[{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BlogPosting","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki5\/archives\/969#BlogPosting","mainEntityOfPage":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki5\/archives\/969","headline":"\u30a6\u30a3\u30e9\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30fb\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3 – Wikipedia","name":"\u30a6\u30a3\u30e9\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30fb\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3 – Wikipedia","description":"\u3053\u306e\u9805\u76ee\u300c\u30a6\u30a3\u30e9\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30fb\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u300d\u306f\u9014\u4e2d\u307e\u3067\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6587\uff1aen: Willard Quine 2007-06-21 13:23 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the quest to justify natural knowledge by reducing bodies to sensory terms was abandoned. If, then, we cannot justify knowledge on these terms, the best we can do is to explore how knowledge originated and evolved, in the ontological (and phylogenic, if I may take it a step further) sense, and how evidence relates to theory. In favoring psychology over rational reductionism, Quine says, \u201cBetter to discover how science in fact developed and learned [sic] than to fabricate a fictitious structure to a similar effect.\u201dQuine marks the new epistemology as a chapter of psychology, but it seems that, rather than epistemology being subordinate to psychology, they could be mutually supportive of each other. Quine recognizes some may object to this idea, claiming it to be circular, and points out that we are not trying to justify psychology using epistemology, we are trying to understand knowledge. \u201cWe are after an understanding of science as an institution or process in the world,\u201d he says, \u201cand we do not intend that understanding to be any better than the science which is its object.\u201dThe new epistemology, Quine says, is also becoming a matter of semantics. A fundamental part of knowledge relies on observation sentences. He defines an observation sentence as a sentence that everyone in a language-speaking community agrees upon. But what is an observation? When I look at the sky, am I observing the photons that hit my color receptors, or am I observing the blueness that results? Quine contends that an observation is whatever is closest to the sensory receptors, notwithstanding consciousness on our part. Observation sentences then, are about bodies rather than impressions, because observations are what we agree on. It doesn\u2019t necessarily matter then, that when we look at the sky I may perceive one version of \u201cblue\u201d and you may perceive another. We both agree that the sky is \u201cblue,\u201d because we are referring to a physical phenomenon outside of ourselves that gives us both some sort of impression, congruent or not.This account, it seems, is a total naturalization of knowledge. Quine rejects the idea that we have knowledge prior to experience. On the contrary, our observations (and not even ones we are necessarily conscious of) determine our \u201cabstract\u201d knowledge. According to Quine, all of our knowledge comes ultimately from the external world.Of course, naturalism may imply that our knowledge isn\u2019t the cause of some divine, mysterious force\u2014knowledge is subject to the mechanical inner workings of the brain, which was sculpted unconsciously by evolution, which in essence follows the paths paved by physical law. This naturalization, then, may steer the foundations of knowledge in the direction of a survival mechanism that evolved due to certain environmental factors\u2014a series of fortuitous genetic mutations that thrived and continued to evolve into what we consider knowledge today\u2014and this seems to relegate us to little more than physical systems reacting to our environment. Some would disagree with this cynical look at naturalism and say that knowledge, with all its burdens, is a liberating phenomenon that gives us the reigns to our own lives and a consciousness to human fate. By bearing this phenomenon, we have an obligation to explore, perpetuate, and adapt it, using any means that hint at an epistemological cohesive whole.\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u3092\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u306a2\u7d50\u5408\u4fa1\u306e\u4e00\u968e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7406\u3001\u3064\u307e\u308a\u4efb\u610f\u306e\uff08\u7a7a\u3067\u306a\u3044\uff09\u8b70\u8ad6\u9818\u57df\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u771f\u507d\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4ee5\u524d\u306f\u8ff0\u8a9e\u3068\u4e0d\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u8b70\u8ad6\u9818\u57df\u3057\u304b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e00\u968e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7406\u3068\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6\u3068\u3092\u6ce8\u610f\u6df1\u304f\u5206\u5225\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u300e\u30d7\u30ea\u30f3\u30ad\u30d4\u30a2\u30fb\u30de\u30c6\u30de\u30c6\u30a3\u30ab\u300f\u304c\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3044\u305f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3001\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u3068\u3057\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002While his contributions to logic include elegant expositions and a number of technical results, it is in set theory that Quine was most innovative. His set theory, (New Foundations) (NF) and that of Set Theory and Its Logic, admit a universal class, but since they are free of any hierarchy of types, they have no need for a distinct universal class at each type level. Without going into technical detail, these theories are driven by a desire to minimize posits; each innovation is pushed as far as it can be pushed before further innovations are introduced. Quine always maintained that mathematics required set theory and that set theory was quite distinct from logic. He flirted with Nelson Goodman’s nominalism for a while, but backed away when he failed to find a nominalist grounding of mathematics.New Foundations features a simple and economical criterion for set admissibility, which allows many “large” sets not allowed in the standard ZFC set theory. The (relative) consistency of New Foundations is an open question. A modification of NF, NFU, due to R. B. Jensen and admitting urelements (entities that can be members of sets but that lack elements), turns out to be consistent relative to Peano arithmetic, thus vindicating Quine’s intuition.\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u3068\u6570\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3066[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u5b66\u90e8\u751f\u5411\u3051\u306e\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3092\u4e09\u518a\u57f7\u7b46\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300e\u521d\u7b49\u8ad6\u7406(Elementary Logic)\u300f 1940\u5e74\u306e\u5165\u9580\u8ab2\u7a0b\u3067\u6388\u696d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9593\u3001\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u73fe\u5b58\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u306b\u306f\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u5b66\u751f\u5411\u3051\u306e\u91cf\u5316\u7406\u8ad6\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e00\u968e\u8ff0\u8a9e\u8ad6\u7406\u3092\u5341\u5206\u306b\u8a18\u8ff0\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u3044\u305f\u3002\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u306f\u3053\u306e\u672c\u3092\u3001\u6388\u696d\u306b\u5c0e\u5165\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30a2\u30c9\u30db\u30c3\u30af\u306a\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\u516d\u9031\u9593\u3067\u66f8\u304d\u4e0a\u3052\u305f\u3002\u300e\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u65b9\u6cd5(Methods of Logic)\u300f \u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3\u304c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6b21\u4e16\u754c\u5927\u6226\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u304b\u3089\u5f7c\u304c1978\u5e74\u306b\u9000\u8077\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u6559\u3048\u3066\u3044\u305f\u5b66\u90e8\u4e0a\u7d1a\u751f\u5411\u3051\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u30b3\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u672c\u306f\u56db\u3064\u306e\u7248\u304c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6280\u8853\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3080\u3057\u308d\u6642\u4ee3\u9045\u308c(\u5373\u3061\u3001\u5206\u6790\u7684\u30bf\u30d6\u30ed\u30fc\u304c\u6b20\u3051\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30e1\u30bf\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u306e\u51e6\u7406\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u70b9\u304c\u3042\u308b)\u3067\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u307e\u3060\u5927\u3044\u306b\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u304b\u3064\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u7684\u306a\u6d1e\u5bdf\u3092\u542b\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002Philosophy of Logic. A concise and witty undergraduate treatment of a number of Quinian themes, such as the prevalence of use-mention confusions, the dubiousness of quantified modality, and of the non-logical character of higher-order logics.\u307e\u305f\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u57fa\u790e\u8ad6\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b2\u518a\u306e\u5927\u5b66\u9662\u751f\u5411\u3051\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3082\u57f7\u7b46\u3057\u305f\u3002They employ the notation of Principia Mathematica which makes for hard reading:Set Theory and Its Logic. Quine proposes yet another flavor of axiomatic set theory, then derives the foundations of mathematics therefrom; includes the definitive treatment of Quine’s theory of virtual sets and relations. Fraenkel, Bar-Hillel and Levy (1973) do a better job of surveying set theory as it stood in the 1950s.All five texts remain in print. Curiously, advocates of Quinian set theory are not warm to the axiomatic set theory Quine advocated in his two advanced texts, and invariably confine their enthusiasm to NF and offshoots thereof proposed by others.“No entity without identity”.Ontology recapitulates philology”. (Attributed to James Grier Miller in the epigraph of Word and Object)“Philosophy of science is philosophy enough”.“To be is to be the value of a bound variable”. (From “On What There Is”)“The Humean predicament is the human predicament”.“Quantification is the ontic idiom par excellence”.“We cannot stem linguistic change, but we can drag our feet. If each of us were to defy Alexander Pope and be the last to lay the old aside, it might not be a better world, but it would be a lovelier language” (Quiddities is chock-full of similar sentiments).When asked what the correct collective noun for logicians was, he replied “It is a sequitur of logicians”.“Life is algid, life is fulgid. Life is what the least of us make most of us feel the least of us make the most of. Life is a burgeoning, a quickening of the dim primordial urge in the murky wastes of time” (interview in Harvard Magazine, quoted in Hersh, R., 1997, What Is Mathematics, Really?).“‘What is there?’ It can be answered, moreover, in a word–‘Everything’–and everyone will accept this answer as true.” (From “On What There Is”.)“…in point of epistemological footing the physical objects and the gods differ only in degree and not in kind. Both sorts of entities enter our conception only as cultural posits. The myth of physical objects is epistemologically superior to most in that it has proved more efficacious than other myths as a device for working a manageable structure into the flux of experience.” (From “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”.)“The state lottery is a public subsidy of intelligence since it yields public income that is calculated to lighten the tax burden of us prudent abstainers at the expense of the benighted masses of wishful thinkers.” (From “Quiddities”.)\u5358\u8457[\u7de8\u96c6]A System of Logistic, (Harvard University press, 1934).Mathematical Logic, (W. W. Norton, 1940). ISBN 0674554515Elementary Logic, (Ginn, 1941). ISBN 0674244516Methods of Logic, (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952). ISBN 0674571762From a Logical Point of View: 9 Logico-Philosophical Essays, (Harvard University Press, 1953). ISBN 0674323513\u4e2d\u5c71\u6d69\u4e8c\u90ce\u30fb\u6301\u4e38\u60a6\u6717\u8a33\u300e\u8ad6\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u2015\u20159\u3064\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u30fb\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5c0f\u8ad6\u300f\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\u30011972\u5e74[3]\uff09\u98ef\u7530\u9686\u8a33\u300e\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u2500\u2500\u8ad6\u7406\u3068\u54f2\u5b66\u3092\u3081\u3050\u308b\u4e5d\u7ae0\u300f\uff08\u52c1\u8349\u66f8\u623f\u30011992\u5e74 ISBN 4326198877\uff09Word and Object, (MIT Press, 1960). ISBN 0262670011Set Theory and Its Logic, (Harvard University Press, 1963). ISBN 0674802071\u5927\u51fa\u6641\u30fb\u85e4\u6751\u9f8d\u96c4\u8a33\u300e\u96c6\u5408\u8ad6\u3068\u305d\u306e\u8ad6\u7406\u300f\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\u30011968\u5e74\uff09Selected Logic Papers, (Random House, 1966). ISBN 0674798368The Ways of Paradox, and Other Essays, (Random House, 1966). ISBN 0674948378Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, (Columbia University Press, 1969). ISBN 0231083572Philosophy of Logic, (Prentice-Hall, 1970). ISBN 0674665635The Roots of Reference, (Open Court, 1973). ISBN 0812691016Theories and Things, (Harvard University Press, 1981). ISBN 0674879260The Time of My Life: An Autobiography, (MIT Press, 1985). ISBN 0262670046Quiddities: An Intermittently Philosophical Dictionary, (Belknap Press, 1987). ISBN 0674743520Pursuit of Truth, (Harvard University Press, 1990). ISBN 0674739515\u4f0a\u85e4\u6625\u6a39\u30fb\u6e05\u585a\u90a6\u5f66\u8a33\u300e\u771f\u7406\u3092\u8ffd\u3063\u3066\u300f\uff08\u7523\u696d\u56f3\u66f8, 1999\u5e74 ISBN 478280122X\uff09The Logic of Sequences: A Generalization of Principia Mathematica, (Garland Pub., 1990). ISBN 0824032101From Stimulus to Science, (Harvard University Press, 1995). ISBN 0674326369\u5171\u8457[\u7de8\u96c6]The Web of Belief, with J. S. Ullian, (Random House, 1970). ISBN 0075536099Dear Carnap, Dear Van: the Quine-Carnap Correspondence and Related Work, with Rudolf Carnap, (University of California Press, 1990). ISBN 0520068475^ \u300e\u7d4c\u9a13\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u30c9\u30b0\u30de\u300f\u6240\u53ce\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e[\u7de8\u96c6]\u95a2\u9023\u9805\u76ee[\u7de8\u96c6]\u5916\u90e8\u30ea\u30f3\u30af[\u7de8\u96c6]"},{"@context":"http:\/\/schema.org\/","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki5\/#breadcrumbitem","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die"}},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"item":{"@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki5\/archives\/969#breadcrumbitem","name":"\u30a6\u30a3\u30e9\u30fc\u30c9\u30fb\u30f4\u30a1\u30f3\u30fb\u30aa\u30fc\u30de\u30f3\u30fb\u30af\u30ef\u30a4\u30f3 – Wikipedia"}}]}]