u5e747\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cInternational child custody issues call for Japan to sign Hague Convention\u201d. http:\/\/mdn.mainichi.jp\/perspectives\/news\/20091024p2a00m0na003000c.html. “There are estimated to be nearly 200 cases of such disputes, including 50 with the United States, 36 with Canada and 35 each with France and Britain.”\u00a0^ United States State Department. \u201cInternational Parental Abduction\u00a0\u2014 Japan\u201d. 2007\u5e746\u67082\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306e\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u3088\u308a\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u30022007\u5e746\u670818\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b c Lou Robson (2007\u5e741\u67086\u65e5). \u201cWedding spelt the end\u201d. The Courier-Mail (Queensland Newspapers). http:\/\/www.news.com.au\/couriermail\/story\/0,23739,21022113-3102,00.html 2009\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cRemember the Children\u201d. 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cWood’s is just one of the 31 active cases of child custody and family distress that the Canadian Embassy is currently dealing with in Japan, a sharp increase from the 21 active cases a year earlier.\u201d^ Justin McCurry (2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5). \u201cSavoie’s choice: abduct or fight?\u201d. GlobalPost. http:\/\/www.globalpost.com\/dispatch\/japan\/091026\/child-abductions-japan 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cForeign Ministry sets up division on child custody issue\u201d. JapanToday (Kyodo News). (2009\u5e7412\u67082\u65e5). http:\/\/www.japantoday.com\/category\/national\/view\/foreign-ministry-sets-up-division-on-child-custody-issue 2009\u5e7412\u67083\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cInternational parental child abduction\u201d. Working with Japan.   Foreign & Commonwealth Office (2009\u5e74). 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Pidd, Helen (2009\u5e748\u67089\u65e5). \u201c500 children a year abducted from UK\u201d. The Guardian (London). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/aug\/09\/children-abduction-kidnapping-uk-data 2010\u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Almost 500 children were abducted from the UK and taken abroad illegally last year, according to figures released to the Guardian under the Freedom of Information Act. There were 336 cases of child abduction reported to authorities in the UK in 2008, an increase of 20% on 2005 figures. These cases involved an estimated 470 children last year. More children were taken illegally to Pakistan than any other country (30 cases in 2008), followed by the USA (23), Ireland (22) and Spain (21). Other abduction hotspots included Australia, France and Egypt.”\u00a0^ Pidd, Helen (2009\u5e748\u67089\u65e5). \u201c500 children a year abducted from UK\u201d. The Guardian (London). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/aug\/09\/children-abduction-kidnapping-uk-data 2010\u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Pidd, Helen (2009\u5e748\u67089\u65e5). \u201c500 children a year abducted from UK\u201d. The Guardian (London). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/aug\/09\/children-abduction-kidnapping-uk-data 2010\u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Akbar, Arifa (2003\u5e742\u67083\u65e5). \u201cFamily collusion ‘fuels child abduction in ethnic minorities’\u201d. The Independent (London). http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/crime\/family-collusion-fuels-child-abduction-in-ethnic-minorities-596489.html 2010\u5e745\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Parents of abducted children faced problems from their communities in the UK and from the abductor’s family members in their home countries, as they often colluded in abductions, they said. According to the Reunite International Child Abduction Centre, women from ethnic minorities do not take legal action because they are afraid of bringing dishonour to the family by disobeying their husbands. The centre said these children \u2013 who are taken back to the parents’ country of origin and often forced to marry \u2013 accounted for about 43 per cent of child abduction cases in 2001.”\u00a0^ Labi, Nadya (2009). \u201cThe Snatchback\u201d. The Atlantic (November). http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/doc\/200911\/labi-snatchback 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002.\u00a0^ a b \u201cSpirited Away: Japan Won’t Let Abducted Kids Go\u201d. ABC News. http:\/\/i.abcnews.com\/TheLaw\/Story?id=4342760&page=2\u00a0^ a b c Wayne Hunter (2008\u5e747\u67088\u65e5). \u201cConsigny, Jones & Tanase, “Children Lost in Japan”\u201d.   The Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan. 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b Agence France-Presse (2008\u5e747\u670814\u65e5). \u201cDivorced parents in Japan fight for rights\u201d. The Strait Times. http:\/\/www.asiaone.com\/News\/the%2BStraits%2BTimes\/Story\/A1Story20080714-76426.html 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ a b AFP (2008\u5e747\u670814\u65e5). \u201cFEATURE: Japan fails to safeguard parental rights on divorce\u201d. Taipei Times. http:\/\/www.taipeitimes.com\/News\/world\/archives\/2008\/07\/14\/2003417391 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ MINORU MATSUTANI (2009\u5e7410\u670810\u65e5). \u201cCustody laws force parents to extremes\u201d. The Japan Times. http:\/\/search.japantimes.co.jp\/cgi-bin\/nn20091010f1.html 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201c\u7b2c\uff12\u8868\u3000\u592b\u59bb\u306e\u56fd\u7c4d\u5225\u306b\u307f\u305f\u5a5a\u59fb\u4ef6\u6570\u306e\u5e74\u6b21\u63a8\u79fb\u201d.   \u539a\u751f\u52b4\u50cd\u7701. 2020\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201c\u4f4f\u6c11\u57fa\u672c\u53f0\u5e33\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u4eba\u53e3\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u52d5\u614b\u53ca\u3073\u4e16\u5e2f\u6570\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u201d.   \u7dcf\u52d9\u7701. 2020\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201c\u592b\u59bb\u306e\u56fd\u7c4d\u5225\u306b\u307f\u305f\u5e74\u6b21\u5225\u5a5a\u59fb\u4ef6\u6570\u201d.   \u7d71\u8a08\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc. 2020\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201c\u5e73\u621030\u5e74\uff082018\uff09\u4eba\u53e3\u52d5\u614b\u7d71\u8a08\uff08\u78ba\u5b9a\u6570\uff09\u306e\u6982\u6cc1\u201d.   \u539a\u751f\u52b4\u50cd\u7701. 2020\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201c\u592b\u59bb\u306e\u56fd\u7c4d\u5225\u306b\u307f\u305f\u5e74\u6b21\u5225\u96e2\u5a5a\u4ef6\u6570\u53ca\u3073\u767e\u5206\u7387\u201d.   \u7d71\u8a08\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc. 2020\u5e743\u670829\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cYearly trend of divorce according to nationality\u201d. Statistics.   Ministry of Health and labour. 2009\u5e7410\u670826\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cStatistics of divorce which involve custody\u201d. Statistics.   Japanese Ministry of Health and Labour. 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b Michael Hassett (2007\u5e748\u67087\u65e5). \u201cLosing custody: the odds\u201d. The Japan Times. http:\/\/search.japantimes.co.jp\/cgi-bin\/fl20070807z3.html 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ a b c Jeremy D. Morley. \u201cJapanese Family Law\u00a0\u2014 or The Lack Thereof!\u201d.   International Family Law. 2009\u5e7410\u670823\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cComparing Japanese and American Approaches to Parental Rights: A Comment on, and Appreciation of, the Work of Takao Tanase\u201d. 2015\u5e743\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ https:\/\/docs.google.com\/gview?a=v&q=cache:iQzSLQWpYsoJ:www.law.berkeley.edu\/centers\/ilr\/pub_sho_sato_2005\/ellman.pdf+Rights:+A+Comment+on,+and+Appreciation+of,+the+Work+of+Takao+Tanase&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi9k35Ll_iYrbbJ97zNN4T-d4sjIlHhv1r-zFfBqpw_C23LsnyRpx6uDqk6SWZRV7kcwtoorpYs7ekSqtBqQ4ZnD40ZhSRJCJ9-lG5t2RLMrc9wzVG60G9RGc0_TttJEoh6GJ9V&sig=AFQjCNGIrKdcmGhtBTHf8F5_MNNp2S6lXA^ Masami Ito (2010\u5e745\u670814\u65e5). \u201cCUSTODY OR ABDUCTION?: Experts divided on signing ‘parental kidnapping’ treaty\u201d. The Japan Times. http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/text\/nn20100514f1.html 2012\u5e7411\u670819\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cInternational Family Law Firm\u201d. 2015\u5e743\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cCivil Code(Part IV and Part V)\u201d. Japanese Law Translation.   Ministry of Justice, Japan (2009\u5e744\u67081\u65e5). 2009\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Tommy Thompson (2004\u5e743\u670826\u65e5). \u201cJapan Needs International Child Support Law\u201d. The International Herald Tribune\/Asahi Shimbun. http:\/\/www.international-divorce.com\/thompson.htm 2009\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Japanese law enforcement and social service agencies unfortunately seem unable to enforce custody and support orders\u00a0\u2014 even those laid down by their own courts, let alone from another country’s courts.”\u00a0^ Dyer, Clare (2003\u5e745\u670823\u65e5). \u201cContact ban for hated father\u201d. London: The Guardian Unlimited. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/uk_news\/story\/0,3604,961940,00.html 2007\u5e743\u670818\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Dyer, Clare (2005\u5e743\u67082\u65e5). \u201cFathers get raw deal on child access, say MPs\u201d. London: Guardian Unlimited. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/guardianpolitics\/story\/0,,1428230,00.html 2007\u5e743\u670818\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Collier, Richard; Sally Sheldon (2006\u5e7411\u67081\u65e5). \u201cUnfamiliar territory\u201d. London: The Guardian.  \u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u306e2008\u5e745\u670820\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3002. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080520124643\/http:\/\/society.guardian.co.uk\/children\/story\/0,,1935970,00.html 2007\u5e743\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Takehiko Kambayashi (2009\u5e7410\u670815\u65e5). \u201cReleased, American father still faces uphill child custody battle in Japan\u201d. Christian Science Monitor. http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/2009\/1015\/p06s11-woap.html 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “”After divorce, dual custody of children is not allowed here,” says Reichi Miyahara, the leader of fathers’ rights group, who supports single-parent families in Fukuoka. He adds that the nation’s family registry system, known as koseki, does not allow placement of a child on two people’s registry.”\u00a0^ \u201c\u56fd\u969b\u7d50\u5a5a\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u3067\u306e\u51fa\u751f\u7b49\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u6238\u7c4d\uff31\uff06\uff21 \u6e09\u5916\u6238\u7c4d\u306e\u30db\u30fc\u30e0\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u201d.   Ministry of Justice, Japan. 2009\u5e7410\u670827\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201c\u6238\u7c4d\u3068\u89aa\u6a29\u306f\u9023\u52d5\u3059\u308b\uff1f\u201d.   , Japan. 2010\u5e746\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Fuess, Harald (2004). Divorce in Japan: Family, Gender, and the State, 1600-2000. Stanford University Press. p.\u00a0105. ISBN\u00a09780804779173. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1AF56lWlKWEC&lpg=PA105&ots=YCTNkxMH-2&dq=uncontested%20divorce%20japan&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q=uncontested%20divorce%20japan&f=false 2013\u5e742\u670813\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Article 61 suggested a simple procedure for uncontested divorces: “Following mutual deliberations [soho jukudan] and approval by the go-between and relatives, the registration official [locho] should be notified of the divorce.””\u00a0^ \u6238\u7c4d\u6cd5\u65bd\u884c\u898f\u5247\u7b2c\u4e09\u5341\u4e94\u6761 \u3000\u6b21\u306e\u5404\u53f7\u306b\u63b2\u3052\u308b\u4e8b\u9805\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u5404\u53f7\u306b\u898f\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u8005\u306e\u8eab\u5206\u4e8b\u9805\u6b04\u306b\u3053\u308c\u3092\u8a18\u8f09\u3057\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e94 \u3000\u89aa\u6a29\u53c8\u306f\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u8005\u306e\u5f8c\u898b\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4e8b\u9805\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u672a\u6210\u5e74\u8005^ Civil Code of JapanArticle 766.\u3000If parents divorce by mutual consultation, the matter of who will have custody over a child and any other necessary matters regarding custody is determined by that consultation. If there the consultation does not reach agreement, or if there is no consultation, the family court shall determine custody.Article 819.\u3000If parents divorce by mutual consultation, they must determine in such consultation which parent shall have parental rights.(2)\u3000In the case of a judicial divorce, the court determines which parent shall have parental rights.^ Civil Code of JapanArticle 840. If there is no one to become a guardian of a minor pursuant to the provisions of the preceding article, the family court shall appoint a guardian of a minor on the application of a minor ward or his\/her relative, or other interested person. This shall also apply in a case where any vacancy in the position of a guardian of a minor occurs.^ Hague Conference (2010\u5e749\u67085\u65e5). \u201cStatus Table\u201d. CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION.   Hague Conference on International Law (HHCH). 2010\u5e749\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Arifa Akbar (2003\u5e742\u67083\u65e5). \u201cFamily collusion ‘fuels child abduction in ethnic minorities’\u201d. The Independent (London). http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/uk\/crime\/family-collusion-fuels-child-abduction-in-ethnic-minorities-596489.html 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Most non-European countries do not adhere to the Hague Convention, an international agreement that obliges sovereign states to return abducted children to the country of habitual residence.”\u00a0^ Joshua Williams (2009\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5). \u201cJapan needs two years before signing Hague Convention\u201d. Examiner (Clarity Digital Group LLC). http:\/\/crnjapan.net\/The_Japan_Childrens_Rights_Network\/itn-nd2yr.html 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Japan is the only country in the G7 that has not signed the agreement”\u00a0^ “Meanwhile, because the Hague is not retroactive, parents like Navy Cmdr. Paul Toland are also pushing U.S. and Japanese officials to devise a task force to help resolve the approximately 80 open cases involving more than 100 Japanese-American children documented by the State Department.” [1]^ \u201cFull Text\u201d. CONVENTION ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION.   Hague Conference on International Law (HHCH) (1980\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5). 2009\u5e7410\u670826\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b \u201cJapan remains safe haven for parental abductions\u201d. http:\/\/search.japantimes.co.jp\/cgi-bin\/nn20051231f1.html 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “He observed that it was probably not necessary for Japan to join the Hague Convention when it took effect in 1980 because of the low number of international marriages at the time.”\u00a0^ \u201cThink of the Children\u201d. 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cAt a recent conference on child abduction held at the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo, a spokesman said the Ministry wasn\u2019t opposed to the convention, but that \u201cat present there is not enough support from Japanese nationals.”\u201d^ \u201cJapan inches toward signing Hague treaty on child abductions\u201d. Japan Today. http:\/\/www.japantoday.com\/category\/commentary\/view\/japan-inches-toward-signing-hague-treaty-on-child-abductions 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cJapan to sign Hague Treaty on Kids\u201d (2008\u5e745\u670826\u65e5). 2009\u5e7410\u670823\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cYukio Hatoyama\u00a0\u2014 The Interview\u201d. Japan Times Herald.   Blogger. 2009\u5e747\u670826\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306e\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u3088\u308a\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u30022009\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Ito, Masami, “Few options for left-behind parents even if Hague OK’d“, Japan Times, 29 December 2011, p. 3.^ a b \u201cFollowing the Symposium on International Parental Child Abduction\u201d (2009\u5e745\u670821\u65e5). 2009\u5e7410\u670831\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Mari Yamaguchi (2009\u5e7410\u670816\u65e5). \u201cJapan urged to solve global child custody disputes\u201d. The Associated Press. https:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5i1wNIMvNzJOj4tJ3S-nfVaZ6lCGAD9BC98SG0 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “Tokyo has argued that signing the convention may not protect Japanese women and their children from abusive foreign husbands, but Foreign Minister Katsuya Okada told reporters Friday that Japan is considering signing the convention.”\u00a0^ Charlie Reed (2009\u5e748\u67084\u65e5). \u201cOverseas custody rights: American parents struggle to reunite with children in Japan\u201d. Stars and Stripes. http:\/\/www.stripes.com\/article.asp?section=104&article=64003 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cThink of the Children\u201d. 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cArrest of American accused of abducting own kids raises diplomatic concerns\u201d.  \u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u306e2009\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3002. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091018092046\/http:\/\/mdn.mainichi.jp\/mdnnews\/news\/20091013p2a00m0na027000c.html 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “”The Japanese government’s position is ‘not interfering in civil affairs,’ a representative of the ministry’s International Legal Affairs Division said.”\u00a0^ \u201cThink of the Children\u201d. 2017\u5e746\u670819\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cAt a recent conference on child abduction held at the Canadian Embassy in Tokyo, a spokesman said the Ministry wasn\u2019t opposed to the convention, but that \u201cat present there is not enough support from Japanese nationals.”\u201d^ \u201cArrest of American accused of abducting own kids raises diplomatic concerns\u201d.  \u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u306e2009\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3002. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091018092046\/http:\/\/mdn.mainichi.jp\/mdnnews\/news\/20091013p2a00m0na027000c.html 2017\u5e742\u670814\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “”The Japanese government’s position is ‘not interfering in civil affairs,’ a representative of the ministry’s International Legal Affairs Division said.”\u00a0^ \u201cGovt unlikely to sign child custody pact for 2 years\u201d. http:\/\/www.yomiuri.co.jp\/dy\/national\/20091019TDY01301.htm. “In the wake of an increasing number of such cases, the government intends to speed efforts to sign the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. However, relevant legislative measures are unlikely to be submitted to the Diet until 2011 at the earliest, according to the sources.”\u00a0^ \u201c\u56fd\u969b\u7d50\u5a5a\u306e\u7d1b\u4e89\u89e3\u6c7a\u6761\u7d04\u3001\u56fd\u5185\u6cd5\u6574\u5099\u306b\uff12\u5e74\u5fc5\u8981\u201d. Yomiuri Online (The Yomiuri Shimbun). (2009\u5e7410\u670818\u65e5). http:\/\/www.yomiuri.co.jp\/politics\/news\/20091017-OYT1T01224.htm 2009\u5e7410\u670823\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7. “\u4e2d\u592e\u5f53\u5c40\u3092\u8a2d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u56fd\u5bb6\u884c\u653f\u7d44\u7e54\u6cd5\u6539\u6b63\u3084\u3001\u88c1\u5224\u6240\u304c\u8fd4\u9084\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306e\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u7279\u5225\u6cd5\u306e\u5236\u5b9a\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6cd5\u52d9\u7701\u304c\u6cd5\u5236\u5be9\u8b70\u4f1a\uff08\u6cd5\u76f8\u306e\u8aee\u554f\u6a5f\u95a2\uff09\u306b\u8aee\u554f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5be9\u8b70\u306b\u300c1\u5e74\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u300d\uff08\u540c\u7701\u5e79\u90e8\uff09\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u6761\u7d04\u7de0\u7d50\u306e\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u95a2\u9023\u6cd5\u6848\u63d0\u51fa\u306f\u65e9\u304f\u3066\u308211\u5e74\u306e\u901a\u5e38\u56fd\u4f1a\u3001\u56fd\u4f1a\u627f\u8a8d\u308211\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3068\u306a\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002which via babelfish translates to: When it assumes that enactment of new special law because national administrative organization method amendment and the courthouse where the central authorities are installed make return order is necessary Ministry of Justice inquires laws conference (the advisory organ of legal phase), \u201c1 years (the same economical staff) with become necessary\u201d in deliberation. Because of this, as for related bill submitting which becomes prerequisite of the treaty conclusion being quick, ordinary diet session of 11 years, the possibility also the National Diet approval being after 11 has increased.”\u00a0[\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u5207\u308c]^ \u201cJoint Press Statement by the Ambassadors and Representatives of Australia, Canada, Colombia, the European Union, France, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America\u201d. Australian Embassy, Tokyo.   Commonwealth of Australia (2011\u5e742\u67089\u65e5). 2011\u5e743\u670810\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Charlie Reed; Chiyomi Sumida (2011\u5e742\u670825\u65e5). \u201cCongressman continues to push Japan to sign child abduction treaty\u201d. Stars and Stripes. http:\/\/www.stripes.com\/news\/pacific\/japan\/congressman-continues-to-push-japan-to-sign-child-abduction-treaty-1.135901 2011\u5e743\u670811\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ Ito, Masami, “Hague treaty seeks to balance rights of kids, parents“, Japan Times, 7 June 2011, p. 3^ Jones, Colin P.A. (2016\u5e744\u670817\u65e5). \u201cTwo years after Japan signed Hague, children have been returned but old issues remain\u201d. Japan Times. http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/community\/2016\/04\/17\/issues\/two-years-japan-signed-hague-children-returned-old-issues-remain\/#.WHS8ElMrJdg 2017\u5e741\u670810\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ The Asahi Shimbun (2009\u5e7410\u670821\u65e5). \u201cEDITORIAL: Child abduction in Japan\u201d. asahi.com (The Asahi Shimbun Company).  \u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u306e2009\u5e7410\u670825\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3002. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091025082407\/http:\/\/www.asahi.com\/english\/Herald-asahi\/TKY200910210140.html 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ a b Masami Ito (2010\u5e745\u670814\u65e5). \u201cExperts divided on signing ‘parental kidnapping’ treaty\u201d. The Japan Times. http:\/\/search.japantimes.co.jp\/cgi-bin\/nn20100514f1.html 2011\u5e742\u670820\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0^ \u201cThe Japan Times – News on Japan, Business News, Opinion, Sports, Entertainment and More\u201d. The Japan Times. 2015\u5e743\u67085\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ a b Merle H. Weiner. \u201cHalf Truths, Mistakes, and Embarrassments\u201d.   University of Oregon. 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cOne such issue is that mothers who abduct often claim to be fleeing for reasons of safety. In the pre-meeting questionnaire, many states, including the United states, recognized that domestic violence is frequently raised as an issue by the respondents in Hague proceeding\u201d^ Special Commission (2006\u5e7411\u6708). \u201cCONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FIFTH MEETING OF THE SPECIAL COMMISSION TO REVIEW THE OPERATION OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION OF 25 OCTOBER 1980 ON THE CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION AND THE PRACTICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION OF 19 OCTOBER 1996 ON JURISDICTION, APPLICABLE LAW, RECOGNITION, ENFORCEMENT AND CO-OPERATION IN RESPECT OF PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY AND MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN (30 OCTOBER\u00a0\u2013 9 NOVEMBER 2006)\u201d.   Hague Conference on Private International Law. 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u00a0\u201cthe trend already noticed by the Fourth Special Commission in 2001 that approximately 2\/3 of the taking parents were primary caretakers, mostly mothers, had confirmed itself, giving rise to issues which had not been foreseen by the drafters of the Convention.\u201d^ Merle H. Weiner (2000\u5e74). \u201cInternational child abduction and the escape from domestic violence\u201d. Fordham Law Review;. 2009\u5e7410\u670824\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002[\u30ea\u30f3\u30af\u5207\u308c]^ \u201cQuestionnaire concerning the practical operation of the Hague Convention of 25 October 1980 on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction\u201d.   Hague Conference on Private International Law. 2009\u5e7410\u670822\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ \u201cConvention on the Rights of the Child\u201d.   Office of the United Nations Commissioner for Human Rights. 2010\u5e746\u670811\u65e5\u6642\u70b9\u306e\u30aa\u30ea\u30b8\u30ca\u30eb\u3088\u308a\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u30022010\u5e744\u670821\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee[\u7de8\u96c6]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki21\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki21\/archives\/293382#breadcrumbitem","name":"\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u5b50\u306e\u9023\u308c\u53bb\u308a – Wikipedia"}}]}]