Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language

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Spelling system used for the Indonesian language

The Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language (Indonesian: Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD)[1] is the spelling system used for the Indonesian language.

History[edit]

The Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language (Indonesian: Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia yang Disempurnakan, EYD)[1] is the spelling system used for the Indonesian language. The system is an orthography released in 1972 to replace the Republican Spelling System (RSS, also called the Soewandi Spelling System, SSS). A joint initiative of Indonesia and neighboring country Malaysia (which also introduced the similar Joint Rumi Spelling system), the aim of the change in 1972 was to introduce greater harmonization of the Indonesian and Malay-language orthographies. The adoption of the new EYD system, to begin on the 27th anniversary of Indonesia’s independence on 17 August 1972, was decreed by President Suharto on the previous day.[2] Government departments were instructed to begin using the EYD system on 1 January 1973. On 27 August 1975, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a decree which provided a detailed explanation of the changes proposed in the new system and marked the official use of EYD system.[3] It was formerly known as the Indonesian Spelling System (Indonesian: Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, EBI), often referred to as the Indonesian Spelling System General Guidelines (Indonesian: Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia, PUEBI), between 2015 and 2022.[1]

Characteristics[edit]

Republican-to-EYD letter changes[edit]

Changes Republican EYD English meaning
/tʃ/: tj becomes c tjuma, katjang cuma, kacang only, peanuts
/dʒ/: dj becomes j djual, edjaan jual, ejaan sell, spelling
/j/: j becomes y ajam, pajung ayam, payung chicken, umbrella
/ɲ/: nj becomes ny njonja, banjak nyonya, banyak madam, many
/ʃ/: sj becomes sy sjair, masjarakat syair, masyarakat poem, people
/x/: ch becomes kh tarich, achir tarikh, akhir era, end

Foreign loan letters[edit]

Letters that had previously been included in the Republican Spelling as foreign loan letters are officially used in the EYD Spelling.[4]

Letters Example English meaning
f maaf, fakir (I am) sorry, poor
v valuta, universitas currency, university
z zeni, lezat engineer, delicious

Q and X[edit]

The letters Q and X are used in scientific subjects.[4] Examples:

The letter Q is also used as needed for Islamic subjects.[5][6] Examples:

  • Quran
  • Al-Furqan
  • Al-Baqarah

Affixes and prepositions[edit]

The writing of di- and ke- (affixes) can be distinguished from di and ke (prepositions), where di- and ke- are written together with the words that follow it, for example diambil, kehendak (is being taken, desire), while di and ke are written separately with the words that follow it, for example di rumah, ke pasar (at home, to the market). This is different from the former Republican Spelling, where both di- and di are written together with the words following it.[4]

Reduplication[edit]

Reduplication, mostly used in plural form of words, has to be fully written with letters, so the use of the number “2” as used in the Republican Spelling is no longer valid.[4] The practice remains common in informal usage such as in text messaging.

Republican EYD English meaning
anak2 anak-anak children
ber-main2 bermain-main to play around
ke-barat2-an kebarat-baratan westernized

Changes[edit]

Various minor changes were announced after 1975:

  • On 9 September 1987, the Minister of Education and Culture issued a ministerial decree[7] which updated the previous spelling system and which remained valid for 22 years.
  • On 31 July 2009, the Minister of National Education issued a decree outlining further changes.[8] The update included optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e] and ⟨e⟩ [ə].
  • On 26 November 2015, the Minister of Education and Culture issue a ministerial regulation about spelling system.[9] For the first time, the term “Indonesian spelling system” was used; previously the term used was “Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language”. There were only minor changes compared to previous updates including the addition of a new diphthong of ⟨ei⟩ (previously there were only 3 diphthongs, ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩ and ⟨oi⟩), optional diacritics for ⟨e⟩ as ⟨é⟩ [e], ⟨è⟩ [ɛ], and ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and new rules on the usage of bold letters (abolishment the usage of bold letter for lemma entries in dictionary).
  • On 16 August 2022, in time for the spelling system’s fiftieth anniversary, new update for the spelling system was issued.[10] It restored the “Enhanced Spelling of the Indonesian Language” term. Like the previous update, it also introduced minor changes: among others, it introduced the monophthong ⟨eu⟩ [ɘ], reaffirming the use of optional diacritics ⟨ê⟩ [ə], and limited the use of number words to singular numbers.[10]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Official website for the fifth edition of EYD