Andora – Wikipedia, Free Encyclopedia

This article applies to Andorra’s state. See also: A town in Italy called Andora and the capital of Andorra – Andorra.

Andora , Duchy of Andorora (Kat. Principate of Andorra [ principle ]), Historical (traditional) name: Andorora valleys (Kat. The valleys of Andorra ) ^[3] -A small state in southwestern Europe, without access to the sea. It lies in the Pyrenees, bordering from the north with France, and from the south with Spain.

Andora It is a country lying in Pyrenees and completely covered with mountains. It has an area of ​​468 km². The average area is 1996 m a.s.l. ^[4] On numerous slopes there are often high -mountain meadows and forests. The highest point in the country is the peak of Pic Alt de la Coma Pedrosa (2946 m a.s.l.), the lowest is Riu Runer, which lies near the border with Spain at an altitude of 840 m a.s.l. ^[4] The longest river is Valira, which is the tributary of the Spanish River Segre ^[5] .

Andora is divided into 7 parishes (cat. parish ).

The most important towns of this country are:

There is a subtropical Mediterranean climate in Andorra.

The country’s natural resources include iron, copper, lead, marble ^{[6] [7]} and wood ^[NEEDED] .

Borders [ edit | Edit code ]

Andora borders on two countries:
Spain – 63 km (in the south, south -east and west)
France – 55 km (in the north, north -east and northwest) ^[4]

A separate article: History of Andorora.

As a reward for the bravery of the inhabitants during the fighting with the Moors, Karol Młot granted andra city rights. Then she became the feud of the Counts of Urgell, and finally in 1133 go to the possession of the bishop of La Seu d’Argell. In the 12th century, it was a dispute between bishops and their French neighbors from the North, counts from Foix. In 1278, the conflict was resolved – by virtue of the concluded agreement, the bishop and the count became the co -regions. Andora, on the other hand, undertook to pay both sides of the tribute: Bishops of URGELL in the amount of 460 PESET per year, FOIX counts in the amount of 960 francs per year ^[8] . In 1419, at the request of the population of Andorra, a local parliament was appointed called Territorial Council ( Tip of land ) ^[9] , also called the Council of twenty -four ^[ten] which was later transformed into the General Council (Consell General) ^[11] . In 1607, King Henry IV, Foix, Foix, pursuant to which he gave his rights to co -sharing andra to the French ruler ^[9] . The French Revolution caused the loss of the sovereignty of France over Andora – its only ruler was the bishop of Urgell. However, the determination of the local population led to Napoleon and the decree, pursuant to which the head of the French state again managed Andora and the bishop ^[ten] .

In the period 1812–1813 the French Empire took Catalonia and divided it into four departments ^{[twelfth] [13]} . At that time Andor was included in one of them ( Sègre department ) ^[9] . In 1933, France took andra to social riots before the election ^[9] .

On July 11, 1934, the Russian adventurer Boris M. Skosyriew proclaimed himself Boris I, the independent King of Andorra, while announcing a war against the Bishop of Urgell. On July 20 he was arrested by the Spanish police and expelled from Spain ^[14] . In the years 1936–1940 a French garrison was stationed in Andorra to counteract the influence of the Spanish civil war ^[15] .

During World War II, andor remained neutral. Left in a state of some insulation, andor was somehow beyond the mainstream of European history. In recent times, thanks to the flowering tourism and the development of trade, she managed to get out of this insulation ^[16] and thoroughly change its political system in 1993, when he became a UN member. In the same year, the first constitution of this country was created as a result of the referendum ^[17] .

The name of Andorra is probably derived from the Navarrian word sensor , meaning a country covered with scrub; According to other theories, there is a Basque origin ^[NEEDED] .

The legendary origin of the country’s name is associated with the Endor city mentioned in the Old Testament, and its dissemination is attributed to either the Saracens, who took refuge in the local mountains, escaping to the north, or Ludwik Pious, son of Charles the Great. He was to see in the landscape of the Andorora valleys the similarity to the valley lying between the Hermona mountain and Tabor Mountain in Palestine and called the newly seen territory Endor ^[NEEDED] .

Another version derives the name of the state from the Spanish “Ando” (high) and “ORO” (gold, iron). The name can come from the Celtic words “an” (wind) and “Dor” (gate), which means “wind gate”. The third etymology refers to the word “andar”, walk in Spanish, wander, move ^[18] .

In the mid -seventies of the last century, Andorra had only 22,000 inhabitants, almost entirely andorian Catalans. Rapid economic changes and tourism development caused a significant influx of immigrants, who in 2002 constituted as much as 62% of residents, of which 26 thousand. Spaniards, over 7,000 Portuguese, 4.3 thousand French. Nowadays (as of 2016) Andorian Catalans are a numerical minority in combination with other national groups taken. The average population density is about 150 people per km², but the main part of the population is focused in the Valley of the Envalira River, where the capital lies. Most of the population is a Roman Catholic religion. The main classes of residents are tourist service, trade and work in rapidly developing banking. Traditional classes, such as handicrafts or agriculture, are currently very small.

The official language is Catalan, but according to data from 2018, it is a native language for 35.7% of Andorians, while Spanish as a native language declared 43.2% of the inhabitants. In addition, for 17.1% of the population, the native language was Portuguese, and for 8.9% – French ^[19] .

Nationality in 2016 ^[20] :

Nationality	% of the entire population
Andorian Catalans	36.2%
Spaniards	30.4%
Portuguese	15.9%
French	5.8%
inside	11.7%

the number of residents [ edit | Edit code ]

Population in 1947–2016 ^[21] :

Separate articles: Orthodox pastoral point of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in Sant Julià de Lòria and Jehovah’s Witnesses in Andorra.

Source: Joshua Project, 2010 ^[22] .

A separate article: Andora’s political system.

According to the 1993 constitution, Andorra is defined as independent, democratic, parliamentary coequet. The head of state are two co -coats: each subsequent bishop of the Catalan diocese of URGEL and each subsequent president of France ^[23] . They perform representative functions and have the right to veto towards international treaties. The legislative power belongs to the 28-member parliament-the General Council, in which one half of MPs is elected from the national list and the other from seven two-end constituencies ^[24] . Executive power is exercised by the prime minister, who was at the head of the government. Until 1992, a ban on political parties was banned.

Until the seventies of the 20th century, Andorra was a poor shepherd country with quite well developed handicrafts. Actions taken since the beginning of the 90s during a quarter-century have fundamentally changed the economic and social structure of this mini-state. Over 30,000 came to the country. immigrants, employed mainly in the service of a spontaneously developing tourist traffic and finances. As many as 80% of GDP are revenues from tourism, including trade in goods, to which the state or almost does not impose taxes at all, mainly fuel, alcohol and tobacco products – andra is visited every year by 9 million tourists ^[NEEDED] . Thanks to the favorable fiscal and customs laws, Andorra has the opinion of a tax haven, which supports the development of banks and prompts foreign entrepreneurs to set up their headquarters there. The industry is poorly developed, mainly the extraction of natural raw materials (iron ore, lead, marble, granite). Agriculture, due to the lack of arable land, is almost exclusively breeding sheep and domestic cattle, which is associated with clothing production, the production of leather haberdashery and jewelry and commemoration. The road network covers 380 km of excellent roads associated with the network of neighboring countries. The trade balance is extremely negative. In 2002, goods were exported for EUR 111 million, and was imported for EUR 1.2 billion. GDP in the same year amounted to EUR 1.3 billion, or about 20 thousand. per capita.

Andora does not have rail transport or airport, but it has a very well developed road network and private bus lines. It takes about 3 hours to travel by car from Barcelona to Andora.

However, there is air transport based mainly on helicopters. Commercial landing pads include in La Massana, Arinsal and Escaldes-Engordany ^[25] .

Music [ edit | Edit code ]

Every year, Escaldes-Engordany takes place in the International Jazz Festival every year, at which they performed, among others Miles Davis, Fats Domino or B.B. King ^[26] .

In 2004, Andor’s debut in the Eurovision Song Contest. Marta Roure was the representative of the country with the song “Jugar and Estimar-Nos” ^[27] , however, it dropped out in the semi -final, taking 18th place with 12 points (from Spain) ^[28] .

Sport [ edit | Edit code ]

Andora’s national sport is skiing, which on November 29, 1965 has been recognized “national sport”, but in recent years football is also becoming more and more popular ^[29] . In 1971, the Andory Olympic Committee was founded ^[30] which in 1975 became a member of the International Olympic Committee ^{[thirty first]} and a year later the state debuted at the Olympic Games, both summer and winter ^[32] .

A separate article: Tourism in Andorra.

In 2018, Andora was visited by 8.33 million tourists, mainly from Spain and France ^[33] . In the Pyrenean country there is one object from the UNESCO World Heritage List-Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley ^[34] . Andora is also the goal of ski tourism – there are three ski resorts: Grandvalira, Vallnord and Naturland. The total length of the routes is 318 km ^[35] . In 2019, there were less than 3,000 accommodation facilities, including 173 hotels ^[36] .

Several museums have its headquarters in the principality. In 2018, they were visited by a total of 194,456 people. The most visited were Casa de la vall, Museu del Tabac and Museu Carmen Thyssen ^[37] .

Army and an order to have weapons [ edit | Edit code ]

At present (from the reform in 1934 ^[38] ) The Andorra army is a dozen or so volunteers in a representative company. In addition, all residents (primarily men) in working age are treated as reservoirs ^[39] . The defense of the Duchy of Andora is the duty of France and Spain.

According to Andorra’s law, there must be at least one rifle in the event of a war in every home. If the owner of the house does not have its own weapon, the police provide it from state wrestling ^{[40] [41]} .