Gramtical concording – Wikipedia, free encyclopedia

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The agreement It is a resource of languages ​​to mark grammatical relationships between the various constituents through cross references. It is carried out by requiring that the word that occupies a certain syntactic position takes one or another one according to any feature determined by another word with which it matches In that feature the grammatical accident. It mainly affects the flexible languages.

In many Indo -European languages ​​with flexion, concordance affects some of these features: grammatical gender, grammatical number, grammatical case or grammatical person. Also within European languages ​​at least two types of concordance are distinguished: nominal and verbal. In Romance languages, in Greek and in Slavic languages ​​there is polarity concordance, in which in a negative prayer the indefinite ones that appear must have a negative form.

In the approach of generative grammar, grammatical concordance either within a nominal phrase (or determining phy own rection with respect to the other concordant elements.

Concordance in Spanish [ To edit ]

Nominal concordance [ To edit ]

It is one that occurs when the genre and number of the noun coincide with that of the adjectives and determinants that appear with it.

Verbal concordance [ To edit ]

The verbal concordance It is the coincidence of grammatical number and generally of a grammatical person between the verb and its subject of it: They sing very well .

In Spanish this concordance is mandatory, except in the case of impersonal sentences and in the case of the call Inclusive subject : The Spaniards are like this , Mexicans are Guadalupanos .

Other concordance [ To edit ]

Spanish, like most Romanesque languages, presents the polarity concordance, which affects indefinite pronouns in the presence of a negation phrase occupied by a negative polarity particle.

General rules [ To edit ]

  1. The coordination of two or more nouns or pronouns in singular, provided that each of them refers to a different entity, forms a group that agrees in the plural with the adjective or pronoun, or with the verb of which they are subject: «Sale onion and carrot chopped for fifteen minutes »; “Oxygen, hydrogen and carbon are provided by the medium”; “Salt and water are free.”
  2. The coordination of two or more nouns or pronouns of different grammatical gender forms a group that agrees in masculine with the adjective or with the pronoun: “The cracks are fried together with the chopped onion and garlic”; “Now the house and the garden are others.”
  3. If between two or more coordinated elements there is a second -person pronoun (and none of the first), the concordance with the verb and with the other pronouns is established in the second person of the plural or, in the areas of the Hispanic world where the pronoun you, but you, in the third person of the plural: “The girl and you will charge what your is”; “Murphy and you are very dangerous witnesses”; If there is a first -person pronoun, the concordance is established in the first person of the plural: “Do you remember that day when we dance chema, you and me?”

There are numerous exceptions to these rules, with respect to which the Panhispanic dictionary of doubt of the Royal Spanish Academy. [ first ] ​

Concordance in other languages [ To edit ]

Spanish, like other Romanesque languages, presents a good number of both nominal, verbal and determinants. English on the contrary presents verbal concordances and in the determinants. While in semitic languages ​​such as Arabic, which presents nominal, verbal and determining concordances have more concordances than Spanish, so for example the subject and the verb can also agree in gender (something that does not happen in Spanish). In Latin and other flexive languages ​​within a nominal phrase the nucleus agrees with accessories not only in gender and number but also in case.

In languages ​​where thematic papers are marked by affixation in the verb there is gender concordance for both the agent and for the object of verbal preaching.

Polarity concordance [ To edit ]

The polarity concordance, sometimes called “double denial” and “permeable denial”, is a requirement of many languages ​​when the denial phrase is occupied by a negative element. In Spanish, for example, we have:

(1a) No I could talk to nobody
(1b) * No I could talk to someone

In (1a) since the denial phrase contains the negative element no The couple of indefinite are required nobody / someone The first (1st) appears that has a negative polarity, if the second appears as (1b) is an agramatical prayer. The same phenomenon can be seen when more than one indefinite appears:

(2) No one ever told me anything about all.

In sentences such as (2) it can be seen that the term “double denial” is inaccurate. As with elementary concordance, polarity concordance requires a rection relationship between the element that forces concordance and concordant elements. More specifically, the negative element governs the indefinite. That the negative element that triggers the concordance occupies the specifier position can be seen because in that position two elements cannot appear simultaneously:

(3A) No I had seen Never .
(3B) Never I had seen
(3c) * No never I had seen / Never no I had seen

In (3b) the indefinite Never “passes” from the adverb position (syntactic attachment of the verbal phrase) to the specifier position of the denial phrase (SNEG) through a syntactic movement. Being occupied the SNEG specifier position no other element can occupy it, so none of the alternatives of (3C) is correct because in them the specifier would be doubly occupied, something prevented by the Spanish grammar.

The same phenomenon appears with variations in other romance languages. Also in classical Greek (4) and in Russian there is a concordance of negative polarity:

(4) Never on zero I said that ‘I was out of this’ (epicteto)
‘Never say about anything: “I have lost it”‘ ‘
(5) in who in gdié in The Cognudi Otsto MoC NO Skazal ‘

This contrasts strongly with Germanic languages ​​such as English or German where only one negative can appear within the same prayer (subordinate sentences are excluded). In English you have:

(6A) No body ever said so
(6B) * No body n ever said so

In (6a) the first element nobody It already has a negative polarity, so a second element cannot appear with negative polarity or word- n (as never ) without the phrase being agramatical. What happens in English is the occurrence of special forms of the indefinite:

(7) N ever did any body say so .

A similar restriction operates in German:

(8a) I got it nowhere found.
‘I have not found it anywhere’
(8b) I got it not found.
‘I have not found it’
(8C) *I got it nowhere not found.
‘I have not found it anywhere’

Both (8a) and (8b) are correct because only an element of negative polarity appears, however in (8c) two negative elements appear, as in this language there is no concordance in (8c) the two elements are disposed of the same position, And since that position cannot be doubly busy is an agramatical prayer.

References [ To edit ]

Bibliography [ To edit ]

  • Forest, Ignacio; Gutiérrez-Rexach, Javier (2009). Formal Grammar Foundations (1ª edicón). Madrid: Akal. ISBN 978-84-460-2227-5 .
  • Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The Minimalist Program . Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. [first]
  • Eguren, L and Soriano, O (2004). Introduction to minimalist syntax . Gredos
  • M. A. K. Halliday (1975). Language structure and function . Editorial Alliance.

external links [ To edit ]