[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/archives\/106238#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/archives\/106238","headline":"Necessity and Urgency Decree – Wikipedia","name":"Necessity and Urgency Decree – Wikipedia","description":"Emergency decree issued by the President of Argentina A Necessity and Urgency Decree[1] (Spanish: Decreto de necesidad y urgencia, also","datePublished":"2022-03-09","dateModified":"2022-03-09","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/archives\/author\/lordneo#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/archives\/author\/lordneo","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/download.jpg","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Buenos_Aires_-_Palacio_del_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_-HDR-_1.jpg\/220px-Buenos_Aires_-_Palacio_del_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_-HDR-_1.jpg","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/f\/f3\/Buenos_Aires_-_Palacio_del_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_-HDR-_1.jpg\/220px-Buenos_Aires_-_Palacio_del_Congreso_de_la_Naci%C3%B3n_Argentina_-HDR-_1.jpg","height":"146","width":"220"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/archives\/106238","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":3172,"articleBody":"Emergency decree issued by the President of Argentina  A Necessity and Urgency Decree[1] (Spanish: Decreto de necesidad y urgencia, also known as DNU) is a special kind of order issued by the President of Argentina. Unlike regular decrees, which are used in Argentina for rulemaking, a DNU has the force of law. Once the President promulgates a DNU, it comes into force almost immediately; afterwards, the National Congress must examine the decree to determine whether it will be allowed to remain in force or not.[2]Table of ContentsFeatures[edit]Background[edit]In military governments[edit]In constitutional governments[edit]Irregularities[edit]Statistics since 1994[edit]See also[edit]References[edit]Features[edit]  The possibility to promulgate DNUs is established in the article 99 of the Constitution of Argentina since 1994. As its name indicates, a Necessity and Urgency Decree is to be used only under exceptional situations, when it is not possible to follow the normal procedure to create laws in the Congress. In addition, the President cannot sanction DNUs legislating about criminal, tributary or electoral matters.[2]  As with regular decrees, Necessity and Urgency Decrees are promulgated by the President, but only with “General Agreement of Ministers” (Spanish: Acuerdo general de ministros). It means that all Ministers and the Chief of Staff must take part in the DNU’s creation.[2]Once the Necessity and Urgency Decree is sanctioned, the Chief of Staff must send the DNU to the Permanent Bicameral Committee of the Congress in no more than ten days. Then, the Bicameral Committee delivers its report to the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Committee has also ten days to elaborate the report. During all this process, the DNU is completely in force.[2][3]Each legislative chamber must deliver a resolution expressing its approval or rejection of the Necessity and Urgency Decree. If both chambers reject the DNU, it loses validity permanently. However, any rights acquired by people affected by the decree are not automatically terminated.[3]Background[edit]In military governments[edit]All legislation issued by military dictatorships in Argentina was made by the executive. These kinds of orders were known as decree-law (Spanish: decreto ley). Under the self-called Argentine Revolution and the National Reorganization Process (the two latest military governments), the decree-laws were known simply as laws.  Because they were de facto governments, there was a legal controversy about the validity of decree-laws. In 1945, the Supreme Court of Argentina accepted them only if they were needed to fulfill the aims of the government. When the military government dissolved and civilian rule was reestablished, the decree-laws were no longer valid, unless the Congress ratified them.[4]In 1946, a new judgment by the Supreme Court established that decree-laws would remain valid after the end of the de facto government that promulgated them, and they could be abolished or modified in the same manner as other laws.[4]In constitutional governments[edit]Although DNUs were introduced in their present form in the National Constitution in 1994, previous constitutional Presidents have used this type of decree. One example is the Austral Plan, which changed the national currency from the peso argentino to the Austral. This was sanctioned by the President Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn in 1985, using the decree 1096\/85.[5] Currently, Argentina uses the peso as its national currency.In December 1990, the Supreme Court approved the sanction of Necessity and Urgency Decree in the so-called Peralta Case, in which Luis Peralta requested to declare unconstitutional the decree 36\/90, that President Menem promulgated in 1990. The judges of the Court eventually confirmed the validity of the DNU.[6][7]Irregularities[edit]Despite the fact that the Constitution says the Congress must create a special law to analyze Necessity and Urgency Decrees, this law was created in 2006, twelve years after the 1994 amendment of the Argentine Constitution, when the DNU were introduced. It means that all Presidents who ruled in this period (Carlos Menem, Fernando de la R\u00faa, Adolfo Rodr\u00edguez Sa\u00e1, Eduardo Duhalde and N\u00e9stor Kirchner) could issue DNUs with no legislative control.[8]In addition, there are DNUs which were created with no real need or urgency, such as the decrees that modify the Ministries Law to create new executive departments.[9] The abuse of DNUs was also criticized.[10][11]  Former President N\u00e9stor Kirchner has the highest average of DNU per year. His wife, President Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez, has the lowest average.Statistics since 1994[edit]This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.  (August 2016)Eduardo Duhalde, interim President between 2002 and 2003, was the President who signed more DNUs per year since the 1983 return to civilian rule. He promulgated 158 DNUs in one year.[12] Those decrees were not checked by the Congress.N\u00e9stor Kirchner (2003\u20132007) promulgated 270 Necessity and Urgency Decrees in four and a half years. His DNUs released before 2006 were not controlled by the Congress.[13] His average is 60 Necessity and Urgency Decrees per year.During the presidency of Carlos Menem (1989\u20131999), he signed 545 DNUs in ten years, or 54.5 per year.[13] None of his Necessity and Urgency Decrees were analyzed by the legislative branch of the government.In Fernando de la R\u00faa’s two-year presidency (1999\u20132001), 73 special decrees were released. His average was thus 36.5 DNUs per year.[13] The decrees signed by De la R\u00faa were not analyzed by the Bicameral Committee.During the presidency of Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner (2007\u20132015), she signed five Necessity and Urgency Decrees by March 2009.[14] Subsequently, she issued three DNUs creating new ministries,[9][15][16] another one creating a welfare plan,[17] a decree to remove Mart\u00edn Redrado as president of the Central Bank,[18] and another three Necessity and Urgency Decrees related to the payment of public debt.[18] The total number was 13 DNUs in her first three years of presidency, or four Necessity and Urgency Decrees per year.See also[edit]References[edit]^ The National News agency of Argentina, T\u00e9lam translates decreto de necesidad y urgencia as Necessity and Urgency Decree: “The Necessity and Urgency Decree is enforced”, stated Miguel Angel Pichetto^ a b c d Constituci\u00f3n Nacional Archived February 11, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Senado.gov.ar. Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ a b Regimen Legal De Los Decretos De Necesidad Y Urgencia, De Delegacion Legislativa Y De Promulgacion Parcial De Leyes Archived April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Infoleg.mecon.gov.ar. Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ a b HISTORIA IDEOL\u00d3GICA DE LA CORTE SUPREMA DE JUSTICIA DE LA NACI\u00d3N 1947\u20131955 Archived December 9, 2012, at archive.today. Universidad del Salvador. IUSHISTORIA (Revista Electr\u00f3nica) N\u00ba 2. October 2005^ La necesidad de decretar la urgencia. politicargentina.com (2009-11-30)^ Caso Peralta. Todoiure.com.ar. Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ La legitimidad del dictado de los decretos de necesidad y urgencia. hcdn.gov.ar^ El control de los DNU, una vieja deuda de la pol\u00edtica. Clarin.com (June 26, 2006). Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ a b Decreto 1365\/2009. Modif\u00edcase el Decreto N\u00b0 438\/92 y sus modificatorias. Incorp\u00f3ranse Ministerios Archived August 31, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Infoleg.mecon.gov.ar (October 13, 2009). Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ Tambi\u00e9n este a\u00f1o Kirchner firm\u00f3 m\u00e1s decretos que leyes. LaNacion (2006-07-03)^ Kirchner firma por a\u00f1o m\u00e1s decretos que Menem. deliaferreira.com.ar (2006-06-14)^ Diario digital producido por la Cooperativa La Masa Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Redaccion Rosario. Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ a b c Kirchner firm\u00f3 cada seis d\u00edas un decreto de necesidad y urgencia \u2013 13.04.2008 \u2013 lanacion.com. Lanacion.com.ar (April 13, 2008). Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ En 15 meses de gobierno, Cristina Kirchner firm\u00f3 5 decretos de necesidad y urgencia. Nueva Mayoria. Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ Decreto 1458\/2009. Sustit\u00fayese la denominaci\u00f3n del Ministerio de Industria por Ministerio de Industria y Turismo Archived September 1, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. infoleg.mecon.gov.ar (2009-10-09)^ MINISTERIO DE AGRICULTURA, GANADERIA Y PESCA. Decreto 1461\/2009. Modif\u00edcase la integraci\u00f3n de los miembros del Consejo Directivo del Instituto Nacional de Tecnolog\u00eda Agropecuaria Archived April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. infoleg.mecon.gov.ar (2009-10-09)^ SIGNACIONES FAMILIARES. Decreto 1602\/2009. Incorp\u00f3rase el Subsistema no Contributivo de Asignaci\u00f3n Universal por hijo para Protecci\u00f3n Social Archived October 21, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Infoleg.mecon.gov.ar (October 29, 2009). Retrieved on 2012-06-07.^ a b BANCO CENTRAL DE LA REPUBLICA ARGENTINA. Decreto 18\/2010. Remu\u00e9vese del cargo al Presidente Archived April 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Infoleg.mecon.gov.ar (January 7, 2010). Retrieved on 2012-06-07."},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki24\/archives\/106238#breadcrumbitem","name":"Necessity and Urgency Decree – Wikipedia"}}]}]