Voiced palatal fricative – Wikipedia

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Consonantal sound

The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j. It is the non-sibilant equivalent of the voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant.

In broad transcription, the symbol for the palatal approximant, ⟨j⟩, may be used for the sake of simplicity.

The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only 7 of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database. In Dutch, Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic, the sound occurs phonemically, along with its voiceless counterpart, and in several more, the sound occurs as a result of phonological processes.

There is also the voiced post-palatal fricative[1] in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical voiced palatal fricative but not as back as the prototypical voiced velar fricative. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, but it can be transcribed as ⟨ʝ̠⟩, ⟨ʝ˗⟩ (both symbols denote a retracted ⟨ʝ⟩), ⟨ɣ̟⟩ or ⟨ɣ˖⟩ (both symbols denote an advanced ⟨ɣ⟩). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are j_- and G_+, respectively.

Especially in broad transcription, the voiced post-palatal fricative may be transcribed as a palatalized voiced velar fricative (⟨ɣʲ⟩ in the IPA, G' or G_j in X-SAMPA).

Features[edit]

Features of the voiced palatal fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate. The otherwise identical post-palatal variant is articulated slightly behind the hard palate, making it sound slightly closer to the velar [ɣ].
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[edit]

Palatal[edit]

Post-palatal[edit]

Variable[edit]

See also[edit]

  1. ^ Instead of “post-palatal”, it can be called “retracted palatal”, “backed palatal”, “palato-velar”, “pre-velar”, “advanced velar”, “fronted velar” or “front-velar”. For simplicity, this article uses only the term “post-palatal”.
  2. ^ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
  3. ^ a b Basbøll (2005:212)
  4. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:198)
  5. ^ Mangold (2005:51)
  6. ^ Krech et al. (2009:83)
  7. ^ Kohler (1999:86)
  8. ^ Moosmüller, Schmid & Brandstätter (2015:340)
  9. ^ Hall (2003:48)
  10. ^ Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
  11. ^ Gósy (2004:77, 130)
  12. ^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
  13. ^ Augustaitis (1964:23)
  14. ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:46–47)
  15. ^ a b Mathiassen (1996:22–23)
  16. ^ Sadowsky et al. (2013:91)
  17. ^ Strandskogen (1979:33)
  18. ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
  19. ^ a b Henderson (1983:595)
  20. ^ a b c d Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223)
  21. ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
  22. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
  23. ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
  24. ^ See Vietnamese alphabet#Consonants ⟨gi⟩
  25. ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003:191)
  26. ^ a b Krech et al. (2009:85)
  27. ^ Nicolaidis (2003:?)
  28. ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
  29. ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:108)
  30. ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:36)
  31. ^ Ambrazas et al. (1997:35)
  32. ^ a b Sadowsky et al. (2013:89)

References[edit]

  • Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 978-9986-813-22-4
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), “Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art” (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11, retrieved 2013-12-11
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), “A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology” (PDF), The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day, University of Athens, pp. 107–124, archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-23, retrieved 2015-04-12
  • Augustaitis, Daine (1964), Das litauische Phonationssystem, Munich: Sagner
  • Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 978-0-203-97876-4
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), “Swedish”, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya (in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
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  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), “The Dutch dialect of Weert” (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1–2): 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307, S2CID 145635698
  • Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), “Four Varieties of Pashto”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 103 (3): 595–597, doi:10.2307/602038, JSTOR 602038
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), “German”, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04066-7
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), “Castilian Spanish”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Mathiassen, Terje (1996), A Short Grammar of Lithuanian, Slavica Publishers, Inc., ISBN 978-0893572679
  • Moosmüller, Sylvia; Schmid, Carolin; Brandstätter, Julia (2015), “Standard Austrian German”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 339–348, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000055
  • Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), “An Electropalatographic Study of Palatals in Greek”, in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou; M. Georgiafentis; V. Spyropoulos (eds.), Current trends in Greek Linguistics (in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
  • Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Ga), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 978-0-946452-97-2
  • Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), “Mapudungun”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
  • Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger [Norwegian phonetics for foreigners], Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 978-82-05-10107-4
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  • Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7
  • Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), “Russian”, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

External links[edit]