Mangghuer – Wikipedia

MangGhuer
Spoken in	China
speaker	shift. 42000
Linguistic classification
Official status
Official language in	–
Language codes
ISO 639-1	–
ISO 639-2	–
ISO 639-3	flung

The MangGhuer , also Mongoor (of it outdated Mongorisch ), Monease , That or Tuzuyu (Chinese Tuju language ) called, is a Mongolian language. She is spoken in the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Qinghai.

Mangghuer is still spoken of about a quarter of the Monguor or TU population. However, the description from the Chinese is perceived by the speakers themselves as pejorative. There are very few monolingual speakers. AMDO tibetan and Chinese are particularly learned as second languages. Due to the strong language contact, the language has adopted many characteristics from the (in the broadest sense) of the Tibetan, Sinite and Turkish languages ​​surrounded.

Mangghuer belongs to the Qinghai Gansu language bond. You can divide the language into the Huzhu dialect and the minhe dialect. The dialects differ mainly in their phonology.

With its phonemine event and the simple syllable structure (maximum CCVC), Mangghuer is very similar to the surrounding sinful languages. Therefore, the Pinyin inscription developed for Chinese could be adapted well for the Mangghuer. The developers were Zhu Yongzhong, Wang Xianzhen, Hu Ping and Hu Jun (all native speakers of the Mangghuer).

There is only a small amount of consonant groups that can be at the beginning of the syllable, and only a few consonants that occur at the syllable. The syllable structure can be simplified as follows:

(a)	If the beginning of the syllable from two consonants (C first C 2 ), then C is 2 /y,w/, C first Is not identical to C 2 , C first Is not /ng / [⁠Ŋ⁠]
(b)	If the beginning of the syllable is only a consonant (C 2 ) contains, then C 2 not /ng / [⁠Ŋ⁠]
(c)	Only the syllable consonants come, ng ( [⁠Ŋ⁠] ), n, y, w/ vor.

Vocalharmonia as a common feature of Mongolian languages ​​does not exist in the Mangghuer. Despite a strong sinful influence, it is also not a sound language. The emphasis is predictable, originally Mongolian words are usually emphasized on the last syllable. In words with Chinese roots, however, a development towards phonemic differences in the emphasis, i. e. To observe to sound when you wear twist tones on syllables that are not at the end of the word.

General [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Mangghuer is a SOV language: Subject and objects face the verb, nominal modifiers (adjectives, participants, genitive phrases and relative clauses) stand in front of the noun, and there are postal positions. There are exclusively suffixes and enclitika (recessed Klitika). Klitika are affixes, which are not specialized in a specific word category, but appear at the end of phrases, i. H. Nominal phrases, postpositional phrases, or nominalized sentences. In contrast to postal positions, however, they are not phonologically of their own words, which can be seen in the Mangghuer that they belong to the domain of the word emphasis rule. Klitika in Mangghuer mark the case and possession:

Part of the speech [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In addition to simple nouns, there are also derived, nominalized nouns, for example aggresses by the suffix – qin , as in Kerliqin “Beggar” by kerli “questions”. There is also composite, such as B. kuer Wang “Footprint”. Adjectives can also be used as nouns.

The pronoun paradigm is characterized by numerous supplies. For example, in the plural, other tribes are also used in addition to plural suffixes. It also seems to give regional differences and differences in the selected register of language.

Adjectives are characterized by the fact that they are the comparative suffix – her can take, and through four “Very” can be modified as in hudu zaihang xujun “Very nice daughter”. An alternative construction for nominal phrases modified by adjectives is a genitive on the adjective, which is probably also due to Chinese influence.

Verbs are inflected according to the tempus, aspect, mode and person, and from the speaker’s participation/perspective. The last category, which expresses, to what extent the spokesman is affected by the expressed act or is involved in it, is very similar to the evidential system of Tibetan languages.

There are different verbalizers. The most common are – the and – the For nouns, and – that For adjectives. Examples would be burerla “Calf” cages “Calf”, and shuguotu “Get big” by – shuguo “large”.

Verbs with different valence [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Some verbs have different valence frames. In example (1) it is the same verb that has both the meaning of German “feeding” and “feeding”. In (1a) is the direct object of the recipient (recipient), in (1b) it is the patient (direct object). In (2) it is the difference between German “a little ride” and “ride something”. You can see the difference between the valence on the dative object in (b).

with a	asi-si = nang	tiejie-ni
I	Cattle.pl = refleps	Feed-subjekt.futur
“I will feed my cattle.”

shoulder = inside	with a	mori = you = nang	tiejie-ni
Wheat = reflposs	I	Horse = dativ = reflposs	Feed-subjekt.futur
“I will feed my wheat to my horses.”

mori-si = nang	attractive
Horse plural = reflposs	ride
“He rode his horses.”

tings	qi	will	thyme = du	attractive	Star	a
then	of	my	camel = dative	ride	sit	past tense
“Then you can ride on my camel.”

Kausative [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

A causative becomes with the suffix -Suming educated:

Intransitive to transitive:

Gan = ni	Aguer = ni	bieqin	Ber-Jiang
is = genitive	Daughter = genitive	Illness	become object. Perfective
“His daughter’s illness got better/loved.”

qi	Gan = ni	Aguer = ni	beer-mat-no
of	is = genitive	Daughter = accusative	become-causative object. Imperfective
“You (can) make his daughter healthy.”

Transitive to diatransitive:

In the case of causative activity of transitive actions, the original subject (NOM) becomes a causa and gets dative casus, the causative agent A1 gets nominative. The patient remains in the accusative.
(Hierarchy: NOM → AKK → DAT)

qi	will	mowzing = thing	bag	Of
of	my	Meat = accusative	Prohibitive	eat
“Don’t eat my meat.”

one	will	songziwer = ni	thanks	Di-Gha-Ji?
her	my	Simple = Accusative	to me	Essen-Kausative-imperfective
“Why did you get me to eat my grandson?” (From a legend)

The allocation of cases depends on the valence of the verb, not on the number of arguments actually existing:

Louin	gan = you	ge	ji-gha-jiang	yes
Living Buddha	is = dative	once	see-causative object. Perfective	Emphatic particles
“The living Buddha let him see.”

Other thematic roles covered by the dative (also in causative constructions) are local and benefit -active. From the context it becomes clear whether it is an A2 of the causative construction or a local/benefit-active object.

Jie = ni	Sweet = from	tuosi	cakes	husband-bend	gives = you	Sao-GHA-LANG
Even = genitive	Daughter = dativ	oil	Cake	Essen-Kausative-imperfective	House = dative	seat-causative object. Imperfective
“(The stepmother) made her own daughter eat oil cake and sit at home.”

further remarks [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

• (i) There is no passive in the Mangghuer, the function of a passive (highlighting the object in the discourse) is produced by the object preliminary.
• (ii) reflexive actions are expressed by pronouns.
• (iii) There are auxiliary verbs that interact with the valence but do not change them. You can emphasize the transitivity of an action or the impact of a recipient from an event. However, their use depends on discourse-specific requirements, i.e. H. from the discretion of the speaker.

• Keith Slater: A Grammar of Mangghuer . Routledge Curzon, London 2003.