Louis-Antoine Beaunier-Wikipedia

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For homonymous items, see Beaunier.

Birth
Melun
Death
Paris
Nationality French
Profession

Civil engineer (mines)

Other activites
Industrial entrepreneur
Director of Practical School of Geislautern
Founder and Director School of Mines of Saint-Etienne;
Formation

Paris Mines School

Distinctions

Legion-of-Honor (Officer)

Supplements

modifier

Louis-Antoine Beaunier (1779-1835) is an engineer from the French mines, founder of the Saint-Etienne minors school, now the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne. He was also an entrepreneur and one of the pioneers of the metallurgical industry and railways.

He is the creator of the first railway line in France and in continental Europe, from Saint-Etienne to Andrézieux.

Louis-Antoine Beaunier was born on the parish of Saint-Aspais de Melun le [ first ] in a bourgeois and literate family. With his younger brother Firmin-Hippolyte (1782-1867), he is the eldest of a siblings of two children from Antoine-Louis Beaunier (1754-1811) and Clémentine Sourdeau (1756-1850).

His grandfather Antoine Beaunier was alderman of Melun from 1744 to 1751. His father, Antoine-Louis, man of letters appreciated by his fellow citizens, obtained in 1791 to exercise functions in the administration of the department before being proscribed under the regime of terror. He then hides in Paris before finding a more peaceful life after obtaining, with the help of friends, “A requisition” [ 2 ] by the Committee of Public Safety. Free to his movements, he devoted himself to the education of his children, in particular by the study of drawing and painting “In Regnault’s workshop” [ 2 ] , training that will allow Firmin-Hippolyte to start a career as a painter [ 3 ] . Antoine-Louis is successively office manager at the Ministry of the Interior then Division Head at the Directorate General of Ponts et Chaussées [ 2 ] . He died in 1811.

Paris Mines School [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Louis-Antoine Beaumier is 16 years old when he presents himself in the competition of the Paris Mines School [ note 1 ] . He was received in mines on (19 ventôse year III), but the law of (30 Vendémiaire year IV) Having half the number of places (40 to 20), a new competition is organized between the students already received. Again, he is definitely admitted and joined the Paris Mines School.

During his years of training, he made two study trips; In 1795, with Picot La Peyrouse and Duhamel in the Pyrenees and Languedoc; in 1797 with Dolomieu in the Italian Alps and Dauphinoises [ 2 ] .

In , he is appointed engineer of mines. His intellectual qualities made him notice by Vauquelin who took him under his orders in the laboratory of the School of Mines of Paris.

In 1800, he visited the mountains and mines of Auvergne and Lyonnais and the following year, with his colleague from Welsh, he stayed several months on the lead mines in Poullaouen and Huelgoat,

Professionnal career [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Mine body engineer [ 4 ] [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

Quickly noticed for the qualities of his work in mineralogy, he quickly reached responsibilities. In 1802, he took the direction of the mineralogical district composed of the departments of the Ardennes, the forests, the Meuse, the Marne and the Seine-et-Marne, reduced, in 1805 at the request of the prefects concerned with regard to the Workload necessary for the good conduct of the engineer’s mission, to the departments of the Moselle and the forests with residence in Metz. Beaunier made the mineralogical atlas of Saint-Pancré there.

In 1807, he was responsible for a mission for the regularization of the exploitation of coal mines around Alais, which he successfully fulfilled. Back in Moselle, he produced until the end of 1809, with his colleague Calmelet, the transactions for the delimitation of concessions in the coal basin around Sarrebrück,

He is appointed chief engineer on For the mineralogical district comprising eight departments of the Midi, including the Bouches-du-Rhône and Le Gard, with residence in Nîmes.

Disputes having been done day in the Bouches-du-Rhône on the price of the coal in this department, Beaier is responsible for a new mission in 1810 at the end of which he shows that the high price noted is linked to Overconsumption of fuel consecutively with too many soda factories and not to a desire for mine dealers.

In 1812, with Cordier, he was entrusted with a punctual mission on accidents that occurred in the Mines of Liège (Department of Ourthe). While still being assigned to Nîmes, he undertook, from the end of 1812 until the beginning of 1813, with Guenyveau, an underground and exterior topography of the Territoire coal de Saint-Étienne and Rive-de-Gier in order to allow the administration to regularize the exploitation of mines within the framework of the law of On mines, mining and careers.

At the end of 1813, he was appointed director of the Geislauter School [ note 2 ] in the Saarland [ note 3 ] , replacing its Duhamel predecessor. While until then, his missions had had the purpose of conciliation, Beaunier is now directly in action, oblige to act as an entrepreneur responsible for a place of production. Indeed, the Practical School of Geislautern was designed as a factory-pilot for the development of new metallurgical processes according to English processes (Cuke and forge with rolling mill) and their distribution by teaching [ 5 ] . The Treaties of Paris in 1814 and 1815 ended this unfinished experience.

Appointed chief engineer first re Class in 1816, he took over the management of the mineralogical district of Nièvre, Cher, Allier and Saône-et-Loire, as well as the Loire department jointly with Welsh to participate in the Temporary commission of mines in the Loire [ note 4 ] responsible for definitively determining the coal concessions of Saint-Etienne. The long and delicate negotiations of Beaunier to arbitrate between, on the one hand, the multiplicity of interests and claims of local actors and their hostility against an intervention of the administration and, on the other hand, the rigors of the law of 1810 and the need to settle the exploitation of mines for a purpose of general utility, made it possible to get out of an inextricable situation by adapting the scope of the law by special provisions to the situation of Saint-Etienne.

He is at the origin of the school of minors of Saint-Etienne created in 1816. In the 2 It is promotion of the school, he had as a student Jean-Baptiste Boussingault who describes him in his Memoirs Like an excellent pedagogue and geologist.

In 1822, he was responsible for an inspection tour in the departments of Auvergne, Dauphiné and Provence.

In 1824, he was appointed in the rank of divisional inspector. While remaining director of the School of Saint-Etienne, he goes periodically to Paris to attend the sessions of the General Council of Mines.

He was called upon to give his opinion, in 1828, to the commission instituted to investigate the irons and that of 1832 on the Houilles.

In , Beaunier is called in extraordinary service to the Council of State.

In , he is appointed inspector general of mines.

The , he is raised to the rank of officer of the Legion of Honor.

Suffering for several years from a declining view, as well as from rheumatic and gastric pain aggravated by intense professional activity, his state of health deteriorated quickly in 1835 until his death, in Paris, the of this year. He is buried the at the Montmartre cemetery.

Following the death of Baunier, Delière was appointed head of the Saint-Etienne district [ 6 ] .

From his professional career and his brief experience in Geislaut, Beaier designs the project to associate a teaching center with a center of industries in order to train technicians and put into practice new techniques as the General Council had imagined mines, but in a more integrated form and directed by the State within the framework of an industrial district [ note 5 ] . However, Beaunier innovates by not making state intervention a necessary condition, favoring the association of manufacturers/capitalists in the state.

The School of Minors of Saint-Etienne [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In , Beaunier offers the Director General of Ponts & Chaussées and Mines [ note 6 ] A project to create a practical school of mines.

Of his work for the delimitation and regulation of mines, as well as his brief experience as an entrepreneur in Geislaut, Beaunier is strengthened in the idea, shared in the body of mines, of the need to form subordinate frameworks of metallurgical farms and mining [ 7 ] ; ‘ The body of mines, even if it is formed by the most deeply paid men in the art of mines, it will not yet follow that the mines of France are well exploited if the local operating directors are without the necessary instruction […] [ 8 ] “For him, the educated director may” Appreciate and follow, in details, the opinions or orders emanating from the administration of the mines. [ 5 ] However, there is no place in the country to train directors, whether they are mines, factories or workshops.

For Beaunier, the training of a new technical and metallurgy technical staff (civil engineers of mines [ 9 ] ) should not be only descending, hierarchical, from state engineers to civil engineers. On the contrary, he innovates by wanting to establish between these two categories of engineer, between all command bodies, the same “language”, the same unit of discourse and doctrine [ 5 ] . It is through a common technical culture that a dialogue between equals would be permanently established, described by Beaunier as ” convenience relationships » [ 5 ] . This point meets the hostility of the General Council of Mines which sees in the school of minors only a practical school in the narrowest sense forming ” Good drivers of underground work, master bodies … It is not a question of training perfect people in Saint-Etienne in the principle. It will suffice that students gain a simple knowledge of the first principles and that they can leave school after two years [ 5 ] . »

The government, through Molé, director general of bridges & roads and mines, imposes the situation when By not placing the School of Saint-Etienne under the supervision of the corps of mines, which will only be requested to give an opinion to the director general on the teaching provided and the deliberations of the school’s board of directors, as well as that to provide the teachers who will be chosen from the engineers of the district of which Saint-Etienne is the chief town [ 5 ] .
The School of Minors of Saint-Etienne is created by the order of the and its organization fixed by prescription of [ ten ] . Becquey, director general of bridges & roads and mines, transmits to the prefects, by letter from , a copy of the 1816 ordinance accompanied by the decree of Organizing the School of Minors of Saint-Etienne [ 11 ] .

For Beaunier, this technical education must also be accompanied by work in the field which supposes access to mining farms. In , he proposed among the concessions which had just been delimited following the work of the temporary commission of mines of the Loire, that two reservations were formed for the school. As part of an original association between administration and private capital, he agrees with Jovin Père et fils, dealer of Mines du Cros, both on the financial aspects and from the coal of these reserves from these reserves [ twelfth ] . But Becquey, successor to Molé, does not take up this project fearing that the school passes under the thumb of coal professionals [ 9 ] .

On the death of Beaunier, Roussel-Gall is appointed, in , School principal.

The Saint-Etienne minors’ school became an important center for disseminating techniques, a laboratory recognized in the service of the surrounding industries as well as a nursery of excellent engineers.

Entrepreneur [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In addition to the emergence of a community of civilian engineers through the school of minors, Beaunier sets up, in the Stéphanoise region, the bases of metallurgical and rail businesses as places of learning new techniques [ 9 ] . It is part of an approach, desired by mining engineers at the time, to create industries they are responsible for and which they could erect in model factories to provide new processes to industrialists, most often self -taught, without these having assumed the risks of development [ note 7 ] . However Beaunier adapts this approach by not opposing the State to industry but by seeking collaboration between them in the name of public utility [ 9 ] .

The Berardière Steeliness [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

In 1816, on the advice of Beaunier [ 13 ] Taking up his unwanted project of Geislautern [ note 8 ] , the Parisian banker Milleret [ note 9 ] , Receiver General for Finance in eastern France, undertakes the creation of a steelworks in Bérardière [ 14 ] , under the name Beaunier, de Brou and C ie [ note 10 ] On the Furens, near Saint-Etienne.

The new factory is established on the Beaunier plans which, on authorization [ note 11 ] From the Director General of Ponts & Chaussées and Mines, Molé, directs the installation of the entire metallurgical part of the factory and shortly after taking the direction.

For the first time in France, a factory refines gross steels according to the German method [ note 12 ] . These “natural steels”, or gross, come from the steelworks of Bonpertuis and Allivet (or Alivet), in Isère belonging to Milleret, Nivernais and the Pyrenees. The factory mainly employs German or Alsatian workers, including Jean-Baptiste Bedel and Jacob Holtzer [ 9 ] . The factory is made up of five forges and four martinets. It produces damask ribbons for the making of gunshot cannons, hard steel to put on the faces of rifles batteries, rifle bayonets, foils, files, cars springs, knife blades, welding steel refined which presents the hardness of the melted steel [ 15 ] .

In , the COMPANY COMPANY for the national industry awards a gold medal in Milleret for the Beradière factory.

In 1819, the factory management was provided by M. de Brou [ 16 ] . Shortly after participating in the exhibition of French industry products in 1823 where factory products received a gold medal [ 17 ] , Beaunier leaves the company to devote himself to another industrial activity, that of the railway. The company was bankrupt in 1829 [ 18 ] , [ note 13 ] .

The Bérardière factory is one of the first examples of an association of a capitalist and an engineer implementing new techniques. Subsequently, Milleret and Beaier build, in Dauphiné, the Hauts-Fourneaux of Saint-Hugon (1822) and Rioupéroux on the Romanche (1825) [ 19 ] .

The Saint-Etienne railway in Andrézieux [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

For a long time, mining engineers are looking for the best way to lower the cost of transport that would allow the development of coal operations. The memory in 1818 of Welsh, returning from a trip to England, describing the railways he was able to observe in the mining regions which he visited, laid the foundations of the first projects in France [ 20 ] ; Burdin, in 1820, believes that the replacement of animal traction by ” new engine s “is a source of economy in the transport of goods; Furgan in 1823 offers a railway connecting the Mines de Gardanne to the port of Marseille [ note 14 ] .

In 1821, Beaunier, accompanied by Welsh and Marcellin Boggio, went to England to study closely the construction of the railways; The Welsh memory of 1818 was too general [ 21 ] . Based on the financial group which has already provided the capital necessary for the installation of the steelworks of the Bérardière [ note 15 ] And the shareholders of the Compagnie des Mines de Fer de Saint-Étienne (founded in 1818-1820 by De Gallois), Beaunier built the first railway line in France, between Saint-Étienne and Andrézieux, on the Loire, who,, who, who, After being conceded in 1823, was put into service in 1827.

In this new industry, Mines Engineers, Tel Beaunier, demonstrated modernity and initiative compared to bridges & road engineers.

The Compagnie des Mines and the Epinac railroad prayed, in 1829, to be part of its board of directors, but declining the proposal, however to examine the state of things and the best direction to give on the railway.

Its name is registered on the facade of the building of the National School of Mines in Saint-Etienne [ 22 ] .

  • Memoir on the external and underground topography, of the coal area of ​​Saint-Etienne and Rive-de-Gier (department of Loire) . By Mr. Beaunier, chief engineer at the Royal Corps of Mines, director of the School of Minors of Saint-Etienne, extract from the Annals of Mines, Volume 1816, Paris, 1817

Notes [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  1. ↑ The Paris Mines School and the Corps of Mines are the components of the Mines Agency, created by the law of August 24, 1794 (27 Messidor). The agency becomes a council of mines by the law of 30 vendémiaire year IV (October 22, 1795) which also establishes the recruitment of engineers from the mines among former students of the Polytechnic School (Thepot (Bibliography), pages 27 and 28).
  2. ↑ The exact title is “Practical school of the Mines of the Saar” (Boy (Bibliography), chapter 2).
    The Practical School of Geislautern, which did not have time to set up, is the counterpart of the other practical school, that of Pesey (Mont-Blanc), both succeeding the first school of the Paris mines of Paris which was removed by the decree of 13 pluviôse year IX (February 12, 1802). The end of the experience of the Pesey school and its return to Paris in December 1816, devoted the definitive installation of a school of the Paris Mines (order of December 5, 1816, relating to the organization and the Administration of the School of Mines) (Thepot (Bibliography), pages 75 to 77).
  3. ↑ The mineralogical district of the Saar included the departments of Mont-Tonon, Moselle, Rhin-et-Moselle and Bas-Rhin (Boy (Bibliography), chapter 2, note 24).
  4. ↑ The commission is made up of Beaunier, Moisson-desoches (for the district of Rive-de-Gier), Gallois (for Saint-Étienne) and, in 1819 in reinforcement, Rozières (professor at the school of minors) (Thepot ( Bibliography), page 168).
  5. ↑ ‘ The whole that Beaunier seeks to set up in Saint-Etienne between 1817 and 1823, namely next to the school of minors and the administrative structure (the functioning of the mineralogical underemployment), a steelworks, the attempt to endow the ‘School of a coal -in -law, finally the desire to open the basin to the national economy by coupling rail/navigation on the Loire, is likely to be mistaken for this organization of the productive territory that the Council of Mines had Theorized under the term of industrial district, inspired by large German minero-metallurgical complexes. (Boy (Bibliography), chapter 4).
    This reference to the German experience in terms of “mines-industry” complex is explicitly mentioned by Becquey, director general of bridges & roads and mines, in his letter to the prefects of the prefects of sending them a copy of the 1816 ordinance, creating the school of minors in Saint-Etienne, accompanied by the decree of the , organizing the school: ” It is by similar establishments that several states of Germany are made their operations flourishing; And His Majesty thought that an institution of this kind would have a happy influence in France on the development and improvement of this branch of the national industry. ” (See Letter from Becquey of July 20, 1817 to the prefects , in Ravinet, Ponts et Chaussées and Mines Codes, Tome Second, Paris, Carilian Gowry Libraire, 1829, page 55).
    Likewise in 1820, when Becquey asked the prefects to request mines operators to place students from the Saint-Etienne minors school: ” Some states of Germany which have formed such establishments, must partly the state of prosperity where they have reached their farms. “Also his letter, of the same day, to the prefects asking them to provide nine places of external students at the École des Mines de Paris, to choose from the sons of the managers of metallurgical companies or mine operators:” … Since a long time we had felt in France the need to create, like several Germans in Germany, free and particular establishments for the education of young people who are intended for the exploitation of mines. ” (See Letters from Becquey of April 13, 1820 to the prefects , in Ravinet, Ponts et Chaussées and Mines Codes, Tome Second, Paris, Carilian Gowry Libraire, 1829, pages 179 and 180).
  6. ↑ By order of July 17, 1815, the administration of bridges & roads and that of mines were brought together under the authority of the Director General of Bridges & Chaussées and Mines within the Ministry of the Interior (Thepot (Bibliography), page 38 ).
  7. ↑ This approach will quickly meet its limits at the same time in the face of the reluctance of industrialists such as that of the public authorities (Thepot (Bibliography), pages 339-340 and pages 397-398).
  8. ↑ Nothing indicates, in the archives of Geislaut, that Beaunier at the time managed to make steel (boy (bibliography), chapter 4, note 21).
  9. ↑ From the time of his passage to Geislautern in Saarland, Beaunier probably knew Milleret, former receiver general of the department of Meurthe (1815) then of the Moselle (1817).
  10. ↑ The wife in the first wedding of Milleret was called Brou (see Milleret Genealogy sur Geneanet.
  11. ↑ Authorization is the possibility given to the Mines Engineer by his hierarchy to leave the active body service to occupy office in the private industry, while retaining his administrative activities. It differs from the leave that places the engineer beyond the control of the hierarchy for a period which, sometimes, is unlimited (Thepot (Bibliography), pages 295 and 296).
  12. ↑ Jackson in 1815 had rented to Antoine Heurtier the little forge of “fishermen”, located in Trablaine near the Chambon on the river of Ondaine, for the production of cemented steel (Babu, Belhoste and Nicole Verney-Caron ( bibliography)).
  13. ↑ Subsequently, the Bérardière factory was taken up by Pierre Auguste Leclerc (under the name “Leclerc and C ie ») And participates in the exhibition of French industry products from 1834. The factory was then bought by the Baron de RocheAillée (Bernou de Rochetaillée family), owner of the Etivallière estate, which rents it to the Jackson and who directed it until 1844. They stopped occupying the factory in 1854. Bérardière was operated for 2-3 years by Jean (Jacob) Holtzer, then arrested in 1862. It was put into activity by the S tea Harpp, Bedel et C ie Under the name “Forges and Aciries of Bérardière” (see L.-J. Gras, Economic history of the Loire metallurgy », Saint-Étienne, printing theater, 1908, pages 31 and 255).
  14. ↑ As a precursor of railways, see also harvest-desoches whose memory, of 1810, on the Possibility of shortening distances by crisscrossing the Empire of seven large railways , quoted by some authors, has never been found in any archive.
  15. ↑ ‘ In 1824, he [Millered] was a banker in Paris. Milleret was undoubtedly the financial union between Beaunier, a technical agent, and the other founders of the railway company. »(L.-J. Gras, The first French railway (Saint -Etienne in Andrézieux) – Notes and documents , Extract from the Loire Memorial, February 25 – April 29, 1923, page 11).

References [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  1. ↑ Plancke (bibliography), p. 27
  2. ↑ A B C and D De Bonnard (Bibliography).
  3. ↑ Base Joconde (Portal des collections des Musées de France): Table de, Firmin Hippolyte Beaunier, Duguesclin receiving Charles V envoys, Connestable sword , Rennes Museum of Fine Arts [first]
  4. ↑ De Bonnard (Bibliography) and Thepot (Bibliography) Pages 223-224.
  5. ↑ a b c d e and f Boy (Bibliography), Chapter 2.
  6. ↑ Thepot (Bibliography), page 101.
  7. ↑ Thépot (Bibliography), page 222.
  8. ↑ Memoir on the creation of a new Practical Mines School. General Council of Mines, May 7, 1816 (cited by Thépot (Bibliography), page 224).
  9. ↑ A B C D and E Boy (Bibliography), chapter 4.
  10. ↑ Royal ordinance of August 2, 1816 creating a mines school in Saint-Étienne in Methodical and chronological collection of laws, decrees, ordinances …, volume 2, Paris, Imperial printing, 1857, page 351.
  11. ↑ Letter from Becquey of July 20, 1817 to the prefects , in Ravinet, Ponts et Chaussées and Mines Codes, Tome Second, Paris, Carilian Gowry Libraire, 1829, page 55.
  12. ↑ Thepot (Bibliography), page 226.
  13. ↑ BABU (Bibliography), page 371.
  14. ↑ On the origin of the Bérardière factory, see Joseph Duplessy, Statistical test in the Loire department, containing information on … , Montbrisson, Imprimerie de Cheminal, December 1818, page 343.
  15. ↑ Babu (Bibliography) and Gillet the laumont , Of the report to the General Council of Mines, on May 11, 1819, on Bérardière steels , in Annals of mines, or collections of memories on the exploitation of mines, volume fourth, 1819, page 223.
  16. ↑ Gillet the laumont, on. citi ., page 226, note 1.
  17. ↑ Alphonse Peyret-Lallier, Industrial statistics of the Loire Department , Saint-Etienne, Delarue Libraire-Éditor, 1835 (page 99, note 1).
  18. ↑ Belhoste (bibliography).
  19. ↑ Belhoste (Bibliography), page 64.
  20. ↑ Welsh Railways in England, especially in Newcastle in Northumberland in Annals des Mines, 1818. The article by Welsh has also been the subject of a presentation at the Academy of Sciences; ( Institut de France, Academy of Sciences, minutes of the Academy sessions, volume VI, year 1816-1819, page 316, meeting of Monday May 18, 1818, reading of the report by M. de Gallois, by M. Girard ).
  21. ↑ L.-J. BOLD, History of the first French railways and the first tram in France , Saint-Étienne, Théolier, 1924, page19.
  22. ↑ Names.rues.st.etienne site rue Beaunier (accessed October 15, 2013).

Bibliography [ modifier | Modifier and code ]

  • L. Babu, The metallurgical industry in the Saint-Etienne region , page 371 and following . in Annales des Mines (1899, series 9, volume 15).
  • J.-F. Belhoste, Cast iron, iron, steel – Rhône -Alpes XV It is – Start XX It is century , Collection The Inventory – Heritage Images, Drac Rhône -Alpes, 1992.
  • Auguste-Henri de Bonnard, NECR Notice on Mr. Beaier, Inspector General of Mines , in Annales des Mines, third series, Tome VIII, Carilian-Gœur, Paris, 1835, pp. 515-540.
  • Descreux, Beaunier (Extract from the notice published by M. de Bonnard in 1835), in Stéphanoise biographical notices, Constantin, Saint-Étienne, 1868, pp. 35-44.
  • Anne-Françoise Boy, Between the state and the factory. The Saint-Etienne Mines School in the XIX It is century , Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2004 (ISBN  9782868479587 ) .
  • Anne-Françoise Boy, Archeology of the liberal engineer: Mines and technique in France, 1760-1820 , Engineering History Notebooks, volume. XV 2016-2017, pp 225-241.
  • Auguste Jouret, The engineer Beaunier, first railway worker in France (from the journal our profession of ) in Revue Technica (organ of the association of former students of the Lyon Central School), n ° 83, , pages III to IX.
  • J. Merley, A little-known engineer, Louis-Antoine Beaunier , in Bulletin of the Center for Regional History of the University of Saint-Etienne, 1978-1.
  • René-Charles Plancke, The “first railway worker in France”: a Melunais! , in History of the Seine-et-Marne railway: volume I of the vapor at the TGV, Le Mée-sur-Seine, Amatteis edition, 1991 (ISBN  2-86849-105-7 ) , pp. 27-28.
  • André Thépot, Mines engineers in the XIX It is century. History of a state technical body, volume 1 (1810-1914) , ESKA editions/Institute of History of Industry, Paris, 1998.
  • Nicole Verney-Caron, Ribbon and steel – the economic elites of the Stéphanoise region in the XIX It is century (1815-1914) , Foreziennes study center, publications of the University of Saint-Etienne, 1999.
  • Bernard Zellmeyer, Beaunier, steelmaker and rail pioneer , in Bulletin of the Center for Regional History, n ° 1, University of Saint-Etienne, 1978.

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