Alte Börse (Frankfurt Am Main) – Wikipedia

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Today’s structural situation at the former location of the old stock exchange with plane trees from the same perspective

The Old stock exchange In Frankfurt am Main was the previous building of today’s Frankfurt securities exchange. Her establishment in 1840–1843 by Eugen Peipers according to the plans of Friedrich August Stüler was the first independent structural expression of Frankfurt’s stock exchange, the history of which can be traced back to the late Middle Ages. Due to the rapid growth of the city, it fulfilled its function for less than four decades and was also in 1879 through what is still existent today, also in demarcation New stock exchange Reduced buildings in the city center.

The building was on the Paulsplatz in the old town. Here it formed its own block between the place in the west and north, the new crowd in the east and Braubachstraße in the south to the east of the Paulskirche with two baroque and three Wilhelminian houses (new Kräme 1–7 and Paulsplatz 2-8). The building itself wore the addresses of new crowds 9 and Paulsplatz 10.

After serious damage caused by air raids on Frankfurt am Main in World War II, the building was demolished in 1952, the entire former block of houses is part of a Paulsplatz and well -known location of several street cafes. Facade figures, partly well -known sculptors of the 19th century, have recently been reminiscent of the old stock exchange, which have found installation in the entrance area of ​​the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

Pre -forms of the stock exchange in the Middle Ages [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Symbolic representation of the Frankfurt trade fair in the early modern period, 1696
(Copper engraving)

The beginnings of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange are closely related to the trade fairs, which have been flourishing in the free imperial city since the High Middle Ages and reached its peak in the early modern period, the 16th and 17th centuries. [first] The Frankfurt autumn fair is mentioned for the first time for Maria Himmelfahrt in 1150. [2] As a rule, measuring purchase transactions were not cash, but in the majority of loan sales, where the purchase price was deferred until the next trade fair so that the buyer could get the loaned purchase price in cash.

As a result, visiting the trade fairs of creditors and debtors became a duty that has stuck the money traffic of the entire Holy Roman Empire for centuries. [3] As long as the change as a transferable and thus tradable security had not yet been introduced, she has also been issued by blows since the 14th century. [4]

As a means of payment, coins served from ancient times, the minting of which was only the emperor state, but then gradually pledged to sovereigns and cities. In 1346, Frankfurt am Main received a restricted silver coin, in 1555, in 1428, in 1428 the gold münzrecht. [5]

However, since many sovereigns exploited the mint law unscrupulous in order to fill their own state treasury, since the Middle Ages, the actually prescribed fine content and thus their purchasing power have been steadily decreasing. [5] Since each territory of the Holy Roman Empire had its own currency, a wide variety of coin varieties were introduced in Frankfurt at measurement times. However, the Council only allowed three types of silver münzes to pay, namely the gymnastics stripes introduced from France, the Brabantic Lion English As well as brighter, so that the merchants from other parts of the empire had to change their currencies before the work of business. [6]

This change of coin was probably the oldest banking business, which was maintained here, and when previously purely imperial shelves came to the city with the limited mint law in 1346. [7] From now on, goldsmiths on behalf of the Council were used as jury, which was able to achieve very high profit margins due to the lack of recognized variety courses. [8] At the beginning of the 15th century, attempts by the Council to institutionalize this business in the form of its own bank, [9] failed after a short existence of this second oldest bank house in Europe [8] At the resistance of the rich and influential hearty. It was only at the beginning of the 16th century that the Council managed to permanently release the exchange business without resistance. [ten]

The practice of changing money and prescribed coins became increasingly problematic with increasing importance of the trade fairs. Traditionally, the payments in the second week of measurement clenched, hence also mentioned numerous week. [11] At the time of Martin Luther, 300,000 guilders per trade of the kingdom gold and silver hole prompted. [twelfth] There had long been no longer enough of the “good” coins for switching, so that despite the ban, many low varieties came to payment transactions. [6] That is why only the money changers mostly knew exactly and thus promoted fraud. [13] However, even under their use, the financial transactions had achieved such a scale that the cash available for this were no longer sufficient. In structural terms, this promoted the development of a stock exchange through the introduction of measurement controls or Feedback . [11]

The Nuremberg Hof to the south, by far the most important trade fair quarters in the city, around 1897
(Photography of Carl Friedrich Fay )

However, the circuit, which at least reduced the aforementioned disadvantages of cash payment methods, could only be carried out orally, which is why it was necessary that all merchants gathered at the same time at the same time. There, the balance sheets led in books were then compared against each other and finally only paid out the bar, which remained after the retailers were offset and sales. [14] It is naturally difficult to determine when this took place for the first time. Regular meetings of merchants were already mentioned in an imperial letter to the city council in 1567. [15] General announcements for the fair were traditionally struck in the Nuremberg Hof, [16] In commercial correspondence at the end of the 16th century, the most important trade fair quarters in the city is also mentioned as the place where significant payments were made. [17]

In addition to merchants, the suppliers of nearby and distant cities, princes and even the emperor have always appeared personally since the end of the 13th century in order to obtain bonds occasionally. In the Middle Ages, they were either spent in the form of smaller, floating loans or by valid letters – in terms of the sense of fixed -interest, unclassable bonds. Due to the church’s ban on the church, the interest in the amounts of money were immediately included. Real goods such as grain, wool or wine often served as collateral, for other imperial cities, cases have been handed down for other imperial cities, where they even had to pledge their crown. Most of the time, from the 15th century, the donors were more and more Jews who were excluded from the Christian interest ban, as well as the city, which only slipped into the red figures for the first time in the time of the Schmalkaldic War, in the course of their countermeasures But then also contributed to a further development of the capital market. [18]

In the course of the 15th century, the change in the modern sense – i.e. as a tradable security – was gradually introduced by Italian dealers at the trade fairs. [19] The European dimension of the business at the beginning of the 16th century became clear in the election of Emperor Karl V., who bought the voices of the German Elector for the then enormous sum of 851,000 guilders – partly bar, partly in changes. Of the documents that were also from Italy, whose banks were involved with around 165,000 guilders, there was a change from the Spanish Saragossa, which was made to 110,000 guilders from January 5, 1519, payable in Frankfurt by the trading company of Anton Welser, which the patrician there Jakob Neuhaus redeemed. [20]

From the middle of the 16th century, the trade with these papers quickly passed from the Italians into the hands of Dutch merchants who had come to Frankfurt in a first wave of immigration. [21] For them, an almost undeveloped market was offered, since the stock market was spread since the 15th century and that trade with securities that go beyond simple change has also been common since the 16th century. [22]

Foundation and development of the stock exchange in the early modern period [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In 1585, the founding year of the Frankfurt stock exchange was regarded today when, as almost always, this time, this time probably – this time, there were almost always – chaotic conditions, since foreign coins were dominated there, the value of which was not determined. The still inevitable coin change led to severe loss of profit. Therefore, 84 merchants from all over Europe came together and set the value of nine coin varieties by decision. On September 15, on the way of the supplement, they aimed at the council and asked him to take care of the mint comparison, which followed this input and threatened infringement with punishment.

From now on, the merchants met regularly, i.e. H. First to every fair. The designation Burst has been documented for this meeting since 1605. From this point on at the latest, the existence of a year -round stock exchange is accepted, even if, only in 1639, an edict of the Council only explicitly referred to transitions outside of measurement times for the first time. The main reason for the rapid development was the case of Antwerpen in 1585, according to which Dutch merchants in Frankfurt were increasingly located in a second wave of immigration who no longer pursued traditional goods, but pursued pure transition stores. Antwerp had been the most important and advanced stock market square in Europe before the Spaniards.

Johann von Boeck (1555–1631)
(Oil painting on wood)

The prototype of the success of the immigrants was Johann von Boeck, who came to Frankfurt in 1585 and soon considered the heir to the Fugger and Imhoffs. He could almost exclusively deal with deposit loans – including The Spanish King Philipp II and Emperor Ferdinand II counted as his customers – and the business with exchange letters until 1630 to work as the first banker and a millionaire in Frankfurt. The scope of his activity grew so strongly that today it is also received as one of the essential factors for the expansion of the Frankfurt stock exchange at times outside the trade fairs.

Course slip from 1727
(Copper engraving)

If the stock exchange initially had about two dozen participants, their number rose to around 60 until 1620, the “Welschen” merchants dominated – more French and Flemish are heard than German, a Nuremberg merchant complained. The development of the brokerage shows the changes even more clearly: in 1580 there were still nine and exclusively strangers, in 1589 already sixty, another twenty years later almost only locals and also far more change than goods brokers, so it was already establishing the preliminary stage of modern Börsenmaklers.

The large number of brokers had denominational differences and disputes between external external, including the flip side, which soon became confusing and the open allegation of fraud. In 1625, after renewed complaints, the first official course list set under the supervision of the Council appeared, which performed the average courses for twelve types of money. The oldest still existing Frankfurt course list dates from 1721 and contains 16 coin courses.

The place of the stock exchange was the space in front of the city town hall, in bad weather the Römerhalle (the arched ground floor of the house to the Roman) – a file of the Institute for City History from 1616 speaks of the Borsch in front of the Romans . Christians and Jews had separate meetings, the latter had to go with a place on the other side of the Römerberg, the Samstagsberg be satisfied.

From the passive trading city, which was visited by merchants, an international trade metropolis with far -reaching long -distance trade relationships and an extensive credit system had become within three decades. The latter, since effects were still unknown, was realized, especially in the form of deposito, where amounts were borrowed from bliss certificates – the interest was simply added to capital due to the church ban. After loosening in the course of the Reformation, the interest was also opened openly in a column with the letter D on the course notes.

Constitution of the stock exchange management [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

It was only from 1694 that the house was released Big Braunfels Weather -resistant trading possible. [23] Traditionally, the trade still took place under the free sky in the courtyard. The building, which comes from the middle of the 14th century, which is in the west to the Kleine Sandgasse (Today only Sandgasse ) When it was one of the most spacious in the city, the previous owners were sold to the noble company Frauenstein for 15,000 guilders. [24] The building now had a complex baroque baroque and rented parts of it for 100 Reichstaler a year on Tuesdays and Fridays at 12 noon for one hour each. [25]

Liebfrauenberg to the west with the Baroque Große Braunfels (marked with the letter B), 1728
(Kopperstick by Georg Daniel Heumann after drawing by Salomon Kleiner)

At that time, the Frankfurt stock exchange had won an international rank, many dealers only came to the fair to pursue various forms of the credit business. At the same time – the files available from 1694 are also set up for the first time. It is not unlikely that this has already existed beforehand, but also not to be proven.

Already in the course of the entire 17th century, several representatives of the merchant team had participated in supplications and even laws. For example, in 1652, based on the model of other trading cities, a statutory exchange and merchant regulations were encouraged, which developed a commission with two council-deputies, two lawyers and three representatives of the retail stand until 1666. This was considered to be so exemplary that it was sent all the world in four languages ​​- Dutch, French, Italian and Spanish. However, the deputies of the merchants who had participated in it were only for a special project like this, a planned appearance cannot be seen, the names of the representations fluctuate from appearance to appear in the fonts, especially in the second half of the 17. Century.

However, as early as 1707, the young stock exchange management body was constituted in an official representation of the merchant stand on a parity-confessional basis Deputies of the merchants – The birth of the later Frankfurt Chamber of Commerce. Although the committee never had a legal basis, it has been tacitly recognized by the Council as an authority by publishing the names of its members in the council calendars published from 1734. On the other hand, the committee was probably not always the Ultima Ratio through this semi -official character that it actually represented, and so the whole 18th century there are cases where you turned directly to the advice, although the representation would actually have been responsible for this.

The eight members of the deputation were always half of Protestant, half -reformed faith. The office was held until death, a member died, and the seven other deputies from the merchants chose a new colleague. Their activity was essentially in the reimbursement of expert reports on trade customs, later also coin, customs and traffic questions. Some of the reports had not inconsiderable influence on legislative procedures, such as the brokerage order adopted in 1739, which, what was equal to a revolution at the time, officially lifted the approval of all foreign brokers and the goods strictly separated from the interchangeable brokers.

The other function, which is also more common than Stock exchange In particular, administrative tasks were expressed, according to the accommodation of membership fees, documented in cash books received from 1718, with which the stock exchange hall and the staging room of the deputies were paid in the large Braunfels.

Development in the 18th and early 19th centuries [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

In the 18th century, the Frankfurt Stock Exchange slowly began to solve their origins to the trade fairs, as the city of Leipzig was gradually ranked. The resulting absolutist states in Europe gave themselves modern financial constitutions with orderly tax systems and a state debt system. At the same time, there was a founding wave of royal court and gir workers in many German states as well as countless private banks.

Friedrich Metzler (1749–1825), the first banker of his family
(Oil painting on canvas)

The Frankfurt bank houses from the very beginning included Johann Goll & Sons (founded in 1602, 1915 takeover by the Mitteldeutsche Creditbank), D. & J. de Neufville (founded around 1650, liquidated in 1924), Johann Friedrich Schmid & Co. (founded in 1732, founded, Liquidated in 1835), Johann Ludwig Willemer & Co. (founded in 1748, liquidated in 1815) and the Benjamin Metzler Seel house, which still exist today. Son & Co. (active as a bank house at the latest).

Simon Moritz Bethmann (1721–1782), co -founder of the bank house
(Oil painting on canvas)

In front of the houses mentioned, it was above all one thing in the age of the Enlightenment that paved the way into modernity to the Frankfurt stock exchange: the Bethmann, which was founded in 1748, still existing in 1748. The Bethmanns quickly made a name for themselves through the imparting of government bonds, especially for the Wiener Hof. From 1779, the Metzler house, which was related to the Bethmanns, also entered this business and served, among other things. In 1792 the first Frankfurt bank the Kingdom of Prussia.

Other of the aforementioned institutes followed, in the case of commissions that were between 2.5 and 3 percent on average, the bankers quickly made a fortune consideration of the exploding capital requirement. Many magnificent old town and garden houses of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, almost all destroyed in the Second World War, removed from this flower until 1944 in the cityscape.

Millionship bonds placed by the Bethmanns for the German Emperor in Vienna in 1779, which was published by the Bethmann, on the way of partialoblating. Since this had a long term than change and a large number of pieces with the same nominal values ​​rose to round, low amounts, reasonable course notification and a market -based trade was possible for the first time – the effect market was thus established. With the French Revolution, a political upheaval in Europe began at the same time, which was supposed to paralyze the capital markets for more than two decades.

After the fall of Napoleon, Frankfurt am Main found himself as a free imperial city of the German Confederation in 1815, despite considerable payments in the time of French occupation physically and especially as a financial center without prejudice. As early as May 1808, the deputies of the merchants to Napoleon’s Majordomus in Frankfurt, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, had asked for the formation of a manner for the French model. After two days he approved the project, the Chamber of Commerce was constituted as a public body on May 7, 1808. The stock exchange administration was added to a committee to the Chamber and the 223-year-old “private” stock exchange was thus under the sponsorship of the Chamber of Commerce placed.

In 1811, Frankfurt Jews managed to buy equality with the other population for the sum of 440,000 guilders after almost three and a half centuries – although Karl Theodor von Dalberg had already officially announced them in 1806. Now the hour of the rapidly rising bank of Mayer Amschel Rothschild was finally beating since the end of the 18th century. His five sons, which were sent into the world – only Amschel Mayer von Rothschild remained in the city – founded, among others. In London, Paris and Vienna, further branches, about which z. B. the French war damages or the British support funds were paid to continental Europe. In addition, there was the huge state bond requirement for the reconstruction of the devastated Europe, in which the Rotschild house specialized. As early as 1820, the volume of the obligations he took was around 1.2 billion guilders. His information system – a pigeon mail – was also famous through which the individual European branches were able to optimally coordinate their procedures.

Bethmann, Metzler and others, which, at the latest from 1820- relatively speaking, increasingly fell into the background and skilfully turned into special, promising investment forms such as the stock, depot and industrial bond business, had created the instruments and determined the direction in which the Frankfurter Börse should go in the 19th century – state financing. In contrast to other cities, she protected this specialization from the crises, which primarily brought the founding waves in the course of industrialization. Now it was the Rothschilds that used the existing instruments and the struggled direction, expanded internationally and made Frankfurt am Main next to London and Paris.

From the 1820s, the previous, relatively “safe” securities, which were also increasingly questionable business forms such as lottery and premium bonds. On the other hand, the Actie of the privileged Austria National Bank For the first time, a modern security. The increasing internationality and thus interweaving with other stock exchanges, which by no means all considered to be such crisis -proof, worried concerns. The parquet was still only two hours, spread over two days a week, as overcrowded by knights that were hardly a risk.

For both reasons, 58 Bankhäuser in 1825 apply for a daily ancillary exchange for the evening hours, which should only serve to trade effect. The city’s calculation office declined on the grounds, so it would only be The ruin of families reckless men Accelerated. The bankers then founded a colleg, the statute of which Newspaper reading, sociable entertainment and any meeting As a precaution and was also covered by the Chamber of Commerce, when the calculation office asked for an expert opinion on the objective of the association. After a few years in the “underground”, the club then officially changed its name in 1838 in Effecto node that basically has existed to this day.

The way to your own stock market building [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The old stock exchange next to the Paulskirche, 1848
(Wilhelm Lang steel engraving according to the submission of Window )

In view of the importance of the Frankfurt stock exchange, in addition to the stock market times, the premises in the 19th century were no longer appropriate to the conditions. Wilhelm Hauff in 1827 described a Frankfurt stock exchange meeting in the Mounting from the memoirs of Satan as follows: [26]

“Börsenhalle! Under this name, the stranger, who has never seen this facility, imagines a extensive building, as the city of Frankfurt would be worthy, with wide halls, side aisles, beautiful portals and the like. How is he surprised and smiles when he steps into this stock market hall! Imagine a fairly small, paved courtyard, enclosed by unsightly buildings, where you could conveniently groan horses, clean, wash, to feed chickens and geese, and to feed solid domestic handings. Instead of the venerable turkey, instead of the chattering chickens and geese, instead of the stable servant with the broom in the fist, instead of the kitchen lady, which washes her salad here – you can see a colorful crowd here between twelve and one o’clock; […] Finally you will be aware of a blackboard, such as a tavern sign; It is clearly read with golden letters: – Börsenhalle. So you are in the stock exchange hall of the Free City of Frankfurt; […] ”

In order to do justice to the new facts, Eugen Peipers built the first representative stock exchange building according to plans by the Berlin architect Friedrich August Stüler in 1843, today Old stock exchange named in the New . The building was also the seat of the Frankfurt telegraph office.

Allegorical Europe of Johann Nepomuk Zwerger according to the draft of what has died before the execution Karl Eduard Wendelstadt (1815-1841), today in front of the new stock exchange

The construction of the stock exchange was part of an early city conversion measure in the old town that was already suspended from the urban development of Frankfurt. The Gothic Barfüßerkirche right next door, location of the municipal high school since 1542, was demolished in 1786. In his place, city architect Johann Georg Christian Hess built the Paulskirche from 1789, whose construction lasted until 1833. In 1848 it was selected as the most modern meeting place in the city as the conference location of the Frankfurt National Assembly.

The stock exchange became too small after about 30 years, since the structure of the stock market trade after the annexation of the Free City of Frankfurt had changed significantly by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1866, but above all after the founding of the German Empire in 1871. In the past, the trade in government bonds had dominated, and the stock trade now came to the fore. In 1879 the Frankfurt Chamber of Commerce, carrier of the securities exchange, therefore moved into a new building, the so -called new stock exchange in Neustadt.

More history and downfall [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

→ For the further history of the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, see: Frankfurt securities exchange

The old stock exchange was taken over by the Saalbau-Gesellschaft and used as a meeting room. In 1944 the building burned out in a heavy bomb attack. Pictures of the photographer Fred Counterto In the Institute for City History from 1946, however, showing that the facades had remained undamaged on all sides and even some vaults of the interior remained intact. In 1947 pictures, there are already severe damage that occurred due to a lack of security, in 1952 the ruins were finally carried out. Some surviving, sometimes damaged facade figures, allegorical representations of the five continents, including a Europe of the sculptor Johann Nepomuk Zwerger, were recently set up before the new stock exchange.

Since the move of the securities exchange to the Industriehof in Frankfurt-Hausen 2000, this building has occasionally been referred to as “new stock exchange” (for example in the name of the neighboring subway station) and the construction on Börsenplatz accordingly.

Interior of the old stock exchange, 1845
(Wilhelm Lang steel engraving according to Jakob Fürchtegott Dielmann)

Exterior [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

The late classicist building was a two -storey cube made of red and white sandstone, the building material typical of Frankfurt. On the ground floor there were six on the long sides and five arcade windows on the cross sides, above it a surrounding cornice with a tooth cut. The low upper floor also had six or five small, double -wing windows in each facade. The stock exchange was covered by a flat roof.

Interior [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

Inside there was a Moorish style in the Moorish style, the capitals of which of the Mezquita, the cathedral of Córdoba.

Main works [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Bernd Baehring: Börsen times. Frankfurt in four centuries between Antwerp, Vienna, New York and Berlin. Self-published by the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, Frankfurt am Main 1985, ISBN 3-925483-00-4.
  • Alexander Dietz: Frankfurt trade history. Herman Minjon Verlag, Frankfurt am main 1910-1925. (5 Bände)
  • Chamber of Commerce in Frankfurt a. M. (ed.): History of the Chamber of Commerce in Frankfurt a. M. (1707–1908). Contributions to the Frankfurt trade history. Publisher by Joseph Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1908.
  • Rainer Koch (ed.): Bridge between the peoples – on the history of the Frankfurt fair. Volume III: Exhibition on the history of the Frankfurt Mass. Historical Museum / Union Druckerei und Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-89282-021-X.
  • Werner clumsy: “The flor of the local action”. 200 years of Frankfurt am Main. Societäts-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-7973-1083-5.
  • Hans-Otto Schembs: The peoples look far away. The history of the Frankfurt trade fair. Joseptchel service for delic flfurt on My 1985, is Marts 355, matched 3-782-0592-4.

Further, used works [ Edit | Edit the source text ]

  • Rudolf Jung, Julius Hülsen: The monuments in Frankfurt am Main – Volume 3, private buildings. Self -published/Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1902–1914.
  • Georg Ludwig Kriegk: Frankfurt Citizens’ Zwiste and Conditions in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the history of the German Citizenship based on documentary research. J. D. Sauerländer’s Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1862 ( online ).
  • Johann Philipp Orth: Functional treatise by the famous Zwoen Reichsmessen in the Reichstadt Frankfurt am Main Järlich are kept in which many vigorous and strange matters occur and thoroughly exhausted, which are also a better explanation and lining up of German history, status and bourgeois rights, including certainties older , medium and recent times in general, can serve with side dishes, on the Zalen 1st to 85. Many and sometimes unintended imperial freedom letters, documents and other messages, including some and register. Heinrich Ludwig Brönner, Frankfurt am Main 1765 ( online ).
  1. ↑ Hans-Otto Schembs: The peoples look far away. The history of the Frankfurt Mass . Josef Knulel publisher, Frankfrump in Main 1985, ISBN 3-7820-05248484-4, PUT 9-21 55.
  2. ↑ History of the Frankfurt securities exchange – 11th to 17th centuries: trade fairs, coins, exchanges. In: About the stock exchange , June 2019. German stock exchange. On boerse-frankfurt.de, accessed on February 19, 2021.
  3. ↑ Alexander Dietz: Frankfurt trade history – Volume III . Herman Minjon Verlag, Frankfurt am main 1921, S. 195.
  4. ↑ Dietz III, S. 197.
  5. ↑ a b Dietz III, S. 180.
  6. ↑ a b Dietz III, S. 182.
  7. ↑ Chamber of Commerce in Frankfurt a. M. (ed.): History of the Chamber of Commerce in Frankfurt a. M. (1707–1908). Contributions to the Frankfurt trade history . Publisher by Joseph Baer & Co, Frankfurt am Main 1908, p. 4.
  8. ↑ a b Rainer Koch (ed.): Bridge between the peoples – on the history of the Frankfurt fair. Volume III: Exhibition on the history of the Frankfurt Mass . Historical Museum / Union Druckerei und Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-89282-021-X, p. 128.
  9. ↑ Georg Ludwig Kriegk: Frankfurt Citizens’ Zwiste and Conditions in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the history of the German Bürgerthum based on documentary research . J. D. Sauerländer’s Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1862, p. 335 and 336.
  10. ↑ Alexander Dietz: Frankfurt trade history – Volume I . Herman Minjon Verlag, Frankfurt am main 1910, S. 195.
  11. ↑ a b Chamber of Commerce, p. 5 and 6; According to Orth p. 462 and 463.
  12. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 5; According to Johann Philipp Orth: Functional treatise by the famous Zwoen Reichsmessen in the Reichstadt Frankfurt am Main Järlich are kept in which many vigorous and strange matters occur and thoroughly exhausted, which are also a better explanation and lining up of German history, status and bourgeois rights, including certainties older , medium and more recent times in general, can serve with side dishes, on the Zalen 1st to 85. Many and sometimes unintached imperial freedom letters, documents and other messages, including some and register . Heinrich Ludwig Brönner, Frankfurt am Main 1765, p. 398, incorrectly quoted, since the corresponding passage at Orth is actually on p. 308 and 309.
  13. ↑ Koch, S. 129.
  14. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 6; According to Orth p. 481.
  15. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 7; According to Orth p. 373.
  16. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 7; according to the under vault acts A 66 N58 and A67 N 47 of the Institute for City History (probably burned in 1944).
  17. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 7; to Richard Ehrenberg: The age of the Fugger. Money capital and credit traffic in the 16th century. Volume 2: The world exchanges and financial crises of the 16th century . Verlag von Gustav Fischer, Jena 1896, p. 246.
  18. ↑ Dietz III, S. 208–213.
  19. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 4 u. 5.
  20. ↑ Dietz III, S. 202 u. 203.
  21. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 5; to Alexander Dietz: Frankfurt Citizens’ Book. Historical communications over 600 known Frankfurt families from the period before 1806 . August Osterrieth, Frankfurt am Main 1897, S. 144.
  22. ↑ Baehring, p. 26 and 27; Accordingly, a large stock market building was built in Antwerp in 1460, and was already traded around 1550 with promises from princes and entire states. In Amsterdam, 1602 shares of the Dutch-East Indian company were already trading.
  23. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 25; The holding of the stock exchange in the building before 1710, where it is first mentioned as a place of the stock exchange (according to the Chamber of Commerce, p. 61 sub -vaulted C 26 mm, probably burned in 1944), can therefore only be indirectly proven by the fact that the oldest files of the Börsen leader, containing parere concepts, begin in 1694, where the great Braunfels moved into the hands of Frauenstein and was converted by it.
  24. ↑ Rudolf Jung, Julius Hülsen: The monuments in Frankfurt am Main – Volume 3, private buildings . Self -published/Keller, Frankfurt am Main 1902–1914, p. 63.
  25. ↑ Chamber of Commerce, p. 19 and 20; Probably according to the oldest cash books in the stock exchange.
  26. ↑ Wilhelm Hauff: Mounting from the memoirs of Satan. Second part . Franckh brothers, Stuttgart 1827, pp. 245–247. online

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