Gersfeld (Rhön) – Wikipedia

View of Gersfeld from the Nalle

View of the center of Gersfeld

Gersfeld (Rhön) is a small town in the East Hessian district of Fulda, embedded in the Rhön, at a height between 371 and 950 m ü. Nhn . As a recognized healing climatic health resort ^[2] And Kneipp-Heilbad is Gersfeld the starting point for hikes through the Rhön biosphere reserve and a center of winter sports. The Haderswald in the south is largely closed because the northern part of the military training area is wild spots.

Geographical location [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Gersfeld is enclosed by mountains semi -circular. Since these have to be assigned to the Hohen Rhön as a natural unit, the municipality is exactly on the border of two natural units. The health resort is located in the Fuldatal, directed to the southwest, in the middle of the UNESCO biosphere reserve Rhön.

City structure [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

At the regional reform in Hesse, the towns of Altenfeld, Dalherda, Gichenbach, were in 1971/72
Hettenhausen, Maiersbach, Mosbach, Obernhausen, Rengersfeld, Rodenbach (with Sparbrod), Rommers, Sandberg and Schachen incorporates to Gersfeld. The majority of the districts are located on the edge of the valley soles or on the confluence of side valleys. The Sampach desert is also in the city area.

With over a third (34.7%), the agricultural area with a high grassland content occupies large areas of the middle altitude in the district. The forest area also has large area shares (37.9% of the district area), which, however, are limited to the relatively located slope and high locations.

Neighboring communities [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Gersfeld borders the municipality of Poppenhausen (Wasserkuppe), in the northeast to the municipality of Ehrenberg (both in the Fulda district), in the east to the Oberelsbach market and the city of Bischofsheim (in the Rhön-Grabfeld district in Bavaria), in the south to the Market Wildflecken (in the Bavarian district of Bad Kissingen) and in the west to the municipality of Ebersburg (Fulda district).

Location of Gersfeld on a historical map (before 1932)

The oldest known documentary mention of Gersfeld as Geresfeld dates from 944. ^[3] The place owes its origin to the Lords of Schneeberg.

etymology [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The name Gersfeld, also documented around 1350 as Geroldiesfeldt, is a composition from Gerisa and field (Old High German: field = “open, not forested country”), a frequent name for settlements. This proves a reason for the settlement in the 8th or 9th century. The river name is already from 1036 Grad proven. A name formation would be possible -ow , a variant of the -au. The later Gersfeld water is meant. While the original stream name was lost, the name of the place was preserved. ^[4]

middle Ages [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In 1059 Gersfeld became Fuldisch. The Fulda Abbot Henry VII received permission from Emperor Charles IV in 1359 to give Gersfeld the city and market rights, but the place was never fortified.

In addition to the larger areas of rule of the Hochstiften Würzburg and Fulda, smaller noble families, independent, relatively independent areas of power have increasingly succeeded since the late Middle Ages. In 1402 and 1428, the Würzburg Hochstift transferred the originally Fuldische town of Gersfeld with its Wasserburg to the Lords of Ebersberg as a fief. Gersfeld was thus lost in Fulda’s influence. By the nobility in the course of the Reformation the sovereignty of religion (Whose religion) Complainted for himself, he was able to perfect his sovereign rights and he won a crucial piece of independence. In the Thirty Years’ War, a Landwehr, also called Schwedenschanze, was created on Reesberg to monitor the road to Bischofsheim.

Modern era [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In 1656, the city loosened fully from the rule of Fulda under the imperial knights of Ebersberg and those of Steinau and now subordinate directly to the Roman-German emperor (→ Reich sinkability). Gersfeld and the associated surrounding area remained as a knighthood area to this day Evangelical in a predominantly Catholic environment. To the Gersfeld rule included the towns of Altenfeld, Gersfeld (Rhön), Kippelbach, Maiersbach, Mosbach, Obernhausen, Rodenbach, Rommers, Sandberg and Schachen. ^[3] The men of Ebersburg – for fiscal reasons – had a decisive part in early modern recultivation around Gersfeld from the 16th and 17th centuries. In contrast, in the 18th and 19th centuries there were hardly any new start -ups. The grown settlement images only experienced a certain extension and compression. The Gersfeld city fires from 1756 and 1814 and several individual fires in today’s districts had a decisive influence on the design and arrangement of the residential complexes. During the great fire in 1756, 233 buildings were destroyed.

After the secularization of the spiritual principalities by the Reich Deputation Major Center in 1803 and the state affiliation that was changed several times (from 1810 Grand Duchy of Frankfurt), the majority of the former Hochstift Fulda in 1816 fell to Kurhessen. Gersfeld, however, came to the Kingdom of Bavaria and became the seat of the Gersfeld Regional Court. After the German War (formerly also called Prussian-Austrian War) in 1866, Prussia Kurhessen and thus also the Hessian part of the Rhön. In the peace treaty between the King of Prussia and the King of Bavaria, which was concluded in Berlin on August 22, 1866, Bavaria made the districts of Gersfeld and Orb on Prussia. A little later, Prussia divided the areas obtained into his new province of Hesse-Nassau. Gersfeld became the district town of the Gersfeld district created in 1867. ^[5]

The Rhönbahn drove the Fulda-Gersfeld route for the first time in 1888.

Due to the location in the area of ​​the zone on the inner German border, the municipality was disadvantaged as an economic location until 1990. State zone edge promotion could only partially compensate for this. Even after the opening of the border, the Rhön is still characterized as a three -part border area of ​​the federal states of Hesse, Thuringia and Bavaria.

Hessian area reform [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

On December 31, 1970, the previously independent communities of Mosbach, Rengersfeld, Rodenbach, Rommers and Sandberg were incorporated into the city of Gersfeld on a voluntary basis. ^[6] On December 31, 1971 Altenfeld, Gichenbach, Hettenhausen, Maiersbach, Obernhausen and Schachen were added. Dalherda followed the state of the state law on August 1, 1972. ^{[7] [8]} For all districts and for the core city, local districts with local advisory board and local mayor were formed in accordance with the Hessian municipal code. ^[9]

On August 1, 1972, a sub -area with around 50 inhabitants (a parcel from Gichenbach) was ceded to the neighboring community Ebersburg.

State and administrative history at an overview [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The following list shows the states in which Gersfeld was located, and their subordinate administrative units to whom it was subject: ^{[3] [ten]}

• Before 1806: Holy Roman Empire, rule of the Counts of Frohberg (Knighting Canton Rhön-Werra, Buchisches Quartier)
• 1806–1818: Grand Duchy of Würzburg
• 1820–1843: Kingdom of Bavaria, Gersfeld Movement Court, exercised by the Counts of Frohberg
• from 1843: Kingdom of Bavaria, district of Lower Franconia and Aschaffenburg, regional court district of Bischofsheim
• From 1862: Kingdom of Bavaria, district of Lower Franconia, Gersfeld district office
• From 1867: Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Hesse-Nassau, district of Kassel, Gersfeld district
• From 1871: German Reich, Kingdom of Prussia, Province of Hesse-Nassau, Kassel region, Gersfeld district
• From 1918: German Reich (Weimar Republic), Free State of Prussia, Province of Hesse-Nassau, district of Kassel, Gersfeld district
• From 1932: German Reich, Free State of Prussia, Province of Hesse-Nassau, Kassel region, district of Fulda
• From 1944: German Reich, Free State of Prussia, Province of Nassau, Fulda district
• from 1945: American occupation zone, Groß-Hessen, district of Kassel, Fulda district
• From 1946: American occupation zone, Hesse, district of Kassel, district of Fulda
• From 1949: Federal Republic of Germany, Hesse, Kassel region, district of Fulda

Inhabitant structure 2011 [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

According to the 2011 census surveys, 5558 inhabitants lived in Gersfeld on May 9, 2011. After the age, 1008 inhabitants under the age of 18, 2163 between 18 and 49, 1137 between 50 and 64 and 1251 inhabitants were older. ^[11] Among the inhabitants were 120 (2.2%) foreigners, 52 of whom from the EU, 42 from others European countries and 27 came from other countries. ^[twelfth] (The foreigner rate increased to 8.0%by 2020. ^[13] ) The residents lived in 2379 households. Of these were 735 single households, 633 couples without children and 753 couples with children, as well as 222 single parents and 36 shared apartments. In 579 households, only seniors lived and no seniors live in 1518 households. ^[11]

Population [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Religion [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Protestant The Evangelical-Lutheran parish of Gersfeld comprises the city of Gersfeld and the districts of Maiersbach, Schachen, Obernhausen, Sandberg, Mosbach, Rodenbach and Rengersfeld.

Catholic The Roman Catholic parish of Gersfeld with the parish church of the Assumption of Mary and the St. Wendelinus branch church below the Wachtküppel in the Maiersbach district belongs to the diocese of Fulda. The parish comprises the entire area of ​​the majority of Evangelical Political Community Gersfeld including Kippelbach until its relocation in 1938.

Confession statistics

City council assembly [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The local election on March 14, 2021 provided the following result, ^[15] Compared to previous local elections: ^{[16] [17] [18]}

mayor [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Steffen Korell (CDU) has been the full -time mayor of the city of Gersfeld since September 10, 2014.

Previous incumbent

• until 2012: Margit Trittin (SPD)
• 2012–2014: Peter Wolff (FDP)
• Since 2014: Steffen Korell (CDU)

coat of arms [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The Gersfeld city coat of arms represents a linden tree with 39 leaves, the roots of which protrude into the ground through a foundation. The background of this representation is the fact that the municipal meetings under the village binding took place until 1866. The tree stands for the citizens of the community, the wall base (foundation) symbolizes the city rights that Gersfeld was awarded in 1359, and the roots refer to the anchoring of the citizens in the community and their down -to -earthness.

Town partnerships [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

There has been a town twinning with the French Bellegarde (Gard) since 2001.

The Evangelical City Church at the western end of the market square

• Half -timbered houses from the 17th and 18th centuries can be found on the market square.
• The Evangelical Lutheran parish church (baroque church) was designed in 1778 by Johann Caspar Heym and carried out by Baumeister Johannes Link from Brückenau in 1780-1788. A 60 m high tower with onion hood and an open lantern rises to the road to the east to the street to the street to the street to the street to the street to the street to the street to the street to the street to the street to the road Hold on the rod with one hand at a windy height and keeps an olive branch as a symbol of peace with the other hand. To the right and left of the tower lead stairs up to the galleries and further up to the tower clock, which, however, dates from 1899 because the original from 1785 had broken. The bell room with five bells is even higher. The wooden door of the entrance is still originally from the Rococo. The rich portal is a work by the sculptor Johann Georg Weber. The west wall is particularly worth seeing with a pulpit altar expanded by the organ: As in the castle church in Schmalkalden, altar, pulpit and organ are staggered on top of each other. ^[19] In addition to the churches of Lauterbach and Erbach, it is the most important Protestant church building in the second half of the 18th century in Hesse. ^[20] The richly decorated choir wall has eight columns with gold -plated Corinthian capitals and gilded base rings, two groups of three on the sides and one on the right and left of the pulpit. The color of the stucco marble is the same as that of the pillars that carry the gallery. This choir wall was conceived and built by the wood sculptor Georg Gorten from Bischofsheim and by the carver and carpenter Nikolaus Zitzmann from Gersfeld. The organ with its around 2,000 pipes and 30 registers is a work by organ builder Johann Michael Wagner from Schmittfeld near Schleusingen; It was first played on June 17, 1787. To the right of the altar is the patronage lodge for the local rule, formerly that of Ebersberg gen. Weyher, today from Waldthausen. A second lodge on the left of the altar was intended for the parish family. Outside of the coat of arms of the Ebersberg gen. Weyher. Inside on the organ housing coat of arms that of Ebersberg gen. Weyhers and Leyen. Glass panes with coat of arms by Otto Heinrich of Ebersberg gen. Weyher and Bruno von Waldthausen. Several epitaphs from the predecessor building, in detail, are the monuments for Cordula Elsbeth from Ebersberg Gen. Weyher, Lucas of Ebersberg Gen. Weyher, Anna Hedwig von Hanstein, Wilhelm Rudolph of Ebersberg Gen. Wives, as well as a non -assigned epitaph, which was combined with an inscription for Christoph (Christopher) of Ebersberg gen. Weyher’s (died 1562) to Gersfeld, and his wife, Kunigunde von Schrimpf.
• The Obere Schloss was built as a water castle in the 12th century and transformed into the castle in 1486–1493. ^[21] It is located on the eastern edge of the castle park. Coat of arms (1605): From Ebersberg Gen. Weyher, stone from Altenstein, coat of arms on the portal arches (second half 16th century) of Ebersberg Gen. Weyher, by Schrimpf.
• The Middle castle comes in its origins from 1560. ^[22] For a long time it served as a court of rulers and prison. Coat of arms (1560): from Ebersberg gen. Weyhers, by Schrimpf. Coat of arms on the connecting wall to the upper castle, on the archway: from Ebersberg gen. Weyher, von Schrimpf, above (1905) from Waldthausen.
• The Barockschloss (also Lower castle or Yellow castle ) from 1740 lies on the southern edge of the castle park. ^[23] It is the former seat of the Ebersberg family, owned by the von Waldthausen family since 1903. From 1996 to 2000, the building was set in stand by Constantin von Waldthausen and has been used for residential, office and event purposes since then. ^[24] 2013–2014 the steep mansard roof was renovated. Coat of arms at the east entrance to the castle: from Waldthausen. Coat of arms on parking: from Ebersberg gen. Weyhers and Leyen, from Leyen.
• The Parkvilla In the elevated northern part of the castle park, according to the design of the Frankfurt architect Claus Mehs for Bruno von Waldhausen, the Neobarock style was built in 1908. It served as a residential building for four early orphaned children of the brother of the client and has been used as a clinic for naturopathy since 1981. ^{[25] [26]} Coat of arms: from Waldthausen.
• The former riding hall in Schlosspark, now built in a simple neo-baroque, is famous for its open Leimbinder roof construction.
• The Gersfeld wildlife park is located in the Ehrengrundtal about one kilometer southeast of the core city. It mainly shows European wildlife species on an area of ​​50 hectares.
• The Wasserkuppe, the highest mountain of the Rhön, rises a good five kilometers north of Gersfeld. The German gliding museum is located on the mountain.

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  View over the castle park to the old town

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  Stadthalle (former riding hall)

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  Leimbinder construction of the town hall

Economic structure [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

View from the south on Gersfeld in winter with the striking pointed mountain Wachtküppel (left edge of the picture) and the Euge (covered by the right tree)

The most important source of employment of the population of Gersfeld was agriculture in earlier centuries, since due to the relative poverty on natural soil treasures and the secluded situation, far from the large urban metropolitan areas, the trade, mining and later industry could only develop to a small extent. There are still a relatively large number of main agricultural businesses with intensive dairy farming in Gersfeld.

However, the proportion of employees in agriculture and forestry is now less than two percent. With over 50%, the tertiary sector makes up the main part of the employees in the community. The majority of the employees are to be attributed to the guest and accommodation industry.
The secondary economic sector unites a third of the employees.

tourism [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The rural imprint, seclusion and the irritable mild climate are advantages of the region and beneficial for tourism. Six hotels, several guest houses and a dozen inns invite you to relax. In addition to the classics hiking, gliding and skiing, there are also opportunities for climbing, mountain biking and playing tennis.

The Hessische Bikfernwege R1 (Fuldaradweg) leads through the town and here the summit route starts, a cycle hiking trail connects the Hoherodskopf and Wasserkuppe.

In the city hall, the conference of the Urodela (Schwanzlurche) Working Group on the German Society for Herpetology and Terrarium Science has been taking place annually in the town hall.

Rail and bus traffic [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Connection to the national rail network with an ICE connection is in the Fulda train station, from there you can reach Gersfeld ^[27] With the regional railway line RB 52.
The stitch line Fulda-Gersfeld, renovated for almost twelve million euros in 1997, represents the last regular railway line to the Rhön. Since May 1, 2021, the 8300 bus has been running every day, the Gersfeld via Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Bad Königshofen and Maroldsweisach connects with Coburg. There is another line to the Wasserkuppe. ^[28]

Road traffic [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The federal road 279 runs through Gersfeld, which connects the place western direction with Fulda and the federal highway 7 and southeast to the Bavarian Bischofsheim an der Rhön. In Gersfeld, federal road 284 branches off the B 279, which leads to B 278 in a northeastern direction to Ehrenberg (Rhön).

Education [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

This is in Gersfeld Gersfeld school center With three schools: the elementary school Otto-Lilienthal school , ^[29] The special school Anne Frank School ^[30] as well as the Rhönschule Gersfeld, a cooperative comprehensive school ^{[thirty first]} . The Rhönschule is the official ski performance center of the Hessian Ski Association (HSV). ^[32] From 1928/29 to 2020 there was the Gymnastics School and Rhön Academy Schwarzenden in the Bodenhof on the border with Poppenhausen (Wasserkuppe).

sons and daughters of the town [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• Sybilla of Ebersberg (1578–1622), born in Gersfeld Castle
• Johann Adam Richter (1733–1813), builder
• Peter Streck (1797–1864), composer, conductor and arranger
• Johann Georg Schüßler (1835–1909), Member of the Provincial Day of the Province of Hesse-Nassau
• Karl Glöckner (1884–1962), teacher and historian
• Walther Schönfeld (1888-1977), doctor and university lecturer
• Hellmut Trute (1907–2007), business lawyer
• Elsa Plath-Langheinrich (* 1932), historian and author
• Helmut Bieler (1940–2019), composer
• Hubertus Primus (* 1955), board member of the Stiftung Warentest

Personalities connected to the city [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• Ernst Friedrich von Ebersberg (1687–1762), built the lower castle
• Bruno von Waldthausen (1862–1926), entrepreneur, member of the Kurhessische Kommunallandtag, bought Gersfeld in 1903
• Cuno Raabe (1888–1971), German politician, resistance fighter and 1946 Member of the Constitutional Committee Groß-Hessen, Vice President of the constitutional meeting in Hesse, Mayor of Fulda from 1946 to 1956
• Paul von Waldthausen (1897–1965), entrepreneur, painter, photographer and interior designer

1. ↑ Hessian Statistical State Office: Population in Hesse on December 31, 2021 to municipalities (Counties and independent cities as well as municipalities, inhabitants based on the census 2011) (help on this).
2. ↑ Hessian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Energy, Transport and National Development: 80th meeting of the specialist committee for health resorts, resorts and Heilbrunnen in Hesse from October 14, 2014. State indicator for the state of Hesse 7/2015 page 148
3. ↑ ^{a b c d It is f} Gersfeld (Rhön), Fulda district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse. (As of September 21, 2015). In: State history information system Hessen (Lagis).
4. ↑ Edward Schröder: Bach names and settlement names in their relationship to each other . In: News from the Society of Sciences to Göttingen . New episode, Volume III, No. first . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1940, DNB 365114146 , S. 15 .
5. ↑ Peace contract between the King of Prussia and the King of Bavaria, August 22, 1866. (No longer available online.) In: www.verfassungen.de. Archived by Original am 26. October 2017 ; accessed in December 2018 .
6. ↑ Integration of municipalities into the city of Gersfeld, Fulda district of January 7, 1971 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Official State Publisher for the Federal State of Hessen. 1971 No. 4 , S. 141 , Point 172 ( Online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 6.3 MB ]).
7. ↑ Law on the reorganization of the districts of Fulda and Hünfeld and the city of Fulda (GVBl. II 330-14) of July 11, 1972 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (ed.): Legal and prescription sheet for the state of Hesse. 1972 No. 17 , S. 220 , § 7 ( Online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 1.2 MB ]).
8. ↑ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipal directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, circles and government districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart/ Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1, S. 393–395 .
9. ↑ Main statute. (PDF; 791 KB) § 6. (no longer available online) in: Web presence. City of Gersfeld, archived from Original am 16. April 2021 ; Retrieved in August 2020 . Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: Webachiv/Iabot/www.gersfeld.de
10. ↑ Michael Rademacher: Land Hessen. Online material for dissertation, Osnabrück 2006. In: Treeemagic.org. Accessed on January 1, 1900
11. ↑ ^{a b} Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian communities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.0 MB) (no longer available online) in: Census 2011. Hessian Statistical State Office, P. 8 and 64 , archived from Original am December 5, 2020 ; accessed in November 2021 . Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: webachiv/iabot/statistics.hessen.de
12. ↑ ^{a b} Population after nationality (groups): City of Gersfeld (Rhön). In: Census 2011. Federal Office of Statistics, accessed in April 2022 .
13. ↑ ^{a b} Hessian statistical information system ( Memento of the Originals from September 11, 2019 in Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been used automatically and not yet checked. Please check original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. @first @2 Template: webachiv/iabot/statistics.hessen.de In: Statistics.hessen.
14. ↑ ^{a b} Selected structural data about the population on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian communities. (PDF; 1.8 MB) (no longer available online) in: Zensus2011. Hessian Statistical State Office, S. 20 ; formerly in Original ; accessed in November 2021 . @first @2 Template: dead link/statistics.hessen.de ( Page no longer available, search in Webarchiven )
15. ↑ Result of the municipal election on March 14, 2021. Hessian Statistical State Office, accessed in April 2021 .
16. ↑ Result of the municipal election on March 6, 2016. (No longer available online.) Hessian statistical state office, formerly in Original ; accessed in April 2016 . @first @2 Template: Link/www.statistik-hessen.de ( Page no longer available, search in Webarchiven )
17. ↑ Result of the municipal election on March 27, 2011. (No longer available online.) Hessian statistical state office, archived from Original ; Retrieved in April 2011 .
18. ↑ Result of the municipal election on March 26, 2006. (No longer available online.) In: Web presence. Hessian Statistical State Office, archived from Original ; accessed in April 2006 .
19. ↑ Eva-Maria Wagner: Wound alleys, hunchbacked places . In: The Rhön. (= Merian , Jg. 17 (1964), Hewel 4), S. 19–24, here S. 19.
20. ↑ Sights, excursion destinations in and around Gersfeld – Baroque Church. In: Gersfeld.de. Accessed on March 24, 2019 .
21. ↑ Entry to Upper Gersfeld Castle In the private database All castles . Retrieved on June 16, 2020.
22. ↑ Entry to Middle Gersfeld Castle In the private database All castles . Retrieved on June 16, 2020.
23. ↑ Sights, excursion destinations in and around Gersfeld – baroque lock. In: Gersfeld.de. Accessed on March 24, 2019 .
24. ↑ Entry to Lower castle, yellow castle Gersfeld In the private database All castles . Retrieved on June 16, 2020.
25. ↑ Entry to Parkvilla Gersfeld In the private database All castles . Retrieved on June 16, 2020.
26. ↑ Website of the Schlosspark Clinic
27. ↑ Gersfeld On bahnhof.de
28. ↑ Bus connection City Gersfeld
29. ↑ Otto-Lilienthal School Gersfeld. Otto-Lilienthal School Gersfeld, Retrieved on August 25, 2020 .
30. ↑ Anne Frank School Gersfeld. Anne Frank School Gersfeld, Retrieved on August 25, 2020 .
31. ↑ Rhönschule Gersfeld. Rhönschule Gersfeld, Retrieved on August 25, 2020 .
32. ↑ Ski talent promotion: New contract with ski power center Rhönschule. In: Osthessennews.de. Accessed on February 11, 2018 .