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CiNii\u00a0\u00b7 J-STAGE\u00a0\u00b7 NDL\u00a0\u00b7","datePublished":"2022-04-25","dateModified":"2022-04-25","author":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki8\/archives\/author\/lordneo#Person","name":"lordneo","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki8\/archives\/author\/lordneo","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/c9645c498c9701c88b89b8537773dd7c?s=96&d=mm&r=g","height":96,"width":96}},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Enzyklop\u00e4die","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/book.png","url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/wiki4\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/book.png","width":600,"height":60}},"image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Translation_arrow.svg\/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png","url":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/2\/2a\/Translation_arrow.svg\/50px-Translation_arrow.svg.png","height":"17","width":"50"},"url":"https:\/\/wiki.edu.vn\/jp\/wiki8\/archives\/287242","about":["Wiki"],"wordCount":7924,"articleBody":"\u3053\u306e\u9805\u76ee\u300c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u300d\u306f\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3070\u304b\u308a\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4e0d\u81ea\u7136\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u66d6\u6627\u306a\u8868\u73fe\u306a\u3069\u304c\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u307e\u307e\u3067\u306f\u8aad\u307f\u3065\u3089\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6587\uff1aen:Redshift 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\u306f\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u5929\u4f53\uff08\u7279\u306b\u9280\u6cb3\uff09\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304c\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u6570\u5024\u306e\u6574\u6570\u500d\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u96c6\u307e\u308b\u50be\u5411\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u30cf\u30c3\u30d6\u30eb\u306e\u6cd5\u5247\u306b\u8868\u308f\u3059\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3068\u305d\u306e\u5929\u4f53\u306e\u5730\u7403\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u76f8\u95a2\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306f\u5730\u7403\u304b\u3089\u9280\u6cb3\u307e\u3067\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u304c\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3067\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3068\u8ddd\u96e2\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u306b\u554f\u984c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3069\u3061\u3089\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u7684\u306b\u91cd\u5927\u306a\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30db\u30eb\u30c8\u30f3\u30fb\u30a2\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u59cb\u3081\u3068\u3059\u308b[1][2]\u3001\u30d3\u30c3\u30b0\u30d0\u30f3\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u79d1\u5b66\u8005\u306f\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u308b\u89b3\u6e2c\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u5b87\u5b99\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3068\u6b74\u53f2\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5b9a\u8aac\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6319\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002  1973\u5e74\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\uff08\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\uff09\u306b\u3088\u308a\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u304c\u521d\u3081\u3066\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff08\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u524d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u30b8\u30a7\u30eb\u30b8\u30e5\u30fb\u30d1\u30fc\u30eb\uff08\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\uff09\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306e\u3053\u3068[3]\uff09\u3002\u8fd1\u5e74\u306e\u3001\u30af\u30a8\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\uff08\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\uff09\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u51dd\u96c6\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3059\u308b\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044[4][5][6][7]\u3002\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u30dc\u30a4\u30c9\u3068\u30d5\u30a3\u30e9\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u3092\u6a2a\u5207\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u751f\u3058\u308b\u9280\u6cb3\u5206\u5e03\u306e\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u61d0\u7591\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u547c\u79f0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u300d[8]\u3001\u300c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u96e2\u6563\u5316\u300d[9]\u3001\u300c\u88ab\u9078\u597d\u7684\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u300d[10]\u3001\u300c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u96c6\u4e2d\u5e2f\u300d[11][12]\u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u306f\u3001\u30cf\u30c3\u30d6\u30eb\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3068\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3092\u8ddd\u96e2\u3067\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u7a0b\u5f0f\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u91cf\u5b50\u304c\u8868\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7406\u8ad6\u5168\u3066\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002  Table of Contents\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u306e\u516c\u5f0f[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u539f\u8abf\u67fb[\u7de8\u96c6]\u4ed6\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u7814\u7a76[\u7de8\u96c6]\u8a55\u4fa1\u3068\u6279\u5224[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u306e\u516c\u5f0f[\u7de8\u96c6]\u3053\u306e\u7bc0\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5168\u3066\u304c\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u51fa\u5178\u306b\u306e\u307f\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u51fa\u5178\u306e\u8ffd\u52a0\u3082\u884c\u3044\u3001\u8a18\u4e8b\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u6027\u30fb\u4e2d\u7acb\u6027\u30fb\u4fe1\u983c\u6027\u306e\u5411\u4e0a\u306b\u3054\u5354\u529b\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\u51fa\u5178\u691c\u7d22?:\u00a0&#8220;\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316&#8221;\u00a0\u2013\u00a0\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30b9\u00a0\u00b7 \u66f8\u7c4d\u00a0\u00b7 \u30b9\u30ab\u30e9\u30fc\u00a0\u00b7 CiNii\u00a0\u00b7 J-STAGE\u00a0\u00b7 NDL\u00a0\u00b7 dlib.jp\u00a0\u00b7 \u30b8\u30e3\u30d1\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u30c1\u00a0\u00b7 TWL\uff082016\u5e749\u6708\uff09\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u661f\u3084\u8907\u5408\u5929\u4f53\uff08\u9280\u6cb3\u306a\u3069\uff09\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u3068\u30d0\u30fc\u30d3\u30c3\u30b8\u306f[13]\u5b64\u7acb\u30af\u30a8\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u3084\u30b3\u30f3\u30d1\u30af\u30c8\u9280\u6cb3\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u5358\u7d14\u306a\u5929\u4f53\u306b\u5bfe\u8c61\u3092\u7d5e\u3063\u3066\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u591a\u6570\u306e\u5929\u4f53\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7d71\u8a08\u3092\u53d6\u3063\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u3088\u308a\u88ab\u9078\u597d\u7684\u306a\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5024\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb Z{displaystyle Z} \uff08\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3092\u5143\u306e\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u3067\u5272\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\uff09\u306f Z(n)=nK{displaystyle Z(n)=nK} \u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u96c6\u4e2d\u3059\u308b[14]\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001  K=0.061{displaystyle K=0.061} \u3068\u3057\u3001 n{displaystyle n} \u306f 3, 4, 6, &#8230; \u306e\u6574\u6570\u5024\u3068\u3059\u308b[14]\u3002Moret-Bailly\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5947\u5999\u306a\u6574\u6570\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u306f\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u304d\u308b[14]\u30023K=0.183{displaystyle 3K=0.183} \u306f\u6c34\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u306e\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u30d9\u30fc\u30bf\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u304b\u3089\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u30a2\u30eb\u30d5\u30a1\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u307e\u3067\u306e\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u91cf0.1852 \u2248 3 \u2217 0.0617\u3068\u8fd1\u304f\u30014K=0.244{displaystyle 4K=0.244}\u306f\u540c\u3058\u304f\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u30ac\u30f3\u30de\u304b\u3089\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u30a2\u30eb\u30d5\u30a1\u307e\u3067\u306e\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u91cf 0.25 = 4 \u2217 0.0625\u3068\u8fd1\u3044\u3002\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u306b\u767b\u5834\u3059\u308b2\u3064\u306e\u30d1\u30e9\u30e1\u30fc\u30bf\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3044\u3046\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6c34\u7d20\u306e\u5206\u5149\u5b66\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\uff1fJ. C. Pecker \u306f\u975e\u30b3\u30d2\u30fc\u30ec\u30f3\u30c8\u30e9\u30de\u30f3\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u975e\u30b3\u30d2\u30fc\u30ec\u30f3\u30c8\u30e9\u30de\u30f3\u52b9\u679c\u306f\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u3092\u8db3\u3057\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3055\u305b\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u9055\u3046\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u30d5\u30a7\u30e0\u30c8\u79d2\u30ec\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u30d1\u30eb\u30b9\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308c\u3070\u30b3\u30d2\u30fc\u30ec\u30f3\u30c8\u30e9\u30de\u30f3\u306f\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u3092\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30ca\u30ce\u79d2\u30d1\u30eb\u30b9\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308c\u3070\u77ac\u9593\u7684\u8a98\u5c0e\u30e9\u30de\u30f3\u6563\u4e71 (ISRS) \u304c\u52b1\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6c34\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u767a\u751f\u3057\u3001\u6642\u9593\u30b3\u30d2\u30fc\u30ec\u30f3\u30b9\u306e\u3042\u308b\u5149\u304c\u767a\u305b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8d85\u4f4e\u5727\u306e\u539f\u5b50\u96f2\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30af\u30a8\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u306e\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u51b7\u305f\u3044\u539f\u5b50\u72b6\u6c34\u7d20\u304c\u5149\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u30a2\u30eb\u30d5\u30a1\u7dda\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u5149\u304c\u6c34\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u306b\u5438\u53ce\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u539f\u5b50\u306f\u52b1\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u5438\u53ce\u7dda\u304c\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u30a2\u30eb\u30d5\u30a1\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u306b\u9054\u3059\u308b\u307e\u3067\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u5168\u3066\u306e\u30ac\u30b9\u7dda\u306f\u5f31\u3044ISRS\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u5468\u6ce2\u6570\u306e\u5149\u306e\u5438\u53ce\u3092\u8d77\u3053\u3059\u307e\u3067\u5438\u53ce\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304c\u518d\u3073\u958b\u59cb\u3059\u308b\u3002 3K{displaystyle 3K} \u304a\u3088\u3073 4K{displaystyle 4K} \u306e\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u306f\u30af\u30a8\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u30e9\u30a4\u30de\u30f3\u306e\u68ee\u306b\u3042\u308b\u985e\u4f3c\u306e\u5438\u53ce\u7dda\u306e\u9593\u3092\u7e4b\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9280\u6cb3\u306f\u5927\u304d\u3059\u304e\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u7a7a\u9593\u306f\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\u3068\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3089\u306f\u78ba\u5b9f\u306a\u7d50\u679c\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u6975\u3081\u3066\u5149\u5ea6\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u8d85\u65b0\u661f\u306e\u5468\u308a\u3067\u306f\u6c34\u7d20\u539f\u5b50\u304c\u52b1\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u308b\u307b\u3069\u71b1\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30ab\u30fc\u30eb\u30bd\u30f3\u306e\u516c\u5f0f\u306f\u7834\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5c40\u6240\u7684\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306f\u9280\u6cb3\u30de\u30c3\u30d7\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u7a7a\u6d1e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7406\u89e3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u539f\u8abf\u67fb[\u7de8\u96c6]\u30a6\u30a3\u30ea\u30a2\u30e0\u30fb\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\uff08\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\uff09\u306f\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u3092\u521d\u3081\u3066\u8abf\u67fb\u3057\u3001\u300c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u304c\u96c6\u4e2d\u3059\u308b\u76f8\u95a2\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3060[15] \u30021973\u5e74\u306e\u5f7c\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u4e0b\u306b\u5f15\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u304b\u307f\u306e\u3051\u5ea7\u3001\u30da\u30eb\u30bb\u30a6\u30b9\u5ea7\u3001A2199 \u306e200\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304c\u5468\u671f\u7684\u306b\u96c6\u4e2d\u7684\u76f8\u95a2\u3092\u6301\u3064\u3053\u3068\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u793a\u5506\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u3001\u304b\u307f\u306e\u3051\u5ea7\u9280\u6cb3\u56e3\u5185\u306e\u660e\u308b\u3044\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u6b63\u78ba\u306a\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u6a19\u672c\u304c\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u3001220\u00a0km\u22c5s\u22121 \u306e\u5468\u671f\u3067\u5f37\u3044\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3002\u304b\u307f\u306e\u3051\u5ea7\u9280\u6cb3\u56e3\u5185\u306e\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u30c9\u30c3\u30d7\u30e9\u30fc\u30b7\u30d5\u30c8\u306f 20\u00a0km\u22c5s\u22121 \u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300d[16]\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u7d50\u679c\u306f\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3067\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f7c\u306e\u4e3b\u5f35\u306e\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3092\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306b\u793a\u3059\u3002\u300c\u8a08\u753b\u306e\u9032\u5c55\u306b\u3064\u308c\u3066\u3088\u308a\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304c\u5358\u306b\u901f\u5ea6\u3068\u5b87\u5b99\u306e\u30b9\u30b1\u30fc\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u89e3\u91c8\u3068\u306f\u76f8\u5bb9\u308c\u306a\u3044\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u69d8\u3005\u306a\u793a\u5506\u304c\u6298\u306b\u89e6\u308c\u3066\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306b\u89b3\u6e2c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3067\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300d[17]\u4ed6\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u7814\u7a76[\u7de8\u96c6]1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u304b\u30891990\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u982d\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u30021989\u5e74\u3001Martin R. Croasdale \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7570\u306a\u308b\u9280\u6cb3\u6a19\u672c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5468\u671f 72\u00a0km\/s (\u0394z = 2.4\u00d710\u22124) \u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f[18]\u30021990\u5e74\u3001Bruce Guthrie \u3068 William Napier \u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u660e\u308b\u3044\u6e26\u5dfb\u9280\u6cb3\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u3092\u6392\u9664\u3057\u305f\u3084\u3084\u5927\u304d\u3044\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u540c\u3058\u5927\u304d\u3055\u306e\u300c\u5468\u671f\u6027\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u300d\u306e\u767a\u898b\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u305f[19]\u30021992\u5e74\u3001Guthrie \u3068 Napier \u306f\u300189\u306e\u9280\u6cb3\u3092\u6a19\u672c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5468\u671f\u3092 \u0394z = 1.24\u00d710\u22124 \u306b\u5897\u3084\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63d0\u6848\u3057\u305f[20]\u30021992\u5e74\u3001 G. Paal, et al. [21] \u304a\u3088\u3073 A. Holba, et al. [22] \u306f\u304b\u306a\u308a\u5927\u304d\u306a\u9280\u6cb3\u6a19\u672c\u304b\u3089\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u518d\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3001\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5468\u671f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u305f\u30021994\u5e74\u3001A. Holba, et al. [23] \u306f\u30af\u30a8\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3082\u518d\u89e3\u6790\u3057\u3001\u3084\u306f\u308a\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u5468\u671f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u305f\u30021997\u5e74\u3001W. \u039c. Napier \u3068 B. N. G. Guthrie \u306f\u6b21\u306e\u540c\u3058\u7d50\u8ad6\u306b\u81f3\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300c\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067250\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u9ad8\u7cbe\u5ea6 HI \u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30eb\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3092\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u8cab\u6027\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5341\u5206\u306a\u7cbe\u5ea6\u3092\u3082\u3064\u90e8\u5206\u6a19\u672c\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306e\u691c\u67fb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u9280\u6cb3\u4e2d\u5fc3\u53c2\u7167\u7cfb\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u5206\u5e03\u306b\u306f\u5f37\u3044\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002 &#8230; \u3053\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u4fe1\u983c\u6c34\u6e96\u306f\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u3002\u300d[24]\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306f1990\u5e74\u4ee3\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u30ab\u30bf\u30ed\u30b0\u5316\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u83ab\u5927\u306a\u9032\u6b69\u306e\u524d\u306b\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6642\u671f\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u8005\u304c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3092\u8a08\u6e2c\u3057\u305f\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u6570\u306f\u6570\u6841\u30aa\u30fc\u30c0\u30fc\u3067\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8a55\u4fa1\u3068\u6279\u5224[\u7de8\u96c6]\u3053\u306e\u9805\u76ee\u300c\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u300d\u306f\u9014\u4e2d\u307e\u3067\u7ffb\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002\uff08\u539f\u6587\uff1aen:Redshift quantization#Evaluation and criticism\uff09\u7ffb\u8a33\u4f5c\u696d\u306b\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066\u4e0b\u3055\u308b\u65b9\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ce\u30fc\u30c8\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u3084\u5c65\u6b74\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u306e\u30ac\u30a4\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3082\u53c2\u7167\u3057\u3066\u304f\u3060\u3055\u3044\u3002\u8981\u7d04\u6b04\u3078\u306e\u7ffb\u8a33\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u8a18\u5165\u3092\u304a\u5fd8\u308c\u306a\u304f\u3002\uff082016\u5e749\u6708\uff09After the discovery of Karlsson&#8217;s formula, a statistic on a large number of quasars and &#8220;compact galaxies&#8221; allowed a precise computation of Karlsson&#8217;s constant, the value of which is found by pure, standard spectroscopy.The spectroscopic computation of Karlsson&#8217;s formula is founded on the generation of shells in which relatively cold atomic hydrogen is either:-a) pumped to excited states, mainly 2P, whose quadrupolar resonances are able to transfer energy from light to background radiation, using a coherent Impulsive Stimulated Raman Scattering (ISRS). This transfer of energy redshifts light. This redshift requires energy at Lyman alpha frequency, and the redshift renews this energy up to a shift of Lyman beta or an other line written in the spectrum to Ly alpha frequency.-b) in its atomic ground state. There is no redshift because there are no 2P atoms, the 1420\u00a0MHz quadrupolar resonance is too high to allow an ISRS. However, atoms pumped by short frequencies to high levels, or 2S, 2P atoms resulting from a decay from these levels provide a small redshift  which allows to reach energy at Ly alpha frequency, so that case a may be reached.Thus output from case b to case a requires high frequency light which disappears fast in thermal radiation.The first case appears where pressure of atomic hydrogen is low enough around the quasar to allow a collisional time longer than the length of light pulses of incoherent light, condition for an ISRS.These structures of atomic hydrogen cannot be built if many sources are present, as close to a galaxy.This lack of periodicity for galaxies was demonstrated experimentally:  2dF GRS \u306b\u3088\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u3092\u56f3\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3002\u53b3\u5bc6\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u540c\u5fc3\u5186\u304c\u8868\u308f\u308c\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u306b\u898b\u3066\u3068\u308c\u308b\u9280\u6cb3\u30d5\u30a3\u30e9\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u624b\u6cd5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u5f31\u3044\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u3046\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\u306e\u63d0\u6848\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u8aac\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u306f\u6a19\u6e96\u7684\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6279\u5224\u8005\u306b\u9650\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f[25]\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u300120\u5e74\u8fd1\u304f\u7d4c\u904e\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u9054\u306b\u3088\u308a\u30c6\u30a3\u30d5\u30c8\u306e\u767a\u898b\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3002\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u8208\u5473\u3092\u5f15\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306f\u5929\u6587\u5b66\u4f1a\u306b\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u5076\u7136\u304b\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u5e7e\u4f55\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u30b5\u30b9\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3042\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u89b3\u6e2c\u3068\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u69cb\u9020\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3067\u306f\u30d5\u30a3\u30e9\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8\u72b6\u306e\u8d85\u9280\u6cb3\u56e3\u3068\u8d85\u7a7a\u6d1e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u7c97\u3044\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306f\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u306f\u76f8\u95a2\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u96c6\u56e3\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u7279\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\u307b\u3069\u306e\u5f37\u3044\u5468\u671f\u6027\u304c\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u5341\u5206\u306b\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u4f8b\u5916\u3092\u9664\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u7684\u306e\u5b87\u5b99\u8ad6\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4e8b\u8c61\u3092\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306b\u904e\u304e\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u5168\u304f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u4e8b\u8c61\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u5506\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30021987\u5e74\u3001E. Sepulveda \u306b\u3088\u308a\u30dd\u30ea\u30c8\u30ed\u30fc\u30d7\u7406\u8ad6\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5168\u3066\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5e7e\u4f55\u7684\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u304c\u63d0\u6848\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\u300c\u6700\u3082\u77ed\u3044\u5468\u671f\u6027 (\u0394z = 72144\u00a0km\/s) \u306f\u9280\u6cb3\u56e3\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6700\u3082\u9577\u3044\u5468\u671f\u6027 (\u0394z = 0.15) \u306f\u5b87\u5b99\u5468\u7e01\u56de\u8def[\u8a33\u8a9e\u7591\u554f\u70b9]\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e2d\u9593\u7684\u306a\u5468\u671f\u6027\u306f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5e7e\u4f55\u7684\u9038\u8131\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u539f\u59cb\u306e\u539f\u5b50\u306b\u8d77\u3053\u3063\u305f\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306e\u907a\u7269\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5fe0\u5b9f\u306a\u5316\u77f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300d[26]2002\u5e74\u3001Hawkins et al. \u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u30012dF \u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3089\u306f\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u91cf\u5b50\u5316\u306e\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u5168\u304f\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u305a\u3001Napier \u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u7528\u3044\u305f\u30ac\u30a4\u30c9\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u306f\u6a19\u672c\u4e2d\u306b\u73fe\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6211\u3005\u306f\u3001Burbidge &#038; Napier (2001) \u304c\u7528\u3044\u305f\u6a19\u672c\u306e\u307b\u307c8\u500d\u306e\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u70b9\u306b\u57fa\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4ee5\u524d\u691c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5468\u671f\u7684\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306f\u30ce\u30a4\u30ba\u3068\u30a6\u30a3\u30f3\u30c9\u30a6\u95a2\u6570\u306b\u3088\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300d[27]2005\u5e74\u3001Tang \u304a\u3088\u3073 Zhang \u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a00\u660e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c.. \u30b9\u30ed\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u30fb\u30b9\u30ab\u30a4\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u30842dF QSO \u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u304c\u516c\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u57fa\u3044\u3066\u3001QSO \u304c\u6d3b\u52d5\u9280\u6cb3\u304b\u3089\u5c04\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u5b87\u5b99\u306e\u81a8\u5f35\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u5468\u671f\u7684\u306a\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4eee\u8aac\u3092\u691c\u8a3c\u3057\u305f\u30022\u3064\u306e\u7570\u308b\u672c\u8cea\u7684\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\uff08\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\uff09\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001[..] log(1+z) \u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5468\u671f\u304a\u3088\u3073\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u5468\u671f\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u8a3c\u62e0\u306f\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u300d[7]2006\u5e74\u306bBajan, et al. \u306b\u3088\u308a\u767a\u8868\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30ec\u30d3\u30e5\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6211\u3005\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u9280\u6cb3\u306e\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u306e\u5468\u671f\u6027\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306f\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3048\u306a\u3044\u300d[28]\u3068\u7d50\u8ad6\u3065\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30022006\u5e74\u306e M. B. Bell \u3068 D. McDiarmid \u306b\u3088\u308b\u5831\u544a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c46,400\u500b\u306e\u30af\u30a8\u30fc\u30b5\u30fc\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306eSDSS\u30c7\u30fc\u30bf\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b6\u3064\u306e\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u306f\u3001Decreasing Intrinsic Redshift Model \u306e\u4e88\u8a00\u3059\u308b\u88ab\u9078\u597d\u7684\u8d64\u65b9\u504f\u79fb\u3068\u4e00\u81f4\u3059\u308b\u300d[5]\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e2\u4eba\u306f\u9078\u629e\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u3088\u308a\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u76ee\u7acb\u3064\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u751f\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8a8d\u77e5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b[7]\u3002\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30d4\u30fc\u30af\u306f\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u542b\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u5468\u671f\u6027\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7d50\u8ad6\u304c\u9078\u629e\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u3064\u304f\u3082\u306e\u306a\u306e\u304b\u7591\u554f\u306f\u5448\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u8003\u5bdf\u90e8\u306b\u306f\u7c97\u96d1\u306a\u57df\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u30af\u30ed\u30b9\u30b5\u30fc\u30d9\u30a4\u6bd4\u8f03\u306f\u8f09\u305b\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3078\u306e\u624b\u77ed\u306a\u53cd\u5fdc\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001Schneider et al. 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