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1866\u5e74\uff0926\u30a2\u30ec\u30b0\u30b6\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30fbH\u30fb\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af1866\u5e741\u67084\u65e51869\u5e741\u67087\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30ea\u30f327\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30ea\u30f31869\u5e741\u67087\u65e51872\u5e741\u67084\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30bc\u30d5\u30fb\u30bf\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc28\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fbB\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30b7\u30e5\u30d0\u30fc\u30f31872\u5e741\u67084\u65e51874\u5e744\u670829\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30bc\u30d5\u30fb\u30bf\u30c3\u30ab\u30fc\uff081872 – 1873\u5e74\uff09[6]\u30c8\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30c8\u30fc\u30eb\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8\uff081873\u5e74 – 1874\u5e74\uff09\u4ee3\u7406\u30c8\u30de\u30b9\u30fb\u30c8\u30fc\u30eb\u30dc\u30c3\u30c81874\u5e744\u670829\u65e51875\u5e741\u67087\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff08\u7a7a\u5e2d\uff09[2]29 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– 1893\u5e74\uff09\u30ed\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30b3\u30c3\u30c8\uff081893\u5e74 – 1894\u5e74\uff0938\u30d5\u30ec\u30c7\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u30fbT\u30fb\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30cf\u30eb\u30b81894\u5e741\u67084\u65e51896\u5e743\u67085\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30ed\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30b3\u30c3\u30c8[3]39\u30ed\u30b8\u30e3\u30fc\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30b3\u30c3\u30c81896\u5e743\u67085\u65e51900\u5e741\u67084\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff08\u7a7a\u5e2d\uff09\uff081896\u5e74 – 1897\u5e74\uff09[4]\u30a6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30d7\u30fbM\u30fb\u30af\u30ec\u30a4\u30f3\uff081897\u5e74 – 1900\u5e74\uff0940\u30a6\u30a3\u30f3\u30b9\u30ed\u30c3\u30d7\u30fbM\u30fb\u30af\u30ec\u30a4\u30f31900\u5e741\u67084\u65e51903\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fbL\u30fb\u30d9\u30a4\u30c441\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fbL\u30fb\u30d9\u30a4\u30c41903\u5e741\u67088\u65e51905\u5e741\u67085\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30ab\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30fb\u30ae\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a242\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30eb\u30a4\u30b9\u30fb\u30c0\u30b0\u30e9\u30b91905\u5e741\u67085\u65e51906\u5e741\u67084\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a43\u30ab\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30fb\u30ae\u30eb\u30c9\u30fb\u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a21906\u5e741\u67084\u65e51909\u5e741\u67087\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a8\u30d9\u30cb\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u30fb\u30b5\u30e0\u30ca\u30fc\u30fb\u30c9\u30ec\u30a4\u30d1\u30fc44\u30a8\u30d9\u30cb\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u30fb\u30b5\u30e0\u30ca\u30fc\u30fb\u30c9\u30ec\u30a4\u30d1\u30fc1909\u5e741\u67087\u65e51911\u5e741\u67085\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30eb\u30a4\u30b9\u30fbA\u30fb\u30d5\u30ed\u30b7\u30f3\u30ac\u30e045\u30e6\u30fc\u30b8\u30f3\u30fb\u30d5\u30a9\u30b91911\u5e741\u67085\u65e51914\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30eb\u30a4\u30b9\u30fbA\u30fb\u30d5\u30ed\u30b7\u30f3\u30ac\u30e0\uff081911\u5e74 – 1912\u5e74\uff09\u30ed\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u30fb\u30eb\u30fc\u30b9\uff081912\u5e74 – 1913\u5e74\uff09\u30c7\u30a4\u30f4\u30a3\u30c3\u30c9\u30fbI\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30b7\u30e5\uff081913 – 1914\u5e74\uff0946\u30c7\u30a4\u30f4\u30a3\u30c3\u30c9\u30fbI\u30fb\u30a6\u30a9\u30eb\u30b7\u30e51914\u5e741\u67088\u65e51916\u5e741\u67086\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30a8\u30c9\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u30fbP\u30fb\u30d0\u30ea\u30fc\uff081914 – 1915\u5e74\uff09\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30c8\u30f3\u30fbD\u30fb\u30af\u30c3\u30b7\u30f3\u30b0\uff081915 – 1916\u5e74\uff0947\u30b5\u30df\u30e5\u30a8\u30eb\u30fbW\u30fb\u30de\u30c3\u30b3\u30fc\u30eb1916\u5e741\u67086\u65e51919\u5e741\u67082\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30ab\u30eb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fb\u30af\u30fc\u30ea\u30c3\u30b848\u30ab\u30eb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fb\u30af\u30fc\u30ea\u30c3\u30b81919\u5e741\u67082\u65e51921\u5e741\u67086\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30c1\u30e3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u30fbH\u30fb\u30b3\u30c3\u30af\u30b949\u30c1\u30e3\u30cb\u30f3\u30b0\u30fbH\u30fb\u30b3\u30c3\u30af\u30b91921\u5e741\u67086\u65e51925\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a2\u30eb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fbT\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc50\u30a2\u30eb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fbT\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30fc1925\u5e741\u67088\u65e51929\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30fbG\u30fb\u30a2\u30ec\u30f351\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30fbG\u30fb\u30a2\u30ec\u30f31929\u5e741\u67083\u65e51931\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fbS\u30fb\u30e4\u30f3\u30b0\u30de\u30f352\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30bc\u30d5\u30fbB\u30fb\u30a4\u30fc\u30e9\u30a41931\u5e741\u67088\u65e51935\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fbS\u30fb\u30e4\u30f3\u30b0\u30de\u30f3\uff081931\u5e74 – 1933\u5e74\uff09\u30ac\u30b9\u30d1\u30fc\u30fbG\u30fb\u30d9\u30a4\u30b3\u30f3\uff081933\u5e74 – 1935\u5e74\uff0953\u30b8\u30a7\u30a4\u30e0\u30ba\u30fb\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb\u30fb\u30ab\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc1935\u5e741\u67083\u65e51937\u5e741\u67087\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30b8\u30e7\u30fc\u30bc\u30d5\u30fbL\u30fb\u30cf\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc54\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u30fbF\u30fb\u30cf\u30fc\u30ea\u30fc1937\u5e741\u67087\u65e51939\u5e741\u67085\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30b9\u30fbE\u30fb\u30b1\u30ea\u30fc55\u30ec\u30f4\u30a1\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30bd\u30eb\u30c8\u30f3\u30b9\u30c8\u30fc\u30eb1939\u5e741\u67085\u65e51945\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30db\u30fc\u30ec\u30b9\u30fbT\u30fb\u30b1\u30a4\u30d2\u30eb56\u30e2\u30fc\u30ea\u30b9\u30fbJ\u30fb\u30c8\u30fc\u30d3\u30f31945\u5e741\u67083\u65e51947\u5e741\u67082\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30ed\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u30fbF\u30fb\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30c9\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c957\u30ed\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u30fbF\u30fb\u30d6\u30e9\u30c3\u30c9\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30c91947\u5e741\u67082\u65e51949\u5e741\u67086\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a2\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u30fbW\u30fb\u30af\u30fc\u30ea\u30c3\u30b858\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30fbA\u30fb\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30f4\u30a1\u30fc1949\u5e741\u67086\u65e51953\u5e741\u67088\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30eb\u30ba\u30fbF\u30fb\u30b5\u30ea\u30f4\u30a1\u30f359\u30af\u30ea\u30b9\u30c6\u30a3\u30a2\u30f3\u30fbA\u30fb\u30cf\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc1953\u5e741\u67088\u65e51957\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30b5\u30e0\u30ca\u30fc\u30fbG\u30fb\u30a6\u30a3\u30c3\u30c6\u30a3\u30a260\u30d5\u30a9\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30fb\u30d5\u30a1\u30fc\u30b3\u30ed1957\u5e741\u67083\u65e51961\u5e741\u67085\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30ed\u30d0\u30fc\u30c8\u30fbF\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\uff081957\u5e74 – 1960\u5e74\uff0961\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fbA\u30fb\u30f4\u30a9\u30eb\u30da1961\u5e741\u67085\u65e51963\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a8\u30c9\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u30fbF\u30fb\u30de\u30af\u30e9\u30d5\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a262\u30a8\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30b3\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30d4\u30fc\u30d0\u30c7\u30a31963\u5e741\u67083\u65e51965\u5e741\u67087\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30b9\u30fbX\u30fb\u30d9\u30ed\u30c3\u30c6\u30a363\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fbA\u30fb\u30f4\u30a9\u30eb\u30da1965\u5e741\u67087\u65e51969\u5e741\u670822\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30a8\u30ea\u30aa\u30c3\u30c8\u30fb\u30ea\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30c9\u30bd\u30f3\uff081965 – 1967\u5e74\uff09[7]\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30b9\u30fbW\u30fb\u30b5\u30fc\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c8\uff081967 – 1969\u5e74\uff0964\u30d5\u30e9\u30f3\u30b7\u30b9\u30fbW\u30fb\u30b5\u30fc\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c81969\u5e741\u670822\u65e51975\u5e741\u67082\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\u30c9\u30ca\u30eb\u30c9\u30fbR\u30fb\u30c9\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8[4]65\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb\u30fb\u30c7\u30e5\u30ab\u30ad\u30b91975\u5e741\u67082\u65e51979\u5e741\u67084\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30c8\u30de\u30b9\u30fbP\u30fb\u30aa\u30cb\u30fc\u30eb3\u4e1666\u30a8\u30c9\u30ef\u30fc\u30c9\u30fbJ\u30fb\u30ad\u30f3\u30b01979\u5e741\u67084\u65e51983\u5e741\u67086\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a67\u30de\u30a4\u30b1\u30eb\u30fb\u30c7\u30e5\u30ab\u30ad\u30b91983\u5e741\u67086\u65e51991\u5e741\u67083\u65e5\u6c11\u4e3b\u515a\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30b1\u30ea\u30fc\uff081983\u5e74 – 1985\u5e74\uff09\uff08\u7a7a\u5e2d\uff09\uff081985\u5e74 – 1987\u5e74\uff09\u30a8\u30f4\u30a7\u30ea\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30fc\u30d5\u30a3\u30fc\uff081987\u5e74 – 1991\u5e74\uff0968\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30a6\u30a7\u30eb\u30c91991\u5e741\u67083\u65e51997\u5e747\u670829\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515aA\u30fb\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30bb\u30eb\u30c3\u30b7[8]69A\u30fb\u30dd\u30fc\u30eb\u30fb\u30bb\u30eb\u30c3\u30b71997\u5e747\u670829\u65e52001\u5e744\u670810\u65e5\u5171\u548c\u515a\uff08\u7a7a\u5e2d\uff09\uff081997\u5e74 – 1999\u5e74\uff09[4][9]\u30b8\u30a7\u30a4\u30f3\u30fbM\u30fb\u30b9\u30a6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\uff081999\u5e74 – 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