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of Science as a Working Hypothesis\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u3053\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f:[17]\u305d\u308c\u3086\u3048\u3001\u7d2f\u7a4d\u7684\u306a\u5fae\u7b11\u7684\u5206\u985e\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u7d71\u4e00\u79d1\u5b66\u304c\u5b9f\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u5b9a\u306f\u81ea\u8eab\u3092\u4f5c\u696d\u4eee\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a8\u5968\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3068\u6211\u3005\u306f\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u3067\u9032\u3081\u308c\u3070\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u767a\u5c55\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5408\u7406\u7684\u306a\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u3068\u6211\u3005\u306f\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u30d1\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u4f5c\u696d\u4eee\u8aac\u306f\u5b9f\u8a3c\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u8abf\u67fb\u306e\u8a08\u753b\u306e\u5b9f\u969b\u4e0a\u306e\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc\u30c8\u5730\u70b9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u4f5c\u696d\u4eee\u8aac\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306a\u4f8b\u304c\u300c\u6c34\u69fd\u306e\u8133\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u601d\u8003\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63cf\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u601d\u8003\u5b9f\u9a13\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u306f\u4eba\u306f\u7686\u6c34\u69fd\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u8133\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u30de\u30c3\u30c9\u30b5\u30a4\u30a8\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u304c\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u73fe\u5b9f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4fe1\u3058\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u5168\u7684\u306a\u61d0\u7591\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u7acb\u5834\u306b\u76f4\u9762\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u3046\u3044\u3063\u305f\u63d0\u8b70\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u78ba\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u5b9f\u5728\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u5f53\u7136\u8996\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u9b54\u8853\u7684\u306a\u6307\u793a\u7406\u8ad6\u300d\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u30d1\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306f\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u305f[18]\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u300c\u6c34\u69fd\u306e\u8133\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e3b\u5f35\u306f\u771f\u507d\u3092\u78ba\u8a3c\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u6cd5\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4eee\u8aac\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u4f55\u306e\u5f79\u306b\u3082\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u826f\u3044\u4f5c\u696d\u4eee\u8aac\u306b\u306a\u308a\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5bfe\u6bd4\u306b\u306f\u306a\u308b\u3002\u624b\u5143\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u660e\u306e\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306b\u5b9f\u5728\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u3092\u6dd8\u6c70\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u9069\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3088\u308a\u73fe\u5b9f\u7684\u306a\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e88\u60f3\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e88\u60f3\u306f\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u5c0e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u305f\u308a\u6761\u4ef6\u4ed8\u304d\u8a3c\u660e\u3092\u5b9a\u5f0f\u5316\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f5c\u696d\u4eee\u8aac\u3068\u3057\u3066\u66ab\u5b9a\u7684\u306b\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u3042\u308b[19]\u3002\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee[\u7de8\u96c6]^ Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science & Medicine. Eprint via Answers.com.^ a b See in “hypothesis”, Century Dictionary Supplement, v. 1, 1909, New York: The Century Company. Reprinted, v. 11, p. 616 (via Internet Archive] of the Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia, 1911.hypothesis […]\u2014Working hypothesis, a hypothesis suggested or supported in some measure by features of observed facts, from which consequences may be deduced which can be tested by experiment and special observations, and which it is proposed to subject to an extended course of such investigation, with the hope that, even should the hypothesis thus be overthrown, such research may lead to a tenable theory.^ Patricia M. Shields, Hassan Tajalli (2006). \u201cIntermediate Theory: The Missing Link in Successful Student Scholarship\u201d. Journal of Public Affairs Education 12 (3):  313\u2013334. https:\/\/digital.library.txstate.edu\/handle\/10877\/3967.\u00a0^ Patricia M. Shields (1998). \u201cPragmatism As a Philosophy of Science: A Tool For Public Administration\u201d. In Jay D. White. Research in Public Administration. 4. pp.\u00a0195\u2013225 [211]. ISBN\u00a01-55938-888-9. https:\/\/digital.library.txstate.edu\/handle\/10877\/3954\u00a0^ 1805, for example. See  p. 118 in The Monthly Review; or Literary Journal vol. XLVII, May\u2013August 1805, London: Printed by Straban and Preston (see its title page for year printed as “M,DCCC,V”).^ Peirce, C. S. (1908), “A Neglected Argument for the Reality of God“, Hibbert Journal v. 7, pp. 90\u2013112. See both part III and part IV. Reprinted, including originally unpublished portion, in Collected Papers v. 6, paragraphs 452\u201385, The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 434\u201350, and elsewhere.^ Peirce, C. S., Carnegie Application (L75, 1902, New Elements of Mathematics v. 4, pp. 37\u201338. See under “Abduction” at the Commens Dictionary of Peirce’s Terms: Methodeutic has a special interest in Abduction, or the inference which starts a scientific hypothesis. For it is not sufficient that a hypothesis should be a justifiable one. Any hypothesis which explains the facts is justified critically. But among justifiable hypotheses we have to select that one which is suitable for being tested by experiment.^ Peirce, C. S. (1902), application to the Carnegie Institution, see MS L75.329-330, from Draft D of Memoir 27:Consequently, to discover is simply to expedite an event that would occur sooner or later, if we had not troubled ourselves to make the discovery. Consequently, the art of discovery is purely a question of economics. The economics of research is, so far as logic is concerned, the leading doctrine with reference to the art of discovery. Consequently, the conduct of abduction, which is chiefly a question of heuretic and is the first question of heuretic, is to be governed by economical considerations.^ Peirce, C. S. (1901 MS), “On The Logic of Drawing History from Ancient Documents, Especially from Testimonies”, manuscript corresponding to an abstract delivered at the National Academy of Sciences meeting of November 1901. Published in 1958 in Collected Papers v. 7, paragraphs 162\u2013231; see 220. Reprinted (first half) in 1998 in The Essential Peirce v. 2, pp. 75\u2013114; see 107\u2013110.^ See “Peirce Edition Project (UQ\u00c0M) – in short Archived 2011\u5e747\u67086\u65e5, at the Wayback Machine.” from the Peirce Edition Project’s branch at Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al (UQ\u00c0M), which is working on Writings v. 7: Peirce’s work on the Century Dictionary. Peirce worked on the Century during the years between 1883 and 1909. Find “hypothesis” in PEP-UQ\u00c0M’s list of words in Peirce’s charge under “H”. “Pragmatism” was also in Peirce’s charge (see under “P”, but Joseph M. Ransdell reported that PEP-UQ\u00c0M’s director Fran\u00e7ois Latraverse informed him that John Dewey actually wrote it (see Ransdell’s 2006 January 13 post to peirce-l).^ Peirce, C. S. Collected Papers v. 7, paragraph 534, from an undated manuscript.^ Peirce, C. S. (1878), “How to Make Our Ideas Clear“, Popular Science Monthly, v. 12, 286\u2013302. Reprinted widely, including The Essential Peirce v. 1, pp. 109\u2013123.^ Thomas Kuhn (1962). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. p.\u00a0147\u00a0^ a b c John Dewey (1938). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. Henry Holt and Company. pp.\u00a0142\u2013143. ISBN\u00a00-03-005250-5. http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/logicthetheoryof000467mbp\u00a0^ Patrick Rysiew (2007\u5e749\u67087\u65e5). \u201cEpistemic Contextualism\u201d. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2011\u5e745\u670819\u65e5\u95b2\u89a7\u3002^ Abraham Kaplan (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry: Methodology for Behavioral Science. Scranton, PA: Chandler Publishing Company. p.\u00a0268. ISBN\u00a00-7658-0448-4. OCLC\u00a0711107\u00a0^ Paul Oppenheim, Hilary Putnam (1958). Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis. 2. 3\u201336. http:\/\/philosophy.wisc.edu\/shapiro\/Phil951\/2010\/openheim.putnam.unity.pdf\u00a0^ Hilary Putnam (1982). \u201cBrains in a vat\u201d. Reason, Truth, and History. Cambridge University Press. pp.\u00a01\u201321. http:\/\/www.cavehill.uwi.edu\/bnccde\/ph29a\/putnam.html\u00a0^ Ian Stewart (2003). \u201cMathematics: Conjuring with Conjectures\u201d. Nature 423 (6936):  124\u2013127. doi:10.1038\/423124a. 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